Physical Infrastructure 1q3k5p

Delhi and Singapore A Comparative Study

Physical Infrastructure Physical infrastructure refers to the basic physical structures required for an economy to function and survive, such as water supply networks, drainage network, solid waste management, a power grid and sewerage and waste disposal systems. Viewed by some developmental economists as part of a three-pillar system, along with human capital and good governance, physical infrastructure is a prerequisite for trade and other productive activities. In a functional sense, a society's physical infrastructure facilitates the production Anthropological research has demonstrated the importance of infrastructure of goods and services. to social development. Infrastructure shapes human society and, in turn, society shapes the infrastructure in ways that will enable its growth.

POWER: Delhi has a power generation capacity of 2543 mw. Discoms have estimated this year's peak power demand to cross 6,500-6,600MW. But Delhi meets its power demand by purchasing power from other states. States which supply electricity to Delhi are Uttarakhand , West Bengal, Haryana, Punjab , Rajasthan and UP. There is 1500 MW Coal Based Indira Gandhi Super Thermal Power Plant set-up in Jhajjar, Haryana by Aravali Power Company Private Limited, a t Venture of IPGCL, HPGCL and NTPC Limited. The power generated is Power distributor of electricity in Delhi: being shared equally by Delhi and Haryana. Private : 1. BRPL ( BSES Rajdhani Power Limited ) 2. TPDL ( Tata Power Delhi Distribution Limited ) Govt : 1. MES( Military Engineering Services ) 2. NDMC ( New Delhi Municipal Corporation )

Installed Capacity(MW) (including allocated shares in t and central sector utilities) Coal (5001.87)

9%1% 2%

Gas (2116.01)

26%

Diesel (0)

62% Nuclear (122.08) Hydro (762.64)

The present total availability of power is 2543 MW. The existing power generation stations within Delhi and their capacity are below.

EXISTING POWER GENERATION STATIONS IN DELHI

EXISTING POWER GENERATIONS STATIONS OUTSIDE NCTD

705 630

Generation ( in MW)

600

330330

THDC, Uttrakhand (2010) 1000

NDPL rithala power plant

Badarpur Thermal Power Station

Pragati Power Station

108

Installed Capacity (MW) (Total- 1699.5) Present Generation(max) (MW) ( Total- 1435)

16

Timarpur okhla waste management plant

282 210

Gas turbine Power Station

Ip Power Station

Rajghat Power Station

135105

247.5 160

For Delhi ( in MW)

2600

DVC, West Bengal (2007-11) 2600

750

Jhajjar, Haryana (2010) 1500

PEAK DEMAND AND PEAK MET IN MW

April 2016 to January 2017

Jan-17

0 1000 Peak met

2000 3000 4000 Peak Demand

5000

6000

7000

POWER MAP OF DELHI TOTAL NO OF SUBSTATIONS: 1. 66 kV Transmission Substation : 16 2. 66 kV Underground Transmission Substation : 1 3. 230 kV Transmission Substation :3 4. 132 kV Transmission Substation :1 5. 220 kV Transmission Substation : 18 6. 400 kV Transmission Substation :3

ELECTRICITY POWER GENERATION IN SINGAPORE The total licensed generation capacity in Singapore climbed to 13,405 MW as of end March 2016.This was a 3.0% increase from 13,009 MW in 2015

Projected Composition of Total Municipal Solid Waste for 2021

Quantum of Municipal Solid Waste (Tons / Day) 15100

6000

6000 3750 5250 38

BIO- DEGRADABLE

38 NON BIO-DEGRADABLE

24 RECYCLABLE

245 MCD

550

NDMC

48

100

CANTONMENT

Quantum(in tones) ( Total- 15750)

Existing Capacity(2001) (Total - 5543)

Percentage to total waste ( Total -100)

Projected generation for 2021 (Total- 15750)

Solid Waste The problem of solid waste management in Delhi is assuming serious proportions due to increasing population, urbanisation, changing lifestyles and consumption patterns. The projected average garbage generation up to the year 2021 is at 0.68 kg per capita per day and total quantum of solid waste is 15750 tons/day.

EXISTING LANDFILL SITES FOR WASTE MANAGEMENT

EXISTING LANDFILL SITES FOR WASTE MANAGEMENT

Area (in ha.)

Sultanpur Dabas (Bawana) (16)

Bawana to Narela Road (28)

Near Puthkhurd (55)

Jaitpur / Tajpur (9.84)

Crossing on G.T Karnal Road (3.2)

Okhla Phase 1 (12.8)

Site near Jhangipur / Bhalswa (16)

Site near Ghazipur Dairy Farm (28)

Near Hastal Village in West Delhi (9.6)

Rohini Phase 3 (4.8)

Mandawali Fazilpur (2.8)

Haider Pur (1.6)

Tuglakabad Extension (2.4)

Sunder Nagar (2.8)

I.P Depot (1.8)

S.G.T Nagar (14.4)

Chhaterpur (1.7)

Gopal pur (16)

Sarai Kale Khan (24)

Timarpur (16)

1. Site near Ghazipur 50 Dairy Farm 40 2. Site near Jhangipur / Bhalswa 30 3. Okhla Phase 1 New 20 4. Crossing n G.T. Karnal 1. Road Jaitpur / Tajpur 10 2. Near Puthkhurd 3. Bawana to Narela 0 Road 4. Sultanpur Dabas (Bawana)

Purana Qila (2.7)

1. Kailash Nagar, East Delhi 2. Tilak Nagar, West Delh 3. Subroto Park 4. Purana Qila / Bhairon Road 5. Timarpur 6. Sarai Kale Khan 7. Gopal pur 8. Chhaterpur 9. S.G.T. Nagar 10. I.P. Depot 11. Sunder Nagar 12. Tuglakabad Extension 13. Haider Pur 14. Mandawal Fazilpur

Subroto Park (0)

In Operation

Tilak Nagar, West Delhi (16)

Filled Up

Kailash Nagar,East Delhi (1.8)

60

250

CAPACITY

WATER TREATMENT PLANTS CAPACITY 2001 (MGD)

200 150

146.5 150

100 100

50

200

70.3 43.3 11.4

50 25

Changi Bedok Jurong Kim water water water chuan treatment treatment treatment 70.3 MGD plant plant 11.4 plant 43.3 146.5 MGD MGD MGD

120

100

100 40

Capacity

0

90

0

0

0

0

0

Other

WATER TREATMENT PLANTS CAPACITY 2001 (MGD)

DETAILS OF WATER REQUIREMENT NORMS - DJB SERIAL NO.

DETAILS

REQUIREMENT OF WATER(LPCD)

1

DOMESTIC

172

2

INDUSTRIAL, COMMERCIAL AND COMMUNITY REQUIREMENT BASED ON 45000 LITRES PER HECTARE PER DAY

47

3

FIRE PROTECTION BASED ON 1% OF THE TOTAL DEMAND

3

4

FLOATING POPULATION AND SPECIAL USES LIKE HOTELS AND EMBASSIES

52

TOTAL

274

SERIAL NO. 1

2

NORMS

QUANTUM (GPCD) POTABLE NON POTABLE

SOURCES OF NON – POTABLE WATER

DOMESTIC @ 50 GPCD

30

20

- --

RESIDENTIAL

30

20

RECYCLING AND PERMISSIBLE GROUND WATER EXTRACTION AT COMMUNITY LEVEL

NON – DOMESTIC @ 30 GPCD

5

25

A. IRRIGATION, HORTICULTURE, RECREATIONAL, CONSTRUCTION, FIRE @6.65LPCD

-

10

RECYCLING FROM SEWERAGE TREATMENT PLANTS (STPs) AND PERMISSIBLE GROUND WATER EXTRACTION

B. PUBLIC, SEMI – PUBLIC, INDUSTRIAL AND COMMERCIAL

5

15

RECYCLING FROM COMMON EFFLUENT TREATMENT PLANTS (CETPs)

TOTAL

35

45

WATER REQUIREMENT NORMS – AS PER MPD - 2021

WATER SOURCES OF DELHI JAL BOARD GROUND WATER/ RANNEY WELL/ TUBE WELL, 80 BHAKRA STORAGE, 218

YAMUNA RIVER, 330

GANGA RIVER, 207

Population of Delhi – 29.197 millions Avg daily use per capita – 50 gallons Required water supply – 1459 MGD Water supplied per day -805 MGD

sea water desalination - 50 reclaimed 8% water - 115 19%

Singapore

Rain water harvesting 200 32%

imported waterfrom malaysia 250 41%

Population of Singapore – 5.607 millions Avg daily use per capita – 50 gallons Required water supply – 280.350 MGD Water supplied per day - 448 MGD

Sewerage

Sewerage (MGD) Sewerage (MGD) Delhi - 2021

Delhi - 2001

Okhla-140

Keshav puram-72

Okhla-170

Keshav puram-72

Nilothi - 70

Nilothi - 40

Coronation pillar - 40

Coronation pillar - 50

Rithala - 110

Kondli - 90

Rithala - 80

Kondli - 45

others - 75.2

North Delhi -105

West Delhi - 45

others - 35.4

North Delhi -25

South Delhi - 18

West Delhi - 25

South Delhi - 10

Sewage generated in India – 61754 MLD -16313 MGD Untreated sewage in India – 38791 MLD – 10247 MGD Delhi – 7% - 1141 MGD Delhi proposed sewage treatment capacity In 2021 – 805 MGD

Delhi - 2021

Delhi - 2001

Others

Others

Sen Nursing Home Nalla STP - 2.2

Delhi Gate Nalla STP - 17

Timarpur - 6

Sen Nursing Home Nalla STP - 2.2

Delhi Gate Nalla STP - 2.2

Yamuna Vihar - 45

Yamuna Vihar - 20

Timarpur - 6

Mehrauli - 5

Mehrauli - 5

Delhi - 2001

North Delhi

Narela/Alipur - 10

Rohini - 15

Delhi - 2021

North Delhi

Narela/Alip…

Delhi - 2001 West Delhi

Dwarka- 20

Najafgarh - 5

Delhi -2021

West Delhi

Dwarka - 50

Najafgarh - 5

Delhi - 2001

South Delhi

South Delhi

Vasant kunj -5

Ghitorni - 5

Delhi - 2021

badarpur - 0

Vasant kunj -5

Ghitorni - 5

badarpur - 8

goals towards zero waste and zero landfill are now turning the tide on waste. It has four waste-to-energy refuse incineration plants and an offshore sanitary landfill for the disposal of non-combustible waste. if this growth in waste were not curtailed, Singapore would need to build a new 3000-tonne/day incineration plant every five to seven years and a new 350-hectare landfill every 25 years to cope with the waste. The Semakau offshore island landfill receives the non-recyclable, non-combustible parts of Singapore’s waste and is designed to be in harmony with the surrounding ecosystem Reusable Bags’ About half the waste disposed of in Singapore comes from the industrial and commercial sectors. These companies have to pay for the collection and disposal of their waste. National Environment Agency, has helped to motivate the industrial and commercial sectors to recycle wastes such as metals, construction and demolition waste, horticultural and wood waste, slag, plastic and some types of food waste. Given the land scarcity constraint, it is not surprising that Singapore has adopted waste-to-energy as a disposal method. Incineration reduces waste volume by 90% and only the ash remaining after incineration and the non-combustible waste, which constitutes 10% of waste disposed, is sent to Singapore’s only landfill - Semakau landfill. The incineration plants are fitted with advanced pollution control equipment comprising electrostatic precipitators, lime injectors and fabric filters to treat and clean the flue gas from the combustion process. The SG$610 million (€305 million) offshore Semakau Landfill extends over an area of 350 hectares and has a fill capacity of 63 million m3. The total waste (domestic and non-domestic) disposed of in 2005 was 7000 tonnes per day, an 8%