13. Structure, Direct-indirect Speech 60x2d

Noviyanti Syahri, S.S.

DIRECT - INDIRECT SPEECH

Definition: Quotation from what someone says.

Kinds: 1. Statement 2. Imperative Sentence 3. Prohibition 4. Question

Introductory Sentence

Direct Statement

Indirect Statement

Present

Any Tenses

Any Tenses

Past

Simple Present

Simple Past

Past

Present Continuous

Past Continuous

Past

Present Perfect

Past Perfect

Past

Present Perfect Cont.

Past Perfect Cont.

Past

Simple Past

Past Perfect

Past

Past Continuous

Past Perfect Cont.

Past

Past Perfect

-

Past

Past Perfect Cont.

-

Past

Present Future

Past Future

Past

Future Continuous

Past Fut. Cont.

Past

Future Perfect

Past Fut. Perfect

Past

Future Perfect Cont.

Past Fut. Perfect Cont.

Past

Past Future

Past Future Perfect

Past

Past Fut. Cont.

Past Fut. Perfect Cont.

Past

Past Fut. Perfect

-

Past

Past Fut. Perfect Cont.

-

STATEMENT 1. Molly says, “My mother cooks rice everyday.” Molly says that her mother cooks rice everyday. 2. Billy says, “My brother broke the glass.” Billy says that his brother broke the glass. * When the introductory sentence is in present tense, then the tense in direct statement is not changed.

3. 4.

*

Monica said, “I know his secret.” Monica said that she knew his secret. Indra told me, “I called you last night.” Indra told me that he had called me the night before. When the introductory sentence is in past tense, then the tense in direct statement is changed, it is usually in past form.

Imperative Sentence 1. Mr. Tommy asks the students, “Open page 22 now!” Mr. Tommy asks the students to open page 22 then. 2. Miss Uni told us, “Read the article then retell it to me!” Miss Uni told us to read the article then retell it to her. *

In Imperative Sentence, the tense in direct statement is not changed, even the introductory sentence is in present or past form.

Prohibition 1. My mother commands my brother, “Don’t eat lots of candy!” My mother commands my brother not to eat lots of candy. 2. Danny ordered to them, “Don’t be noisy!” Danny ordered to them not to be noisy. *

In Prohibition, the tense in direct statement is not changed, even the introductory sentence is in present or past form.

Question 1. Rio says, “Do you come here?” Rio says if I come there. 2. Galang said, “Where do you live?” Galang said where I lived. • In Yes/No Question, use if or whether. • In WH Question, use WH.

Adverbs Time

Direct Statement

Indirect Statement

Now

Then

Yesterday

The day before/the previous day

Next

The … after/the following …

Tomorrow

The next day/the following day

… ago

… before

Today

That day

Last

The … before/the previous …

Place

Here

There

Other

This

That

These

Those

Do what you can do today, don’t wait ‘till tomorrow.. ^_^