1ntroduction To Petroleum Production System 354i1m

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Koya University College of Engineering School of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering Petroleum Engineering Department

Petroleum Production Engineering II Introduction to Petroleum Production Systems

Lecture Tips • Informal lectures, so please interrupt me if you have questions related to the lecture. • Notes will be provided in pdf format via email or a hard copy will be given to the class Rep. • 3hrs p/w, flexible break • Individual breaks for urgent situations • Attendance is crucial and marked Production Engineering II

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Introduction to Petroleum Production System

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Objectives • Recognising various components of petroleum production system. • Understanding their functions that generally leads to improved well productivity through analysis of the entire system.

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Role of the Production Engineer

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The Objective of Production Engineering • The role of a petroleum production engineer is to produce hydrocarbons and maximise the productivity in a cost-effective manner. • Understanding and measuring the variables that control the production. • Analysis problems that face production and find the way to diagnose them. Production Engineering II

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The Production System • Production system is the system that transports reservoir fluids from the subsurface reservoir to the surface, and process station, and prepares the fluids for storage and transfer to a purchaser. • Understanding the principles of fluid flow through the production (linear & radial) system is important in estimating the performance of individual wells and optimizing well and reservoir productivity.

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Components of Production System • Reservoir

• Wellbore (perforation, sand phase and gravel pack) • Vertical system (𝑡𝑏𝑔, 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑣 & 𝑐𝑠𝑔) • Surface controlling system (𝑋 − 𝑇𝑟𝑒𝑒, 𝐶𝑕𝑜𝑘𝑒, 𝐸𝑆𝐷𝑉 & 𝑆𝑉𝑠) • Surface flowing facilities (𝐹𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒) • Optimising facilities (Injection System and Pumping System)

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Typical Petroleum Production System

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Reservoir • The reservoir is the source of fluids for the production system. • It is the porous and permeable media in which the reservoir fluids are stored and accumulated. • Through it the fluids (𝑜𝑖𝑙, 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 & 𝑔𝑎𝑠) will flow to the wellbore. It also furnishes the primary energy for the production system. Production Engineering II

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The Wellbore • It serves as the conduit for access to the reservoir from the surface. • It is composed of the drilled well-bore, which normally has been cemented and cased. • The cased wellbore houses the tubing and associated subsurface production equipment, such as 𝒑𝒂𝒄𝒌𝒆𝒓𝒔. • The tubing serves as the primary conduit for fluid flow from the reservoir to the surface, although fluids also may be transported through the tubing-casing annulus. Production Engineering II

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The Vertical System • Tubing • Casing Stove or Conductor Pipe Surface Casing Intermediate Casing Production Casing Liner (in some cases) • 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑉𝑠 Production Engineering II

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Surface Controlling System • Wellhead • X-Mass Tress • ESDV • Choke • Manifold (Gathering Station)

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Surface Flowing Facilities • Flowlines and processing equipment represent the surface mechanical equipment required to control and process reservoir fluids at the surface and prepare them for transfer to a purchaser. • Surface mechanical equipment includes the wellhead equipment and associated valves, chokes, manifolds, flow lines, separators, treatment equipment, metering devices, and storage vessels.

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Optimising Facilities •

In many cases, the reservoir is unable to furnish sufficient energy to produce fluids to the surface at economic rates throughout the life of the reservoir.

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When this occurs, artificial lift equipment is used to enhance production by adding energy to the production system. This component of the system is composed of both surface and subsurface elements.

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This additional energy can be furnished directly to the fluid through subsurface pumps, by reducing the back-pressure at the reservoir with surface compression equipment to lower wellhead pressure, or by injecting gas into the production string to reduce the flowing gradient of the fluid.

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Method of Completion • There are three methods of completing a well: A. Open-hole where casing is set on top of the producing interval and has greater application in carbonate zone B. Pre-drilled / pre-sloted liner or screen completion (uncemented) C. Perforating casing where casing is cemented through the producing interval and communication is established by perforating.

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Bottom-hole Completion Techniques

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Figure 1.0: A complete Production System Configuration Production Engineering II

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Fluid Movement From The Reservoir to The Surface • The path of fluids movement from the reservoir to the surface can be represented in different nodes as shown in figure 1.0: • Each node in the production system can be nominated based on the location as follow: – – – –

Node 1.0 represents the porous media Node 2.0 represents the vertical tubing Node 3.0 represents the horizontal flow lines Node 4.0 represents the surface facilitates

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Parameters • Each component has its own abbreviation which all parameters are named based on as following; – – – – – – –

𝑃𝑒 is the reservoir pressure (𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑎) 𝑃𝑤𝑓 is the bottom-hole flowing pressure (𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑎) 𝑃𝑤𝑠 is the shut-in well pressure (𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑎) 𝑃𝑤𝑓𝑠 is the sand face flowing pressure (𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑎) 𝑃𝑡ℎ is the tubing wellhead pressure (𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑎) 𝑃𝑠𝑒𝑝 is the pressure at separator point (𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑎) 𝑃𝑠𝑡 is the pressure at stock tank (𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑎)

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Causes of Pressure Drop • In all production systems and at each component there will be restrictions towards the flow of the fluids. • The points that cause the pressure drop – At the sand phase or gravel pack or perforation section. – At the vertical system (𝑃ℎ𝑦𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐 + friction force) – At the surface facilities (chokes, flow lines, separators)

• These points can be easily indicated on figure 1.0. Production Engineering II

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Causes of Flow • The oil is move through the porous media by the driving force (𝑃𝑒 − 𝑃𝑤𝑓).

• The oil is move through the wellbore to the surface by the driving force (𝑃𝑤𝑓 − 𝑃𝑡ℎ ). • The oil is move through the surface flow lines by the driving force (𝑃𝑡ℎ − 𝑃𝑠𝑒𝑝 ).

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Activity Be familiarised to draw a complete diagram including the whole production system components ?

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