1st Lecture 344z1u

History of the USA

Mureed Hussein Jasra 40th CTP (OMG)

Syllabus  From ancient times to 1492  Discovery  Advent of the Europeans to British supremacy (1492-1606) or        

 

Period of Colonization USA as a British Colony (1606-1783) War of Independence Declaration Founding Fathers Constitution Making and its salient Features US Presidential Election The US Congress: Role and Functions Separation of Powers: Check and Balances

Syllabus  Important

Wars

1. Independence (1775-83)/Revolutionary 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

War War of 1812 American Civil War (1861-65) WWI & WWII Cold War Korean War Vietnam War War on Terror

Syllabus 

Important Presidents 1. George Washington 2. John Adams 3. Thomas Jefferson 4. Andrew Jackson 5. Abraham Lincoln 6. Woodrow Wilson 7. Franklin D. Roosevelt(Progressive Era: Reforms of Theodore

Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson) 8. Harry S. Truman 9. Eisenhower 10. John F. Kennedy 11. Richard Nixon 12. Bush Jr.

Syllabus (Events) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13.

The Great Depression Uni-Polar World (New World Order) Cuban Missile Crisis U-2 Incident Watergate Scandal Afghanistan, Iraq Missouri Compromise Miscellaneous Scandals Marshal Plan United States’ role in International Conflicts Industrialization and its emergence as one of the world powers (1870 -1916) American Role in patronizing UNO and International Organizations 1945 – 2012 United States’ role in International Conflicts

Syllabus (Issues) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

Slavery ( Civil Rights Movement ) Women Muslims in USA Hegemonic Designs Blacks Movement Pak-US Constitution Monroe Doctrine Foreign Policy

American Continents

Brief Introduction of North American  16.3%  3rd  4th

of the earth’s surface largest continent largest in population

Physical Geography of South America South America is the world’s fourth largest country.  Part of this landmass lies north of the equator.  South America lies just below the continent of North America. Today, geography of South America made patterns of early settlement that continue to influence countries, cities, cultures, and trade. 

Migration to the Americas  Archaeologists

have unearthed remains pointing to the arrival of humans in America at about 35,000 B.C.E.  Scientists generally agree that the first inhabitants of the Americas were nomadic travelers from Asia.  These peoples traversed an ancient land bridge which connected northeast Asia with Alaska.  These early groups that settled in America are known as Hohokam, Adenans, Hopewellians and Anasazi.

Culture  Diversified

Culture (2000 Tribes)  Tribal in Nature  Nomadic life  Agriculture Society (Farming, Hunting and Fishing)  Nature; the Supreme Authority

Discovery Advent of the Europeans to British supremacy (1492-1606) Discovery Discovery  Adven Or Period of Colonization Advent of the Europeans to British supremacy (1492-1606) or Period of Colonization t of the Europeans to British supremacy (1492-1606) or Period of Colonization

World in 1492

Europe in 1492

Geographical Division 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

Northwest Coast  California  The Plateau The Great Basin The Southwest The plains The Northeast The Southeast

Geographical Division 



Northwest Coast  The Native Americans of the Northwest had no need to farm. The land was full of animals; the sea was full of fish. Most of the villages were located near the Ocean. Wood was plentiful, and the natives of the areas used the woods to build large homes. California  California's natives were blessed with mild weather. Over 100 Native American groups lived there. Those that lived by the sea were able to live off fishing and native plant life. Those that lived inland like the Pomo hunted small game.

 The

Plateau The Plateau Native Americans lived in the area between Cascade Mountains and the Rocky Mountains. The area had many large Rivers and was the main source of food and travel. The area was cold in the winter and to protect them the Natives build homes that were partly underground, Approximately 20 groups lived in this area.  The Great Basin  The Great Basins is located in what includes all of Nevada and Utah, most of western Colorado. It was the home of the Shoshone, Paiute and Ute’s Indians. It was a land that was hot and dry. Those that lived there were called “diggers” since they were forced to dig for most of their food.

 The

Southwest  The Natives of the Southwest were divided into two groups some were hunter gathers and some were farmers. The Pueblos were the best known of the natives of the area. They were skilled farmers and grew a many crops. The Pueblos used irrigations canals to bring water for their farming. The Apache and Navajo entered the southwest around 1500 and were hunter-gatherers.  The Plains  The Plains stretch from the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains. The areas had large herds of Buffalo and antelope, which provided abundant food. The Native Americans of the plains included the Sioux, Pawnee, Crow Cheyenne and Comanche.

 Northeast 

The Native Americans of the Northeast lived in an area rich in rivers and forests. Some groups were constantly on the move while others built permanent homes. The two main cultures of the Northeast were the Iroquois and Algonquin. For many years the Native Americans of the northeast were at war with each other.  The Southeast. The Southeast was the most populated of all the regions of North America. It was home to the Cherokee, Creek Choctaw, Seminole, and Natchez. Many of the natives of the southeast hunted buffalo deer and other animals. The majority of the Native Americans of the Southeast were famers.

Process of Discovery and Colonization  The

first Europeans to arrive in North America, at least the first for whom there is solid evidence were Norse.  They traveled west from Greenland, where Erik the Red had founded a settlement around the year 985. It would be almost 500 more years before other Europeans reached North America and another 100 years after that before permanent settlements were established  The first explorers were searching for a sea age to Asia. Others chiefly British, Dutch, French, and Spanish came later to claim the lands and riches of what they called the ―New World.

Christopher Columbus     

Until the 15th century nobody knew that there was a continent across the Atlantic The first and most famous of these explorers was Christopher Columbus whose voyage of exploration finally brought the Americans and Europeans in Columbus was born in 1451 in Italy He convinced King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain to finance him. 1st voyage, 1492: San Salvador, The Bahamas, Cuba, Hispaniola 2nd voyage, 1493: Dominica, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, Cuba, Jamaica 3rd voyage, 1498: St. Vincent, Grenada, Trinidad, Margarita, Venezuela 4th voyage, 1502: St. Lucia, , Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama

Discovery of USA

 After

the death of Columbus in 1506, Amerigo Vespucci, another Italian navigator, sailed extensively along the American coast and is considered to be the first to realize that the Indies were in fact a ―New World and not part of Asia and Pedro Álvares Cabral reached Brazil and both established claim for Portugal

England  Before

Europeans there were four civilizations living in America and they were; Red Indians, Mayas,Aztecs and Incas  John Cabot of Venice came five years later on a mission for the king of England. His journey was quickly forgotten, but it provided the basis for British claims to North America.  Name of America in Beginning  New World  Strange Land  Golden Land

Permanent Settlement  The

first permanent European settlement in what was to become the United States was established by the Spanish in the middle 1500s at St. Augustine in Florida.  Spain claims all lands west of an imaginary line through the Atlantic. Portugal was not satisfied. Through the Treaty of Tordesillas (1494), the two countries agreed to move the line further west and give Portugal exclusive right to the territory to the east. Although the result of the shift was unknown at the time, the change put the eastern quarter of South America (Brazil) in the Portuguese sphere.  That story took place in settlements farther north along the Atlantic coast in Virginia, Massachusetts, New York and the 10 other areas colonized by a growing tide of immigrants from Europe.

Settlement of Different Colonies

Settlement by England Colony Name

Year Founded

Founded By

Became Royal Colony

1.Virginia (James town) 2.Massachusetts

1607

London Company

1624

1620 - Plymouth Colony

Puritans

1691

3.New Hampshire

1630Massachusetts Bay Colony 1623 John Wheelwright 1679

4.Maryland

1634

Lord Baltimore

N/A

5.Connecticut

1635

Thomas Hooker

N/A

6.Rhode Island

1636

Roger Williams

N/A

7.Delaware

1638

Peter Minuit and New Sweden Company

N/A

8.North Carolina

1653

Virginians

1729

9.South Carolina

1663

Eight Nobles with a 1729 Royal Charter from Charles II

10New Jersey

1664

Lord Berkeley and 1702 Sir George Carteret

11.New York

1664

Duke of York

1685

12.Pennsylvania

1682

William Penn

N/A

13.Georgia

1732

James Edward Oglethorpe

1752

The Colonies Each colony was unique in it’s characteristics. However, they are grouped together based on location, reasons they were founded, and what types of industries they had. New England Colonies Rhode Island Connecticut Massachusetts New Hampshire Middle Colonies Delaware Pennsylvania New York New Jersey Southern Colonies Maryland Virginia North Carolina South Carolina Georgia

Causes of Colonization 1. Improvement in Technology In Europe, there occurred a rebirth of classical learning. Columbus and other navigators lived in the time when the creativity was vitally at the peak and navigator and mariners were being financed to find out the shortest and safest routes to Asia. Europeans were proving in technology from gun powder to the sailing com. There were also major improvements in ship building and map makings. 2. Renaissance in Europe 1400 AD onwards is considered that to be the rising time of European after the Dark Age which was 200 to 1200 AD. The Europeans now were making progress in every field of life and were keenly involve in learning and exploring. The technology of printing press after 1450 also spread the knowledge across Europe which played a very important role in educating the common man in Europe

3. Religious Conflicts in Europe The later years of renaissance were a time of religious zeal and conflict in Europe. The dominant Roman Catholic culture was threatened by Othman empire while the Protestants revolted against the pope‘s authorities in Rome led to a series of war between Protestants and Catholic Christians. The reforms by Protestants were known as Protestants Reformation. 4. Expanding Trade Roots to Asia were blocked after Othman had taken over the city of Constantinople in 1453. Europe were dependant on Asian for trade, herbs and agriculture therefore they were in extensive need to find any other route to Asia

5. Search for New Routes To maintain the trade relation with Asia Europeans wanted to find out the shortest possible root which can again connect them to the sub-continent. They started financing navigators for exploration of new sea routes, which ultimately led them to the discovery of America. Although in 1448 Vasco De Gama was the 1st person to reach India by the route of Africa. 6. Pressure of population 15million Peoples were living in Europe before America 7. Trade and Agriculture Since Europe is not an agrarian continent therefore it heavily depended on the agriculture of Asia to fulfill the demands for their huge population. But the discovery of America gives them a land where they were able to cultivate the crops themselves with ideal weather and big rivers i.e. Mississippi and Missouri.

8. Desire for wealth By the time America was discovered it was known as a ―Golden Land‖. The normal perception was as if there is a lot of gold in America which can be easily excavated. This was another important factor leading toward the colonization of the New Land. 9. Imperial Race The Imperial powers of Europe were in race of having more and more land of America. As in older days the country with most colonies and vast majority of land was considered to be a super power. Which today is been replaced by economy and technology. 10. Royal Proclamation Treaty of Westphalia was signed in 1648, between Spain and Dutch Republic by which each state would have the right to determine the religion of his own state and also colonial claims were adjusted.