2013 Osc Revision Guides Web 4i3955

OSC IB REVISION GUIDES for the International Baccalaureate Diploma Programme

2013 Catalogue Oxford Study Courses ing IB students since 1990

IBDP REVISION GUIDES

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SPAN ISH D E S IG N P

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ECONOM ICS

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OSC IB REVISION GUIDES for the International Baccalaureate Diploma Programme

INTRODUCTION Dear Colleague Welcome to the 2013 OSC IB Revision Guide catalogue. Here at OSC we have helped tens of thousands of students prepare for their IBDP exams through our specialised, highly effective Revision Courses. We know from our 20 years’ experience the value of an intensive review of a syllabus and the confidence such study can build. Our students are always keen to have a comprehensive and well-written aid to help them achieve exam success. OSC has been producing IB Revision Guides since 2002, and we now publish more IBDP specific material than anyone in the world. Our IB Revision Guides are used by IB schools and students worldwide. What makes the OSC IB Revision Guides different? They are not textbooks, but have been designed to emphasise active revision and review, targeting effort where it is most needed. Offering a complete, concise and easy to use overview of each syllabus, they help you to revise what you need. The IB Revision Guides are written by experienced IB teachers, all of whom are specialists in their subjects and can therefore offer invaluable advice on how to tackle IBDP exam questions. Drawing on the extensive experience of the authors, the IB Revision Guides offer students an excellent, well-illustrated text, containing sound advice that helps them to enter an exam room with confidence. New titles, new editions We know the importance of revision and review and we want to be able to all IBDP students with this. This is why we are constantly expanding the series to include new titles, updates and new editions. From new Geography, History and Economics guides to updated editions for the new IBDP syllabus - look for the icons throughout the catalogue. E-books now available We are pleased to announce that several of our titles are now available as ebooks, with more due to be released soon. Look our for the symbol throughout the catalogue and visit our website to the guides.

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To find out more details about individual titles and authors, please visit our website at osc-ib.com You can also call or email our team of IB specialists: +44 (0) 1865 512802 or [email protected] Dr Kim Polgreen, General Manager

OSC is a Social Enterprise Our students, teachers and authors are enthused that OSC is a Social Enterprise. A Social Enterprise is a profit-making company whose profits go to charity. OSC’s profits benefit the McCall MacBain Foundation, which aims to improve the welfare of humanity through focused grants in health, education and the environment. OSC also continually invests time, money and effort into other projects, helping IB schools and education worldwide. Find out more about our projects osc-ib.com/socialenterprise

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Academics Without Borders - Liberia Midwifery Training Centre – Liberia Right to Play – Liberia OSC Africa Books Project – Ghana Adult Literacy – Liberia Student Scholarships – UK, Europe and Africa • IB School – UK and Rwanda • Professional Development - UK and Ghana

Biology Chemistry Physics Design Technology Environmental Systems and Societies Economics Business and Management Geography Psychology Spanish English French Mathematics Pre-IB Mathematics History

CONTENTS

4 7 9 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 19 20 21 22

OSC ing IBDP students worldwide OSC s IBDP students, both southern and northern hemisphere candidates, throughout their IBDP career from start to finish through final Revision Courses and vacation courses – all taught by experienced IB teachers. Set in fantastic locations worldwide and online, IBDP students can benefit from face-to-face preparation, and virtual learning, anytime, anywhere. OSC’s commitment to helping the IB student community in achieving their very best and meeting students’ needs sees numerous new developments each year.

OSC Pre IBDP Summer Schools (July-August)

OSC IBDP Exam Revision Courses

• Oxford, UK; Boston, USA; Vancouver, Canada • Choose from 3 weeks or 2 weeks

• Oxford, UK – over 1000 IB students (March-April) • Sydney and Melbourne, Australia (July) • Sweden - weekend revision, Biology (February) and Maths (March) • Shanghai (April)

OSC University Advice (June-July) • UK University Tour, starts and ends in Oxford • US University Applications Course (UAC), Boston

OSC Mid IBDP Summer Courses (July-August) • Cambridge and Oxford, UK; Boston, USA; Vancouver, Canada • One week per subject

Online Revision Classes – New for 2013! • The most problematic syllabus areas covered in depth – choose up to 6 per subject • One-to-one tuition and University advice also given

For more information on our courses visit: osc-ib.com/ib-courses These Revision Guides have been published independently of the International Baccalaureate Organization

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3

OSC IB REVISION GUIDES for the International Baccalaureate Diploma Programme

BIOLOGY Clear illustrations to ease learning

IB Biology HL

Logical diagrams to help memory

Useful revision tips and advice

r Sepa

Expert subject knowledge ensures the right coverage at the right depth

Interactive questions and tests to keep students on task

ate

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IB Biology SL

IB Biology SL

IB Biology HL

Standard Level Contents: Statistical Analysis, Cells, The Chemistry of Life, Genetics, Ecology and Evolution, Human Health and Physiology

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Generic content

Higher Level Additional Contents: Nucleic Acids and Proteins, Cell Respiration and Photosynthesis, Plant Science, Genetics, Human Health and Physiology

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Appendices: Action Verbs, Definitions Table of Critical Values for the Student t-test, Electron Micrographs, Answers to Self-test Quizzes, Answers to Genetics Problems, Carbon Cycle, mRNA Codon Table, Essays – Maximising Your Marks, How to Read a Nomogram, External Assessment Specifications, Exam Tool Kit and Mobile Phones

e:[email protected]

Option A: Human Nutrition & Health SL

Option B: Physiology of Exercise SL Contents: Muscles and Movement, Training and the Pulmonary System, Training and the Cardiovascular System, Exercise and Respiration, Fitness and Training, Injuries Self-Test Quiz, Answers to Self-Test Quiz

Contents: Components of the Human Diet, Energy in Human Diets, Special Issues in Human Nutrition Self-Test quiz, Answers to Self-Test Quiz

Option C: Cells & Energy SL

Option D: Evolution SL/HL Contents: Standard Level – Origin of Life on Earth, Species and Speciation, Human Evolution Higher Level – The Hardy-Weinberg Principle, Phylogeny and Systematics Appendix include Hardy-Weinberg problems, Answers to HardyWeinberg problems, Cladistics problems, Answers to Cladistics problems

Contents: Proteins, Enzymes, Cell Respiration, Photosynthesis Self-Test Quiz, Answers to Self-Test Quiz

Option E: Neurobiology & Behaviour SL/HL

Option F: Microbes & Biotechnology SL/HL Contents: Standard Level – Diversity of Microbes, Microbes and the Environment, Microbes and Biotechnology, Microbes and Food Production Higher Level – Metabolism of Microbes, Microbes and Disease

Contents: Standard Level – Stimulus and Response, Perception of Stimuli, Innate and Learned Behaviour, Neurotransmitters and Synapses Higher Level – The Human Brain, Further Studies of Behaviour

Key points highlighted

Quick questions to reinforce learning

Easy to follow diagrams and illustrations Self-test questions to reinforce understanding Clear and colourful guides to the Biology options

Full colour diagrams explain concepts clearly

See overleaf

for more...

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5

OSC IB REVISION GUIDES for the International Baccalaureate Diploma Programme

BIOLOGY

C

Option G: Ecology & Conservation SL/HL

Option H: Further Human Physiology HL Contents: Hormonal Control, Digestion, Absorption of Digested Foods, Functions of the Liver, The Transport System, Gas Exchange, Self-Test Quiz, Answers to Self-Test Quiz

Contents: Standard Level – Community Ecology, Ecosystems and Biomes, Impact of Humans on Ecosystems Higher Level – Conservation of Biodiversity, Population Ecology, Conservation Organisations Appendix – Answers to Problems

Genetics Made Easy SL

Genetics Made Easy HL

Contents: Getting Started – Vocabulary, Definitions and Mendel’s First Law, Applying Mendel’s First Law; Basic Monohybrid Cross with a Homozygous and Heterozygous Genotype, Genetics Ratios, Ratio and Probability, The Punnett Grid, The Sex Chromosomes and Sex Linkage, Combining Sex Linkage Codominance, Pedigree Charts

Contents: Definitions and Mendel’s Second Law, The Dihydrid Cross, Recombination, Using Genotype Numbers, The 4 x 4 Grid, Autosomal Linkage, Autosomal Linkage and Crossing Over

Student Guide For Internal Assessment SL/HL This Guide is aimed at helping with the skills for Internal Assessment, covering the core themes. Standard Level – Design, Data Collection and Processing, Graphical Presentation Higher Level – Conclusion and Evaluation, Choosing the Right Statistics, Putting Statistics into Practice, Statistical Formulae and Tables, Creating Shortcuts When Using Word

ISBN

6

Title – WB:wiro-bound S:stapled SS:section-sewn

9781904534631

IB Biology SL

9781904534624

IB Biology HL

9781904534648

IB Biology Option A: Human Nutrition and Health SL

Price* SS

£18.50

SS

£23.50

S

£6.25

9781904534655

IB Biology Option B: Physiology of Exercise SL

S

£6.25

9781904534662

IB Biology Option C: Cells and Energy SL

S

£6.95

9781904534679

IB Biology Option D: Evolution SL/HL

S

£7.95

9781904534686

IB Biology Option E: Neurobiology and Behaviour HL

S

£7.50

9781904534693

IB Biology Option F: Microbes and Biotechnology SL/HL

S

£6.95

9781904534709

IB Biology Option G: Ecology and Conservation SL/HL

S

£7.50

9781904534716

IB Biology Option H: Further Human Physiology HL

S

£6.95

e

9781904534364

IB Biology: Genetics Made Easy SL

9781904534357

IB Biology: Genetics Made Easy HL

9781904534723

IB Biology Student Guide for Internal Assessment SL/HL

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w:osc-ib.com

WB

£8.50

WB

£13.50

WB

£10.50

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E-book available

*Plus postage & packaging

e:[email protected]

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CHEMISTRY

OSC

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IB Chem istry

IB Chemistry Standard & Higher Level

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IB Option B : Human Biochemistry SL/HL

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Contents: Quantitative Chemistry, Atomic Structure, Periodicity, Bonding, Energetics, Kinetics, Equilibrium, Acids and Bases, Oxidation and Reduction, Organic Chemistry, Measurement and Data Processing, Answers

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IB RE

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High er L e

Revision tips on what you need to know for the exam

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Clear and colourful diagrams to ease learning

Easy learning Cam eron checklists Lu

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IB Chemistry HL

IB Chemistry SL

IB type questions to give students exam experience

Expert tips Common mistakes highlighted

See overleaf Complete guided review, focusing on exam requirements

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7

OSC IB REVISION GUIDES for the International Baccalaureate Diploma Programme

CHEMISTRY

P

Option A: Modern Analytical Chemistry SL/HL Option B: Human Biochemistry SL/HL Contents: Standard Level – The Energy Value of a Food, Proteins, Carbohydrates, Lipids, Nutrients, Hormones Higher Level – Enzymes, Nucleic Acids, Respiration, Answers to Revision Questions

Contents: Standard Level – Principles of Spectroscopy, Infra Red Spectroscopy, Mass Spectroscopy, NMR, Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy, Chromatography, Visible / Ultra Spectroscopy Higher Level – NMR, Chromatography, Test Yourself Questions

Option C: Chemistry in Industry & Technology SL/HL

Option D: Medicines & Drugs SL/HL Contents: Standard Level – Pharmaceutical Products, Antacids, Analgesics, Depressants, Stimulants, Antibacterials, Antivirals Higher Level – Drug Action, Drug Design, Mind Altering Drugs, Test Yourself Questions

Contents: Standard Level – Iron, Steel and Aluminium, The Oil Industry, Addition Polymers, Catalysts, Fuel Cells and Rechargeable Batteries, Liquid Crystals, Nanotechnology Higher Level – Condensation Polymers, Mechanisms in Organic Chemicals Industry, Silicon and Photovoltaic Cells, Liquid Crystals, The Chlor-alkali Industry, Practice Questions

Option E: Environmental Chemistry SL/HL

Option F: Food Chemistry SL/HL Contents: Standard Level – Food Groups, Fats and Oils, Shelf Life, Colour, Genetically Modified Foods, Texture Higher Level – Oxidative Rancidity and Antioxidants, Stereochemistry in Food, Chemical Structure and Colour, Test Yourself Questions

Contents: Standard Level – Primary Air Pollution, Acid Deposition, Greenhouse Effect and Global Warming, Ozone Depletion, Dissolved Oxygen in Water, Waste Water Treatment, Soil, Waste Higher Level – Ozone Depletion, Smog, Acid Deposition, Water, Soil and Ksp, Test Yourself Questions

Option G: Further Organic Chemistry SL/HL

Student Guide For Internal Assessment SL/HL Contents include: Essential Data Processing Skills, Design, Data Collection and Processing, Conclusion and Evaluation, Manipulation Skills, Personal Skills, How Your Final IA Mark is Calculated, ICT in Chemistry, Glossary of Key , Answers to Practice Questions

Contents: Standard Level – Electrophilic Addition Reactions, Nucleophilic Addition Reactions, Elimination Reactions, Addition-elimination Reactions, Arenes, Organometallic Chemistry, Reaction Pathways, Acid-base Reactions Higher Level – Addition-elimination Reaction, Electrophilic Substitution Reactions, Reaction Pathways, Test Yourself Questions

ISBN

Title – WB:wiro-bound S:stapled SS:section-sewn

9781904534747

IB Chemistry SL

SS

£18.50

9781904534730

IB Chemistry HL

SS

£23.50

9781904534754

IB Chemistry Option A: Modern Analytical Chemistry SL/HL

S

£6.95

9781904534761

IB Chemistry Option B: Human Biochemistry SL/HL

S

£7.50

9781904534778

IB Chemistry Option C: Chemistry in Industry and Technology SL/HL

S

£6.95

9781904534785

IB Chemistry Option D: Medicines and Drugs SL/HL

S

£7.50

9781904534792

IB Chemistry Option E: Environmental Chemistry SL/HL

S

£7.50

9781904534808

IB Chemistry Option F: Food Chemistry SL/HL

S

£6.95

9781904534815

IB Chemistry Option G: Further Organic Chemistry SL/HL

S

£6.95

9781904534976

IB Chemistry Student Guide for Internal Assessment SL/HL

S

£7.50

8

Price*

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E-book available

*Plus postage & packaging

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PHYSICS

OSC IB RE V ISION GUID al Baccala ES ureate

for the Inte rnation

512802 512335 m

IB Physics

nising IB Sp ince 1990 ring Revision Course s an are for thei d has helped thousa and r exams. nds e of an inte nsive revie w of a sylla such study bus ca e written m n build. But our st udents ater a course. OS ial which provides a C co m m issioned a s to fulfil th se is ement the need. They have be ries en courses an d to aid th end. ose

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Diploma Pr ogramme

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2 nd Edition

Clear illustrations to ease learning

Pat Roby

Higher Le

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Interactive questions and tests to keep students on task

Pat Roby

Complete guided review to help solve problems

Expert subject knowledge ensures the right coverage at the right depth

IB Physics SL IB Physics HL

IB Physics SL Contents: Physics and Physical Measurement Mechanics, Thermal Physics, Oscillations and Waves, Electric Circuits, Forces and Fields, Atomic and Nuclear Physics, Energy, Power and Climate Change, Solutions to SL Section Problems

t:+44 (0)1865 512802

IB Physics HL Contents: Motion in Fields, Thermal Physics (Thermodynamics), Waves Phenomena, Electromagnetic Induction, Quantum Physics and Nuclear Physics, Digital Technology, Solutions to HL Section Problems

f:+44 (0)1865 512335

See overleaf

for more...

9

OSC IB REVISION GUIDES for the International Baccalaureate Diploma Programme

PHYSICS Option A: Sight & Wave Phenomena SL

Option B: Quantum Physics & Nuclear Physics SL Contents: Quantum Physics, Nuclear Physics, Common Exam Mistakes, Questions, Answers

Contents: The Eye and Sight, Standing Waves, Doppler Effect, Diffraction, Resolution, Polarization, Common Exam Mistakes, Questions, Answers

Option C: Digital Technology SL

Option D: Relativity & Particle Physics SL Contents: Introduction to Relativity, Concepts and Postulates of Relativity, Relativistic Dynamics, Particles and Interactions, Quarks, Common Exam Mistakes, Questions, Answers

Contents: Analogue and Digital Signals, The Charge-coupled Device, Electronics, Two Source Interference, The Mobile Phone, Common Exam Mistakes, Questions, Answers

Option E: Astrophysics SL/HL

Option F: Communications SL/HL

Contents: Standard Level – Introduction to the Universe, Stellar Radiation and Stellar Types, Stellar Distances, Cosmology Higher Level – Stellar Processes and Evolution, Galaxies and Expanding Universe, Common Exam Mistakes, Core Questions, Higher Level Questions, Answers

Contents: Radio Communication, Digital Signals, Optic Fiber Transmission, Channels of Communication, Electronics, The Mobile Phone, Common Exam Mistakes, Questions, Answers

Option C: Digital Technology

Clear and colourful guides to the Physics options Easy to follow diagrams and illustrations

Comprehensive explanations

Key points highlighted

Interactive questions and tests to keep students on task

Complete guided review to help solve problems

10

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Option H: Relativity HL

Option G: Electromagnetic Waves SL/HL

Contents: Introduction to Relativity, Concepts and Postulates of Relativity, Relativistic Dynamics, Consequences of Special Relativity, Evidence for Special Relativity, Relativistic Momentum and Energy, General Relativity, Evidence for General Relativity, Common Exam Mistakes, Questions, Answers

Contents: The Nature of Electromagnetic Waves Light, Optical Instruments, Two Source Interference, Diffraction Rating, X-rays, Thin Film Interference, Common Exam Mistakes, Questions, Answers

Option I: Medical Physics HL

Option J: Particle Physics HL Contents: Particles and Interactions, Particle Accelerators and Detectors, Quarks, Leptons and the Standard Model, Experimental Evidence, Cosmology and Strings, Common Exam Mistakes, Questions, Answers

Contents: The Ear and Hearing, Medical Imaging, Radiation and Medicine, Common Exam Mistakes, Questions, Answers

Student Guide For Internal Assessment SL/HL Contents: General Guidelines, Criteria and Aspects, Design, Data Collection and Processing, Conclusion and Evaluation, Manipulative Skills, Self Motivation and Perseverance, Common Exam Mistakes, Lab Report Checklist, The Group Four Project, The Extended Essay, CAS Work in the Lab, Problems, Answers

ISBN

Title – WB:wiro-bound S:stapled SS:section-sewn

9781904534839

IB Physics SL

9781904534822

IB Physics HL

9781904534846

IB Physics Option A: Sight and Wave Phenomena SL

9781904534853

e

Price* SS

£18.50

SS

£23.50

S

£7.95

IB Physics Option B: Quantum Physics and Nuclear SL

S

£6.95

9781904534860

IB Physics Option C: Digital Technology SL

S

£7.50

9781904534877

IB Physics Option D: Relativity and Particle Physics SL

S

£7.50

9781904534884

IB Physics Option E: Astrophysics SL/HL

S

£7.95

9781904534891

IB Physics Option F: Communications SL/HL

S

£7.95

9781904534907

IB Physics Option G: Electromagnetic Waves SL/HL

S

£7.95

9781904534914

IB Physics Option H: Relativity HL

S

£7.50

9781904534921

IB Physics Option I: Medical Physics HL

S

£7.50

9781904534938

IB Physics Option J: Particle Physics HL

S

£7.95

9781904534617

IB Physics Student Guide for Internal Assessment SL/HL

WB

£10.50

t:+44 (0)1865 512802

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e

f:+44 (0)1865 512335

e

E-book available

*Plus postage & packaging

11

OSC IB REVISION GUIDES for the International Baccalaureate Diploma Programme

DESIGN TECHNOLOGY IB Design Technology SL/HL Contents: Design Process, Product Innovation, Green Design, Materials, Product Development, Product Design, Evaluation, Energy, Structures, Mechanical Design, Advanced Manufacturing Techniques, Sustainable Development, Appendix, Glossary of , Examination Technique

NEW Plenty of clear diagrams and explanations

      

 

 

 

 

Illustrations bring the subject to life

   

 

     

 

 

 

 

 

     

 

 

 

 

   

 

 

       

 

   

    

 

     

  ‰

   

 

 

   

   

 

 

   

Freehand drawing is the spontaneous representation of ideas on paper without the use of technical aids.

   

Freehand  Sketching

  ‰

 

When designers produce freehand sketches they often include writing known as annotation.

 

Annotations explain the thinking behind the visual image represented by the drawing. They allow the designer to

 

‰

 

 

‰  

‰

 

Designers use a range of 

 

 

 

‰

consider the implications of the ideas for further development.

 

 

 

in the early stages of developing ideas to explore shape and form 

(3D) and constructional details (2D).

 

 

 

 

 

 

A series of flat views of an object showing it exactly as it is in shape and size.

Careful step-bystep explanations

dentif ing or c arif ing a need or opport nit

tage of the

Orthographic  Drawing

An orthographic drawing usually includes 

de ign c c e mode

a plan view and front and end elevations 

‰

 

‰

 

   

 

 

     

 

 

 

 

 

 

     

 

 

 

but may include additional or auxiliary 

 

views.  Orthographic drawings are 

    

generally drawn in third angle (where 

  

 

    

 

the plan view appears at the top of the 

 

drawing) or first angle (where the plan is 

    

at the bottom).

       ‰ ‰

   

 

   

 

       

 

   

 

       

 

     

     

   

 

 

The importance of orthographic drawing

   

 

 

   

 

An orthographic drawing shows details and dimensions and can be used as a production drawing or working

 

drawing. It is always drawn to scale; shows true dimensions, clearances and tolerances and often include a cutting list.

IB Design Technology SL/HL

are produced at the final solution stage and are used in the realization stage. 14

IB Design Technology SL/HL Technical are highlighted to enhance revision

ISBN 9781907374104

12

Title – WB:wiro-bound S:stapled SS:section-sewn

Price* SS

IB Design Technology SL/HL

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£23.50

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ENVIRONMENTAL Practical exercises to encourage maximum marks

Revision questions 25. Write out the full name and define the following : Full Name

Definition

GP NP R NPP GPP GSP NSP 26. Calculate NPP, R and GPP using the provided data from the light and dark bottle techniques carried out on a temperate freshwater lake. Use the average NPP for all five 3 bottles and give your answers in mg/m /hr. 3

Bottle Type and Depth (m)

Oxygen (mg/m /hr)

(Light - Photosynthesis + Respiration) 0.1

612

(Light - Photosynthesis + Respiration) 0.5

350

(Light - Photosynthesis + Respiration) 1.0

1049

(Light - Photosynthesis + Respiration) 1.5

1166

(Light - Photosynthesis + Respiration) 2.0

1633

(Dark bottle – Respiration only) 2.0

-2245

Some IB students were provided with seven giant pond snails and a water tank. The snails were weighed during class times and the faeces filtered off along with uneaten food. They were provided with pond weed, which was weighed. The water was changed at the same time. Their results from the laboratory measurements are shown below. Total Wet Mass of Seven Snails (g ±0.05)

Dates

NEW

27th April

380.6

4th May

390.8

Dates

Food Given (g ±0.05)

th 4 May

30.9

waste food (g ±0.05)

Faeces produced (g ±0.05)

28th April

18.8

2.0

8.3

29th April

219.2

Total

268.9

27th April

A laboratory estimation of secondary productivity of the golden apple snail, Pomacea canaliculata over eight days 27. Calculate NSP, R and GSP from the data using the following steps: a. Calculate NSP in g/day of wet mass for all seven snails during the eight days.

b. Estimate food assimilated. Combine the mass of waste and faeces and remove this from the total food given. Convert this figure to g/day to give GSPP.

IB Environmental Systems and Societies SL

Helpful diagrams to ease learning

IB type questions for exam practice with model answers included

Soil resources The soil system Soils are living ecosystems, and a zone of interaction between the atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere (rocks) and the biosphere (ecosystem above). Consider in the diagram below how there is a two-way cause and effect interaction between each of the components.

Figure 3.5 A diagram showing interaction between soils and the major spheres of the earth This can be considered in of material interactions, including both transfer and transformation processes. The water cycle moves through the soil by infiltration and water may evaporate from the surface. The atmosphere may contain particulate matter that is deposited on the soil and particles may blow up into the atmosphere. Rocks in the lithosphere weather to form soils, and soils at depth and pressure may form rocks. Plants in the biosphere may extract nutrients from the soil and dead plants may end up forming parts of the soil. Consider this diagram in relation to the profile below. Soil profiles and processes Soils can be examined by digging down, normally a metre or so, to reveal the soil profile. This shows horizons (layers) that indicate changing composition with depth. Soil profiles show the transition from the living to the non-living components of the ecosystem. The kinds of soil profiles found vary according to climate, relief and geology.

O horizon

Comprehensive explanations

A horizon

A dark layer containing organic material, when fully decomposed it is called humus. Deepest in waterlogged and cold conditions where decomposition rates are slow, such as tundra. Shallow or none where little organic matter is e.g. desert, or where decomposition is fast e.g. tropical rainforests.

IB Environmental Systems and Societies SL Contents: Systems and Models, The Ecosystem; Human Populations, Resource Use and Carrying Capacity; Biodiversity and Conservation, Pollution Management, The Issues of Global Warming, Environmental Values Systems, Answers and References

This layer of soil is the mixed layer, a mixture of organic and mineral particles. The mixed layers vary in depth depending on the living community in the soil. The deepest mixed layers are normally found under temperate grassland biomes due to the abundance of earthworms. In temperate deciduous forests the acid conditions reduce the number of earthworms and so the mixed layer is shallow.

B horizon

This layer consists of weathered mineral materials. The depth of the mineral layer varies greatly according to the climate and geology. Tropical soils have deep weathered layers often due to the chemical weathering of the underlying rocks. Leaching in soils occurs when rainwater dissolves useful nutrients in the soil and as the water infiltrates they are moved down into the upper part of these horizons.

C horizon

This layer is made up of the underlying rock type, in various states of weathering.

Figure 3.6 Generalised soil profile

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                                                               

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                                                                                                           x  x  x 

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IB Geography SL/HL Contents: Introduction, Patterns and Change: Populations in Transition, Disparities in Wealth and Development, Patterns in Environmental Quality and Sustainability, Patterns of Resource Consumption, Appendix – Using a Sketch Map in your answer, Answer Key to Questions

Com guid revie

IB Geography Paper 3: Global Interactions Contents: Measuring Global Interactions, Changing Space - The Shrinking World, Economic Interactions and Flows, Environmental Change, Sociocultural Exchanges, Political Outcomes, Global Interactions at the Local Level, Answer Key to Questions

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IB Geography Paper 1 SL/HL

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IB Geography Paper 3: Global Interactions HL

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IB Psychology

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Contents: Paper 1 - The Texts, The Questions, The Answers, The Réponse écrite of Written Response Paper 2 - The Questions, Types of Texts and s The Oral - The Individual Oral, The Interactive Oral (Group Oral) Grammar, Vocabulary, Answers to Practice Questions and Exercises, Suggested List of Resources, Acknowledgements

guides

Clear definitions of key Research study on amnesia – how brain damage affects memory processing (a cognitive process). Amnesia is the inability to learn new information or retrieve information that has already been stored in the memory. Anterograde amnesia is the failure to store memories after brain damage. Retrograde amnesia is the failure to recall memories that have been stored before brain damage. The brain damage may be caused by brain injury or infection. In behavioral decision-making, this will mean being cut off from past experiences and/or not being able to act with regard to future consequences of the behavior.

CHAPTER SEVEN – HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS Paper 2 – option topic that you are applying the biological, cognitive, and socio-cultural perspectives to specific issues within the field of human relationships.

The case of H.M. – suffered head injury at age 9 (in 1957), which cause serious epileptic seizures. Doctors removed the tissue from the temporal lobe of the brain (there was no effective drug treatment at the time), including the hippocampus. Following the operation, HM could recall information acquired early in life, but could not form new memories; a case of anterograde amnesia. HM’s brain was scanned in 1997, showing that the areas that had been damaged included the hippocampus and amygdala regions. The fact that HM’s memory functioned at all indicated that memory functions are more widely distributed throughout the brain than previously thought, and not just in the hippocampus and amygdala regions.

Complete guided review

Orientation Psychologists focus on studying human relationships in order to understand and enhance the ways in which people interact with one another.

The case of Clive Wearing (current) - in 1985 Clive Wearing, a distinguished middle-aged English musician and musicologist, suffered a brain infection which interfered with memory. It reduced the memory span to a few seconds – practically living in the very present only. His amnesia was mainly anterograde. He could still perform and conduct the music he knew before the infection. His emotional memory prior to the infection was unaffected: he still loved his wife. This indicates that different memory functions are distributed widely throughout the brain.

Comprehensive explanations

Evaluation of studies: These findings are ed by recent studies of the brain showing that the hippocampus stores the explicit long term memory (things like facts and figures), and the amygdala tends to hold emotional experiences, but the implicit long-term memory (e.g. how to play the piano) would be located elsewhere in the brain, as illustrated by the Clive Wearing case. Modern brain scanning procedures showed up exactly which areas were affected by HM’s operation (the damage turned out to be widespread), and also made it possible to pinpoint the precise nature of the biological damage to Clive Wearing’s brain. These studies have the scope of demonstrating which parts of the brain relate to which aspects of human behavior. However:   

The biological perspective emphasizes the work of neurotransmitters, hormones, and genes. Cognitive theorists apply schema theory, focusing on how we ‘read’ and interpret the behavior of others. Socio-cultural psychologists concentrate on social learning theory, attribution theory, social identity theory, and the influence of culture on the individual and the group. These three perspectives may be directed at issues such as those discussed in the main body of this chapter, including: (a) Stepping forward to help a person when in great need. Biologists emphasize factors such as the degree of closeness (Madsen et al. 2007). Cognitivists would think of the need to avoid unpleasant feelings of arousal (as in Piliavin 1994). Socio-cultural psychologists might look at the degree of one’s religious background (e.g. Colasanto, 1989). These individual approaches do not necessarily exclude one-another. (b) What attracts us to that ‘special’ individual. Biologists consider what might stimulate the nervous and endocrine systems into the falling-in-love mode (e.g. Fisher, 2004). Cognitivists will be typically concerned with our recognizing loveable similarities in one another (e.g. Markey et. al 2007). Socio-culturalists might look at the degree of openness and acceptance when communicating (e.g. Collins and Miller, 1994). (c) How being bullied affects the victim. Biologists typically view cortisol levels in the blood stream (Carney and Hazler 2007), cognitivists emphasize how the victim compares him/herself to someone else in a worse situation: ‘many have suffered more than I have’ (Thompson 2000), and socio-culturalists could look at the issue of those with aggressive anti-social behavior being likely to be bullied in the long run (Snyder, 2003), and its effects of promoting a vicious circle.

Complete guided review, focusing on exam requirements

The scanners were not used in the natural environment – issue of ecological validity. The information scanners’ colored light responses may exaggerate the different activities in the brain. The brain areas might light up on the machine for reasons other than those supposed by the investigator.

17

You, the student, should consider the question: ‘To what extent do biological, cognitive and sociocultural factors influence human relationships?’ in view of the theories and studies including those above.

17

As you progress with this topic, you should be evaluating the theories and studies relevant to the study of human relationships. You should be aware of methodological issues (such as in Piliavin 1994), the degree of artificiality of the study (e.g. Zimbardo, 1969), and the ethical issues including deception (as in Kieser and Baral, 1970).

IB Psychology

IB Psychology

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OSC IB REVISION GUIDES for the International Baccalaureate Diploma Programme

SPANISH

Invaluable review of assessment criteria

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IB Spanish B SL/HL

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6TP, UK , Oxford OX2

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IB Spanish B SL/HL

Courses and Spring Revision d thousands organising IB OSC has been , since 1990 and has helpe ols ir exams. Summer Scho prepare for the of IB students of a syllabus ensive review our students int an value of But OSC knows the nce such study can build. provides a and the confide have written material which ioned a series iss to are also keen ew of a course. OSC comm ey have been rvi l this need. Th to aid those complete ove Guides to fulfi urses and co of IB Revision the t en complem written both to to attend. le who are unab oughout the IB n be used thr e tests, mock ion Guides ca OSC IB Revis be particularly useful befor erienced l exp course, but wil . The books are written by IB teaching on and final exams have had the advantage of rticularly SS:section-sewn o pa wh are ers y ch the tea so IB ntly urses, ne Co mi ion im vis nts Re stude our OSC IB rstanding what WBunde£23.50 want. experienced in ms need and facing their exa s provide: student’s effort *Plus postage &idepackaging ion Gu OSC IB Revis on and review to target the Active revisi questions eded where it is ne on how to tackle IB exam e us Practical advic ncise overview of the syllab co A complete, in the exam ue for money do their best Excellent val to help students rce The resou

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Contents: Paper 1 – Receptive skills, General notes on Paper 1, Practice texts and questions, HL Literary texts Paper 2 – Productive skills, General notes on Paper 2, Model text types, HL Section B: Reasoned argument Written Assignment: Receptive and Productive skills, Internal Assessment: Receptive and Productive skills, Language: Vocabulary and Grammar, Answers, Recommended Resources

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IB French B

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OSC IB REVISION GUIDES for the International Baccalaureate Diploma Programme

MATHEMATICS Separate

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Complete guided review, focusing on exam requirements

IB Mathematics Standard & Higher Level Contents: Algebra, Functions and Equations, Circular Functions and Trigonometry, Matrices, Vectors, Statistics and Probability, Calculus, Maximising Your Marks, Practice Questions, Answers to Practice Questions

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Sets, Relations and Groups HL

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Contents: Sets, Relations, Functions (Mappings), Binary Operations, Groups, Isomorphism

Contents: Expectation Algebra, Discrete Distributions, Continuous Distributions, Sampling, Confidence Intervals, Significance Testing, Goodness of Fit Tests, Contingency Tables

Series & Differential Equations HL

Discrete Mathematics HL Contents: Elementary Number Theory, Number Bases and Modular Arithmetic, Graph Theory – Basics, Walks & Paths, Adjacency Matrices, Graph Algorithms

Contents: Infinite Sequence of Real Numbers, Limit Theorems, Improper Integrals, Integral as a Limit of a Sum, Convergence of Infinite Series, Partial Fractions and Telescoping Series, Tests for Convergence, The P-series, Some Common Series, Alternating Sequences, Power Series, Taylor Polynomials and Maclaurin Series, Maclaurin Series, L’Hopital’s Rule, Differential Equations

Analysis & Practice of Long Answer Questions SL Contents: Long Questions – What to Look For, Bookwork Questions, Questions Requiring More Thought, Questions with Harder Algebra, Calculators and Other Oddities

Pre-IB Mathematics Contents: Basic Algebra, More Basic Algebra, Solving Quadratic Equations and Inequalities, Functions, Exponents and Radicals, Logarithms, Linear Systems, Solving Triangles, Basic Trigonometry, Venn Diagrams and Probability, Statistics, Sequences and Series, Vectors, Matrices, Nature of the Mathematics SL and HL courses, Syllabus of each course and the assessment details, Internal Assessment Details, Answers to the Questions

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OSC IB REVISION GUIDES for the International Baccalaureate Diploma Programme

HISTORY for the Interna tional Baccala ure

Cold War

Contents include: The Rise & Rule of the Single Party State in Russia, The Rise & Rule of the Single Party State in China, The Rise & Rule of the Single Party State in Italy, The Rise & Rule of the Single Party State in , Suggested Reading

Route 2: O rigins and Developm Authoritari ent of an and Si ngle-Part y nd 2 Edition Sta tes

| Standard & Higher Lev el | 2nd Edition

UIDES VISIONploGma Programme SC IB RalEBaccalaureate Di

Diploma Pro gramme

IB History Origins and Developmen t of Aut

OSC has bee n Summer Sch organising IB Spring Revision Cou of IB student ools, since 1990 and has helped rses and s prepare for thousands their exams. OSC knows the value of and the con an intensive fi are also kee dence such study can review of a syllabus build. But our n to have writ complete ove ten materia students of IB Revisio rview of a course. OSC l which provides a com n written both Guides to fulfil this nee missioned a series to complem d. They hav who are una ent ble to attend. the courses and to e been aid those OSC IB Rev ision Guides course, but can will be particu be used throughout and final exa the IB ms. The boo larly useful before test IB teachers s, who have hadks are written by experie mock our OSC IB Revision Cou the advantage of teac nced experienced hing on rses, so the y are particu in understand facing their larl exams need ing what students imm y and want. inently OSC IB Rev ision Guides provide: Active revi sion and revi ew to target where it is nee the student Practical adv ded ’s effort A complet ice on how to tackle IB exam que e, concise ove stions Excellent rview of the valu syllabus The resourc e for money e to help stud ents do the ir best in the exam

horitarian and Single-Par ty Sta tes

Contents include: List of Essay Outlines, The Origins of the Cold War and the Early Development 1945-53, 1953-1969 Confrontation and Détente, Détente again?, The Coming of the Second Cold War and the Collapse of the USSR, and China During the Cold War, The Nuclear Arms Race and the Major Arms Agreement, Further Reading, References

O ernation for the Int ry IB Histo -907374-06

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Standard War | The Cold Route 2:

OSC IB REV ISION GUIDES ISBN 978-1

Origins and Development of Authoritarian Single Party States

OSC IB RE VI SION GUIDES ate

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Origins and development of authoritarian and single-party states

Joe Gauci

Stalin and the Historians Historians see Stalin’s rise to power and the relationship between Stalinism and Leninism in a variety of different ways. Some argue that Stalin’s rule represented a major deviation from that of Lenin, whilst others see a basic continuity in their methods. Some of the key interpretations are summarised below.

Structuralist approach (e.g. Richard Pipes)

Regard Stalin as a product of Russia’s circumstances. A strong ruler was required because the country was just emerging from nearly a decade of war and civil war. Stalin was the natural successor to Lenin because of the way the Party had become increasingly bureaucratised.

fsson Sam Olo

Continuity between Leninism and Stalinism (e.g. Robert Conquest)

vel her Le rd & Hig Standa

Summary boxes of historical interpretations

IB History Route 2: Origins and Development of Authoritarian Single Party States

Stalinism viewed as a deviation from Leninism (e.g. Stephen Cohen)

Lenin created the single party dictatorship and system of terror, which Stalin continued. So Stalin was the heir to the Leninist tradition.

son am Olofs

S distorted Lenin’s legacy. Lenin used terror during Stalin the Civil War only as a temporary, emergency measure; Lenin allowed dissent within the Party; Lenin was hostile to a cult of the leader. Stalin, by contrast, used terror as a normal feature of government when the USSR was at peace; he suppressed debate within the Party; he created a monstrous personality cult. Historians like Cohen argue that Communism could have developed in a very different, less brutal way if another leader, such as Bukharin, had succeeded Lenin.

Stalin’s Economic Policies: ‘The Revolution From Above’ Historians often use the phrase ‘the Revolution from above’ to characterise Stalin’s economic policies in the 1930s. They argue that the economic changes brought about by Stalin and imposed on the Russian people represented much more of a transformation of society than the Bolsheviks’ seizure of power in 1917. Stalin abandoned Lenin’s New Economic Policy (NEP) and introduced rapid industrialisation in the guise of his Five Year Plans (1928 onwards) and forced collectivisation (from 1929).

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IB History Route 2: Aspects of the History of Europe and the Middle East 1750-2000 SL/HL

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NEP had enabled the economy to recover, by 1926, from the effects of the First World War and Civil War, but economic growth slowed down thereafter.

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Lenin had presented NEP as a temporary retreat from socialism. By the

modern, socialist economy; they wanted to pursue a more heroic vision than the tired compromise with capitalism that NEP represented.

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IB History Route 2: Cold War

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Route 2: Peacemaking, Peacekeeping - International Relations 1918-36 Contents include: Aims of the participants and peacemakers, The geopolitical and economic impact of the treaties on Europe, Disarmament, The League of Nations, The Ruhr Crisis, Depression and threats to international peace and collective security, Key events 1918-36

Route 2: Communism in Crisis 1976-89 Contents include: China 1976-89 – The struggle for power following the death of Mao Zedong, China under Deng Xiaoping, Key events: China 1976-89 The USSR 1976-89 – Domestic problems of the Brezhnev era, Gorbachev and this aims / policies (glasnost and perestroika) and the consequences for the Soviet state, Key events: The USSR 1976-89 The Revolution of 1989 in Eastern Europe – Consequences of Gorbachev’s policies for Eastern European reform movements, Poland – the role of Solidarity, Czechoslovakia – the Velvet Revolution, Fall of the Berlin Wall, Practice source questions

Route 2: The Arab/Israeli Conflict 1945-79 Contents include: Background, Last years of the British Mandate, British withdrawal; establishment of Israel; Arab response, The 1948 / 49 War, The Suez Crisis of 1956, Six Day War of 1967, Camp David and the Egyptian-Israeli Peace Agreement, Key Events 1945 – 79, Bibliography

Route 2: Aspects of the History of Europe and the Middle East 1750-2000 SL/HL Contents include: The Origins of the French Revolution, The Unification of Italy, The Unification of , Alexander II, The Russian Revolution 1905/1917 and the Fall of Tsardom, The October Revolution and the Rule of Lenin, The Origins of WW1, Kemal Attatürk, Fascist Italy, The Weimar Republic and the Establishment of Nazi Dictatorship, The Third Reich, Stalin, The League of Nations, The Origins of World War II, The Background to the May 1948 War (the first Arab Israeli War), The Origins of the Cold War, The Revolution in Iran, The Fall of Communism in the USSR

Route 2: 20th Century Civil Wars and Regional Conflicts Contents include: Causes, Practices and Effects of the Spanish Civil War, Causes, Practices and Effects of the Chinese Civil War, Causes, Practices and Effects of the Korean War, Causes, Practices and Effects of the Vietnam War

Route 2 - World Wars I and II HL/SL Contents include: How to use this guide & tackling Paper 2, Causes, Practices and Effects of the First World War, Causes, Practices and Effects of the Second World War, Essay-writing, Suggested Reading

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OSC IB REVISION GUIDES for the International Baccalaureate Diploma Programme

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