2017 Engineering Practices Lab Manual 1p2ib

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ACADEMIC YEAR -2016-17

DEPARTMENT OF MECHATRONICS ENGINEERING

BASIC ENGINEERING LABORATORY

YEAR I / SEMESTER II

PREPARED BY Mr. R. EMMANUEL GOSPEL RAJ, AP/MCT Ms. M. BHUVANESWARI, AP/MCT Mr. S. PREM ANANTH, AP/MCT

NAME

:

NUMBER

:

CLASS

:

2 SYLLABUS

16ME204

ENGINEERING PRACTICES LABORATORY

0/0/3/2

Nature of Course : M (Practical application) Co requisites : 16ME205 Engineering Drawing Course Objectives: 1. To learn the use of basic hand tools and to know the need for safety in work place and to gain hands on experience on Carpentry, Fitting, Sheet metal, Plumbing, welding and Foundry. 2. To learn about basic electrical devices, meters and Electronics devices and meters and to gain knowledge about the fundamentals of various electrical and electronic gadgets, basic electronic instruments, their working and trouble shooting. 3. To gain knowledge about the basics of computer hardware and various operating systems Course Outcomes: Upon completion of the course, students shall have ability to C204.1 Identify, formulate and solve the basic engineering [R,U,AP] problems at home and in workplace C204.2 Develop the surfaces and make simple components like [C] tray, cylinder, funnel etc. C204.3 Make simple metal ts using welding equipment and [AP] wooden ts using carpentry tools. C204.4 Prepare pipe connections and sand moulds [AP] C204.5 Examine and troubleshoot electrical and electronics circuits [A] C204.6 Identify various computer parts and learn to operate the [E] various operating systems in computers. Course Contents: 1. Fabrication of rectangular tray, cylindrical container and cone Preparation of butt, lap and T t using welding (Arc, 2. MIG,TIG) 3. Preparation of Cross lap t and T t using carpentry tools 4. Preparation of connection of basic pipe lines 5. Preparation of Sand mould (Solid and Split Pattern) 6. Troubleshooting of electrical and electronics components 7. Preparation of Residential wiring. 8. Soldering of electronic circuits 9. Operation of Cathode Ray Oscilloscope 10. PC Repair Fundamentals Hard disk Partitioning, Installing Windows OS, Linux & 11. Maintaining Windows OS, Linux and Disk De fragmentation. Upgrading Memory and Hard Drives, Securing the PC and 12. LAN. Total Hours: 45

Reference Books: 1. S.Suyambazhahan “Engineering Practices Laboratory Manual” PHI Learning, Second Edition, 2011. 2. Sekhar Dash & K.Vijayakumar, “Electrical Engineering Practice Lab Manual”. Vijay Nicole Imprints Private Ltd., First Edition, 2013. 3. Scott Mueller “Upgrading and Repairing PCs”, 22nd Edition, QUE, Pearson Education, New Delhi, 2015. Web References: 1. http://www.allaboutcircuits.com/education/ 2. http://www.nptel.ac.in/courses/112107090/ 3. nptel.ac.in/courses/112101005/14 Online Resources: 1 http://www.electrical4u.com/ 2 http://vlab.co.in/ Assessment Methods & Levels (based on Bloom’s Taxonomy) Summative assessment based on Continuous and End Semester Examination Rubric based Continuous End Semester Examination Bloom’s Level Assessment [60 marks] [40 marks] (in %) (in %) 10 10 Understand 10 10 Apply 40 40 Analyse 20 20 Evaluate 10 10 Create 10 10

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INDEX

S. No.

Date

Contents

2.

Troubleshooting of electrical and electronics components Preparation of Residential wiring.

3.

Soldering of electronic circuits

4.

Operation of Cathode Ray Oscilloscope

1.

5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.

Page No

Faculty Signature

5

OVER ALL OBJECTIVES OF BASIC ENGINEERING LAB 

In order to gain good basic knowledge of manufacturing process, a student entering the first year of engineering degree should undergo a course on engineering practice.



In order to have balanced over all development of budding engineers, it is necessary to integrate theory with practice. General workshop practices are included in the curriculum in order to provide hands on practice about of different engineering materials, tools, equipment and process that are common in the engineering field.



Besides above the development of dignity of labour, precision, safety at workplace, team working and development of right attitude are the other objectives.

GROUP – B ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS Safety Precautions 1. SAFETY is of paramount importance in the Electrical Engineering Laboratories. 2. Electricity NEVER EXCUSES careless persons. So, exercise enough care and attention in handling electrical equipment and follow safety practices in the laboratory. 3. Avoid direct with any voltage source and power line voltage. 4. Wear rubber-soled shoes. (To insulate you from earth so that even if you accidentally a live point, current will not flow through your body to earth and hence you will be protected from electrical shock) 5. Wear laboratory-coat and avoid loose clothing. 6. Girl students should have their hair tucked under their coat or have it in a knot. 7. Do not wear any metallic rings, bangles, bracelets, wristwatches and neck chains. 8. Be certain that your hands are dry and that you are not standing on wet floor. 9. Ensure that the power is OFF before you start connecting up the circuit. 10. Get you circuit diagram approved by the staff member and connect up the circuit strictly as per the approved circuit diagram. 11. Check power chords for any sign of damage and be certain the chords use safety plugs and do not defeat the safety feature of these plugs by using ungrounded plugs. 12. When using connection leads, check for any insulation damage in the leads and avoid such defective leads. 13. Switch on the power to your circuit and equipment only after getting them checked up and approved by the staff member. 14. Take the measurement with one hand in your pocket. (To avoid shock in case you accidentally touch two points at different potentials with your two hands) 15. Do not make any change in the connection without the approval of the staff member. 16. In case you notice any abnormal condition in your circuit (like insulation heating up, resistor heating up etc), switch off the power to your circuit immediately and inform the staff member. 17. Keep hot soldering iron in the holder when not in use. 18. After completing the experiment show your readings to the staff member and switch off the power to your circuit after getting approval from the staff member.

Expt. No.: 1

Date: PREPARATION OF RESIDENTIAL WIRING

Aim: To implement residential house wiring using switches, fuse, indicator, lamp and energymeter,

Apparatus Required: S.No. Components equired

Range

Quantity

1

Switch

SPST

3 Nos.

2

Incandescent lamp

40W

2 Nos.

3

Lamp Holder

-

2 Nos.

4

Indicator

-

1 No

5

Socket

10A

1 No

6

Wires

-

As per required

7

Energy Meter

1-phase, 300V, 16a, 750rev, 50Hz

1 No.

Circuit Diagram

Theory: Conductors, switches and other accessories should be of proper capable of carrying the maximum current which will flow through them. Conductors should be of copper or aluminum. In power circuit, wiring should be designed for the load which it is supposed to carry current. Power sub circuits should be kept separate from lighting and fan sub-circuits. Wiring should be done on the distribution system with main branch distribution boards at convenient centers. Wring should be neat, with good appearance. Wire should through a pipe or box, and should not twist or cross. The conductor is carried in a rigid steel

conduit conforming to standards or in a porcelain tube. A switch is used to make or break the electric circuit. It must make the finely. Under some abnormal conditions it must retain its rigidity and keep its alignment between switch s. The fuse arrangement is made to break the circuit in the fault or overloaded conditions. The energy meter is used to measure the units (kWh) consumed by the load should not twist or cross. The conductor is carried in a rigid steel conduit conforming to standards or in a porcelain tube.

Procedure: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

Study the given wiring diagram. Make the location points for energy meter, main witch box, Switchboard, and lamp. The lines for wiring on the wooden board. Place the wires along with the line and fix. Fix the bulb holder, switches, socket in marked positions on the wooden board. Connect the energy meter and main switch box in marked positions on the wooden board. Give a supply to the wires circuit. Test the working of light and socket

Result: Thus the simple house wiring by using switches, fuse, indicator, filament lamps and energy meter was studied and tested.

Expt. No.: 2

Date:

TROUBLESHOOTING OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS COMPONENTS Aim: To study about the trouble shooting of electrical equipments like fan, iron box, mixer-grinder etc. S.No. Appliance 1 Electric iron box press

Defects Doesn’t work after supply iron

Shock on body

Iron box has no enough temperature when knob is placed at one position

2

Celling fan

Doesn‟t work after supply ison Wobbling

Humming or buzzing

Airflow

3

Electric heater

Shock due to short circuit

Remedies There must be damage in wire or there is open circuit. Check the thermostat for open circuit Check the heating element continuity. Check the continuity of earth wire to body. If it does not get continuity dismantle the cover and connect earth wire properly. Check the heating element. Adjust the screw below the knob to produce enough temperature. Check for switch socket, capacitor Make sure that all screws and bolts are tightened The fan blades aren‟t warped or damaged Make sure there are no loose parts that are knocking together Air flow will be less noticeable if the fan is in updraft mode Remove the short circuit

85 Troubleshooting Chart (i)

Electric Iron Box Trouble No heat

Insufficient heat Excessive heat

Blisters on sole-plate Tears Clothes Iron cannot be turned off

Power cord Sticks to clothes

Iron gives shock

(ii)

Possible Causes No power at outlet Defective cord or plug Loose terminal connections Broken lead in iron Loose thermostat control knob Defective thermostat Defective heater element If cast in, replace sole-plate assembly Low line voltage Incorrect thermostat setting Incorrect thermostat setting

Corrective Action To Be Taken Check outlet for power Repair or replace Check and tighten the terminals Repair or replace lead Clean and tighten Replace thermostat replace the element if separate Open terminal fuse replace Check voltage at outlet Adjust and recalibrate thermostat Adjust and recalibrate thermostat or replace Defective thermostat Replace thermostat Excessive heat First repair the thermostat control. Then replace or repair the sole-plate Rough spot, nick, scratch, burn on sole- Remove these sports with fine plate emery and polish the area with buff. Thermostat switch s are welded Check the thermostat switch . together Open them by force. The points should be in open condition at off position of the control knob Loose connection Clean and tighten Broken wire Repair or replace Dirty sole-plate Clean Excessive starch in clothes Iron at a lower temperature. Use less starch next time. Wrong setting of the thermostat knob Set the knob to correct temperature Iron too hot for fabric being ironed Lower the thermostat setting Disconnected earth connection Check earth connection and connect properly Weak insulation of heating element Check insulation resistance of heating element; If necessary replace element Earth continuity with common earth Check the main earth continuity and not available connect properly

Mixer

Fault Motor is not running

Possible reason No voltage or low voltage

Remedy Check the supply voltage with

multimeter Either motor field or armature coil Do the continuity test. If there is may get open circuited an open circuit fault, do the service Supply voltage is correct. But Overload in the jar and hence Press the overload relief button motor is not running overload protector may get tripped and remove some materials in the jar. Now restart. Motor rotates at same speed in all May be any short circuit in Do continuity test. If there is a speed settings armature or field coils. short circuit fault, do the service. (iii)

Electric Fan Fault

Noise

Low speed

Cause It is due to worn out bearings and absence of lubricating oil or grease Humming or induction noise is due to non-uniform air gap owing to the displacement of rotor. It is due to defective or leaky capacitor Low voltage applied

Jamming of rotor

It is due to misalignment

Not starting

Low applied voltage Supply failure

Open in winding Condenser open or short Open in regulator resistor

STUDY OF VARIOUS ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENTS Parts and its working of the following devices.

1.

IRON BOX

Remedy The bearings must be replace if worn out; otherwise lubricate with proper lubricant Dismantle and reassemble properly Replace the capacitor with one of the same value and voltage Check the voltage and adjust it possible Dismantle and assemble property after proper lubrication Check the voltage and adjust if possible Check the supply points at switch regulator ceiling rose and the terminal of the fan Check for the continuity of auxiliary and main winding Check the capacitor with a megger Check for open or loose in the resistor or s

87

1.

FAN

Result: Thus the troubleshooting of electrical equipments isstudied.

Expt. No.: 3

Date:

95

OPERATION OF CATHODE RAY OSCILLOSCOPE

Aim: To measure the waveform frequency, Period and voltage using cathode ray oscilloscope and measure the resistance in the circuit and to test diodes and the transistors and using multi- meter. Components Required: SL.NO COMPONENTS 1

Resistors

2

Capacitors

3

Diodes

4

Transistors

5

Multimeter

6

CRO

7

Function Generator

Specification

QUANTITY

THEORY: CATHODE RAY OSCILLOSCOPE: The cathode-ray oscilloscope (CRO) is a common laboratory instrument that provides accurate time and amplitude measurements of voltage signals over a wide range of frequencies. Its reliability, stability, and ease of operation make it suitable as a general purpose laboratory instrument. The heart of the CRO is a cathode-ray tube shown schematically in Fig. 1. The device consists mainly of a vacuum tube which contains a cathode, anode, grid, X & Yplates, and a fluorescent screen. When the cathode is heated (by applying a small potential difference across its terminals), it emits electrons. Having a potential difference between the

96

cathode and the anode (electrodes), accelerate the emitted electrons towards the anode, forming an electron beam, which es to fall on the screen. When the fast electron beam strikes the fluorescent screen, a bright visible spot is produced. The grid, which is situated between the electrodes, controls the amount of electrons ing through it there by controlling the intensity of the electron beam. The X & Y-plates, are responsible for deflecting the electron beam horizontally and vertically. A sweep generator is connected to the X-plates, which moves the bright spot horizontally across the screen and repeats that at a certain frequency as the source of the signal. The voltage to be studied is applied to the Y-plates.

CONTROLS OF CRO: Various controls are provided in the front of CRO to facilitate proper functioning. They are, 1. INTENSITY CONTROL

It regulates the bias on the control grid and affects the electron beam intensity. If the negative bias on the grid is increased the intensity of electron beam is decreased, thus reducing the brightness of the spot.

2. CH I/II:

When the probe is connected to channel I, this button should be out (ie, not pressed). When the probe is connected to channel II, the button is pressed.

3. HORIZONTAL CONTROL

The Horizontal Controls relate to the horizontal movement of the scope trace.

To adjust the horizontal Position

SEC/DIV (CH 1 and CH 2)

position of channel 1 or channel 2 Selects the horizontal time/div (scale factor) for the main time base

4. VERTICAL CONTROL

The Vertical Controls relate totally to the vertical movement of the scope trace. This oscilloscope has two vertical sections so that it can display two waveforms simultaneously. Position

To adjust the vertical position of

CH 1 and CH 2

channel 1 or channel 2 Displays the channel input menu selections and toggles the channel display on and off

VOLTS/DIV Selects (CH 1and CH 2)

calibrated scal factors

FUNCTION GENERATOR: A function generator is a device that can produce various patterns of voltage at a variety of frequencies and amplitudes. It is used to test the response of circuits to common input signals.

Figure 2 Front View of Function Generator

Features and controls of Function Generator: It is used to produce waveforms like Square wave - The signal goes directly from high to low voltage. Sine wave - The signal curves like a sinusoid from high to low voltage. Triangle wave - The signal goes from high to low voltage at a fixed rate.

The amplitude control on a function generator varies the voltage difference between the high and low voltage of the output signal. The Frequency variable on a function generator varies the frequency of the output signal from 0.001Hz to 20MHz

Measuring voltage and time period:

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The trace on an oscilloscope screen is a graph of voltage against time. The shape of this graph is determined by the nature of the input signal. In addition to the properties labelled on the graph, there is Frequency is the number of cycles per second. The diagram shows a sine wave but these properties apply to any signal with a constant shape.

Amplitude is the maximum voltage reached by the signal. It is measured in volts, V. Peak voltage is another name for amplitude. Peak-peak voltage is twice the peak voltage (amplitude). When reading an oscilloscope trace it is usual to measure peak-peak voltage.  Time period is the time taken for the signal to complete one cycle. It is measured in seconds (s), but time periods tend to be short so milliseconds (ms) and microseconds (µs) are often used. 1ms = 0.001s and 1µs = 0.000001s. Frequency is the number of cycles per second. It is measured in hertz (Hz), but frequencies tend to be high so kilohertz (kHz) and megahertz (MHz) are often used. 1kHz = 1000Hz and 1MHz = 1000000Hz. PROCEDURE: 1. Turn on the Oscilloscope, wait a couple of seconds to warm up, then the trace will show up on the screen. 2. Adjust the intensity and the focus of the trace. 3. Use the X &Y-post. Make it in the center position to trace it in horizontally and vertically.

4. Connect a cable to Ch1 socket. 5. Turn on the Function Generator 6.

Connect the cable from Ch1 of the CRO to the SIN connector of the Function generator,

via a piece of wire. 7. A signal will appear on the screen. 8. Make sure that the inner red knobs of the Volt/Div and the Time/Div are locked clockwise. 9. Set the frequency of the generator to 1 KHz. 10.

Adjust the Volt/Div and the Time/Div knobs so that you get a suitable size signal (from

1-2 wavelengths filling most of the screen vertically). 11.

Count the number of vertical squares lying within the signal, then calculate the peak to

peak value as: = No. vertical Div. × Volt/Div 12. Calculate Vrms value as:

= 13. Calculate the period T as:

T = No. horizontal Div. × Time/Div 14. Calculate the frequency, ƒ=1/T, record in the table. 15. Repeat steps 10-14 for the various frequency values as in the table.

Calculated Frequency (Hz) Period, T Vp-p (v) from Function Generator

(Sec)

Vrms(v)

Frequency (Hz) measured from CRO

101

MULTIMETER: A multimeter or a multitester, also known as a VOM (Volt-Ohm meter), is an electronic measuring instrument that combines several measurement functions in one unit. A multimeter is so named because they have the ability to measure voltage, current and resistance. Multimeters may use analog or digital circuits—analog multimeters (AMM) and digital multimeters (often abbreviated DMM or DVOM.) Anastruments are usually based on a microammeter whose pointer moves over a scale calibrated for all the different measurements that can be made; digital instruments usually display digits, but may display a bar of a length proportional to the quantity being measured.

Voltage is measured by placing the meter in parallel with (i.e. wired across) a component, or measured between a pin and ground. Current is measured by placing the meter in series with (i.e. acting as part of the wire) components. Resistance is measured in parallel, across a component — but that component must be disconnected from the circuit (leaving, at most, one circuit connection).

Digital Displayshows measured value. Meter Dial used to change the functions Indicator shows each function and setting range

Probe Connections

102

Figure 3. Multimeter with its different parts

Resistor Color Coding:

Color

Value

Multiplier

Tolerance

Digit Black

0

x100

Brown

1

x101

±1%

2

x10

2

±2%

3

Red Orange

3

x10

Yellow

4

x104

Green

5

x105

6

x10

6

±0.25%

x10

7

±0.1%

x10

8

±0.05%

x10

9

Blue Violet Gray White Gold

7 8 9

0.1

±0.5%

±5%

Figure 4. Resistor Color Coding 0.01Table ±10% Silverwith its Color Code None

±20%

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Advantages of Digital Multimeter: (i)

They offer high measurement accuracy.

(ii)

These instruments have high input impedance. (iii)They are smaller in size.

(iv) These meters eliminate observational and approximation errors. (v) The measured output of these instruments can be directly fed to a computer for further analysis and use. (vi) They can be used to troubleshoot electrical problems in a wide array of industrial and household

devices such as electronic equipment, motor controls, domestic appliances, power supplies, and wiring systems. Multimeter:

S.No

S.No

Resistor Value using Color coding Resistor Value using (Ω) Multimeter (Ω)

Type

Capacitor Value Given (F)

Capacitor Value using Multimeter (F)

104

To Measure the Effective Resistance in Series and Parallel connections:

Figure 5. a) Resistance in Series b) Resistance in parallel

Effective resistance in Parallel (1/Reff) = (1/R1) +(1/R2) Reff = R1+R2

Reff = ( R1*R2)/ (R1+R2)

Table: Measuring Resistance Value

Using Color Coding Theoretical Calculations

Practical Values Measured using

Resistance in Ohms Resistance in Series R1 =

R2 =

Resistance in

Multimeter Resistance Resistance

parallel

in Series

in parallel

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To Test the Diodes and Transistors using Multimeter:

Figure 6. Testing PNP Transistors

Figure 7. Testing Diode

Table: Testing Transistors: NPN

PNP

Structure of

Bias Voltage Structure of

Bias Voltage

Transistor

(V) EB

(V) EB

Transistor CB

Base: + ve

Base: - ve

Collector/

Collector/

Emitter: -ve

Emitter: + ve

Table: Testing Diode Forward Type of Diode Bias Voltage (V) PN Diode Zener Diode

Result:

CB

Thus the waveform frequency, Period and voltage measured using cathode ray oscilloscope and the resistance in the circuit, diodes and the transistors tested using multi-meter.

EX.NO:4

SOLDERING PRACTICE – COMPONENTS DEVICE AND CIRCUITS AIM: To assemble and solder the electronic components on a printed circuit board for the given circuit. APPARATUS REQUIRED: S.No. 1.

Components Soldering rod, Soldering lead,

Quantity 1

2.

Flux. Resistor. Capacitor.

1

3.

Signal generator

As per Circuit. As

4.

per Circuit.

5.

1

THEORY: Printed circuit board is the base plate over which all components are mounted and soldered. The inter connection between the components made by in metallic tracks. Etching process in PCB removes all the excess copper from the base lamination. After this only the printed pattern is left behind. A solution of 75 degree Celsius heated tap water and ferric chloride is used to remove the excess copper. The above said solution thoroughly surrounded and speeded up the process few drops of HCL be added.

COMPONENT PLACEMENT: The placement of components affects circuit operation manufacturing case and the probability of design errors. Improper layout can be grade operation or even prevent a circuit from working. Future more, poor layout can make manufacture of the circuit boards costly and difficult. Thoughtless placement of components and complicates the design of the PCB and will increase the chance of wrong connections. You should group circuits according to their characteristics to maintain the correct operation of each circuit. In general follow these rules. Group high- current circuits near the connector to isolate stray currents and near the edge of the PCB to remove heat. Group low power and low frequency circuits away from high current and high frequency circuits. Group of high frequency circuits near the connector to reduce path length cross talk and noise. Group analog circuit separately from digital logic. Grouping components & circuits appropriately will reduce cross talk efficiently. Careful placement of the board will make production of circuit easier and less error prone. Determine the location and direction of the components so that a pick & place machine can easily assemble a circuit board without manual intervention. Allow plenty of clearance around mechanical s. It is embarrassing and costly to find a trace shorted to an enclose post or a component jammed against the card cage. If possible leave room around large and complex components for sockets on the prototype boards to speed testing and development.

PROCEDURE: (i)

For assembling electronic components in PCB board

Study the given electronic circuit. The master pattern of PCB is made on a thick sheet with a reverse carbon placed under to take the mirror image on reverse side of the sheet. Clean the copper side of the PCB with alcoholic spirit or petrol in order to make it free from dust and contaminations. The mirrors image of pattern is copied to the base laminate on the board with the help of ball point pen. Holes position should be marked carefully. The copied track is marked with the help of enamel point or use silver pen. The board is dipped in a solution of FeCl3 for some time to remove the excess copper then it should be cleaned under running water and it should be dried. The marker ink/Point is removed with the help of alcohol or petrol. Using a driller, holes of suitable diameter are drilled on the board and then clean the hole. Varnish coating is given on the PCB in order to prevent the oxidation. Using Continuity tester, the board is tested for continuity.

ii) For soldering a low filter circuit consisting of a resistor and capacitor and checking the continuity.

The terminal of the resistor and capacitor are thoroughly cleaned. The t to be made is tinned says the t. A soldering gun is heated using powder supply till it attains the required temperature.

Using the heated soldering gun, the tinned t is soldered. A small AC signal nearby or equal to 5V is applied between the terminals B & C. Using the multimeter the continuity of the circuit is checking.

Note: If the circuit is continuous while checking beep sound will come when the multimeter is put in beep node. If the circuit is not continuous no beep sound will come.

Precaution: The terminal of the components should be thoroughly cleaned also soldering care should be taken while selecting the proper size of soldering HD.

SOLDERING SIMPLE ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS: A printed circuit board (PCB) consists of copper strips and pads bonded to a plastic board. The copper strip is the network of interconnecting conductive path. Leads of components mounted on the board are inserted through holes on the board and the conductive copper. These leads are soldered to the copper at the end of the hole. If excessive heat is applied to copper, it may get lifted from the board or the components on the board get damaged. Soldering pencil gun of about 30 Watts is used to heat the junction. The surface of copper bonded to the board should be properly prepared and cleaned before soldering. Flux is applied on circuits and component leads. Check the conductive strips and pads on the board before soldering. Avoid excess solder to prevent two copper paths from bridging. When solder globules form on the junction area, remove them by cleaning

the

soldering

tip

using

a

cloth.

CHECKING CONTINUITY: The continuity of a wire conductor without a break has practically zero ohms of resistance. Therefore, an ohmmeter may be used to test continuity. To test continuity, select the lowest ohm range. A wire may have an internal break, which is not visible due to insulation, or the wire may have a bad connection at the terminals. Checking for zero ohms between any two points tests the continuity. A break in the conducting path is evident from the reading of infinite resistance. In a cable of wires, individual wires are identified with colors. Consider the figure, where the individual wires are not seen, but you wish to find the wire that connects to terminal A. This is done by, checking continuity of each wire to terminal A. The wire that has zero ohms is the one connected to this terminal. Continuity of a long cable may be tested by temporarily short-circuiting the other ends of the wires. The continuity of both wires may be checked for zero ohms. In a digital multimeter, a beep mode is available to check continuity. The connectivity between the terminals is identified by the beep sound.

RESULT: Thus, the electronic components via resistor and capacitor were ed through soldering and continuity of a circuit is checked successfully.