Aai Training Report 2gd1h

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO AAI 1.1 INTRODUCTION The Airports Authority of India (AAI) is an organization working under the Ministry of Civil Aviation that manages all the airports in India. The AAI manages and operates 126 airports including 12 international airports, 89 domestic airports and 26 civil enclaves. The corporate headquarters (CHQ) are at Rajiv Gandhi Bhawan, Safdargung Airport, New Delhi R.K. Shrivastava is the current chairman of the AAI.

Fig. 1.1 Logo of AAI The Airports Authority of India (AAI) was formed on 1st April 1995 by merging the International Airports Authority of India and the National Airports Authority with a view to accelerate the integrated development, expansion and modernization of the operational, terminal and cargo facilities at the airports in the country conforming to international standards. AAI provides air navigation services over 2.8 million square nautical miles of airspace. Profile The Airports Authority of India (AAI) was formed on 1st April 1995 by merging the International Airports Authority of India and the National Airports Authority with a view to accelerate the integrated development, expansion and modernization of the operational, terminal and cargo facilities at the airports in the country conforming to international standards.

1.2 STRUCTURE OF MCA The Ministry of Civil Aviation of the Government of India (MCA) is the nodal Ministry responsible for the formulation of national policies and programmers for development and regulation of Civil Aviation and for devising and implementing schemes for the orderly

1

growth and expansion of civil air transport. Its functions also extend to overseeing airport facilities, air traffic services and carriage of engers and goods by air. The Ministry also isters implementation of the 1934 Aircraft Act and is istratively responsible for the Commission of Railways Safety

Fig. 1.2: Civil Aviation set up in India

1.2.1 DIRECTORATE GENERAL OF CIVIL AVIATION The Directorate General of Civil Aviation (DGCA) is the Indian governmental regulatory body for civil aviation under the Ministry of Civil Aviation. This directorate investigates aviation accidents and incidents. It is headquartered along Sri Aurobindo Marg, opposite Safdarjung Airport, in New Delhi. Endeavour to promote safe and efficient Air Transportation through regulation and proactive safety oversight system.

1.2.2 BUREAU OF CIVIL AVIATION SECURITY The Bureau of Civil Aviation Security (BCAS) is an agency of the Ministry of Civil Aviation of India. Its head office is on the first through third floors of the A Wing of the Janpath Bhawan along Janpath Road in New Delhi. The agency has four regional offices, located

at Indira

Gandhi

Airport in Delhi, Chhatrapati

Shivaji

International

Airport in Mumbai, Chennai International Airport in Chennai, and Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport in Kolkata[1].

2

1.2.3 AAI The Airports Authority of India (AAI) under the Ministry of Civil Aviation is responsible for creating, upgrading, maintaining and managing civil aviation infrastructure in India. It provides Air traffic management (ATM) services over Indian airspace and ading oceanic areas.

1.2.4 PRIVATE AIRPORTS The airports in India are categories as Custom, Domestic, International, Defence, Future and Privates. Private Airports are used for specific purpose. List of private airports in India are: 1. Sri SathyaSai Airport , Andhra Pradesh 2. OP Jindal Airport, Chhattisgarh 3. Mehsana Airport, Gujarat 4. Vidyanagar Airport, Karnataka Amravati

Airport,

Shirpur

Airport,

Baramati

Airport,

Gondia

Airport,

Maharashtra.

1.2.5 AIR LINES The total fleet size of commercial airlines in India was 371 by 20 February 2013. In 1994, the Air Corporation Act of 1953 was repealed with a view to remove monopoly of air corporations on scheduled services, enable private airlines to operate scheduled service, convert Indian Airlines and Air India to limited companies and enable private participation in the national carriers. Since 1990 private airline companies were allowed to operate air taxi services, resulting in the establishment of Jet Airways and Air Sahara. These changes in the Indian aviation policies resulted in the increase of the share of private airline operators in domestic enger carriage to 68.5% in 2005 from a meagre 0.4% in 1991.

1.2.6

IGRUA

Indira Gandhi Rashtriya Uran Akademi (IGRUA) is a premier pilot training institute of India.

It’s

an

autonomous

institution

and

comes

under Ministry

of

Civil

Aviation, Government of India.Course offered are: Commercial Pilot License (L), Simulator training.

1.3.

ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE

AAI manages 126 airports, which include 11 international airports, 89 domestic airports and 26 civil enclaves at Defense airfields. AAI provides air navigation services over 2.8 million square nautical miles of airspace. 3

1.4.

INFORMATION RELATED TO AAI

Control and management of the Indian airspace extending beyond the territorial limits of the country, as accepted by ICAO. Design, Development, Operation and Maintenance of International and Domestic Airports and Civil Enclaves. Construction, Modification and Management of enger Terminals. Development and Management of Cargo Terminals at International and Domestic airports. Provision of enger Facilities and Information System at the enger Terminals at airports. Expansion and strengthening of operation area viz. Runways, Aprons, Taxiway etc. Provision of visual aids. Provision of Communication and Navigational aids viz. ILS, DVOR, DME, Radar etc [1].

1.5.

PRESENT TIME AAI

1. Most of AAI's revenue is generated from landing/parking fees and fees collected by providing CNS & ATC services to aircraft over the Indian airspace. 2. Only 16 of the 126 airfields operated by the AAI are profitable while the other airports incur heavy losses due to underutilization and poor management.

1.6 FUNCTIONS OF AAI (i)

To control and manage the entire Indian airspace (excluding the special airspace) extending beyond the territorial limits of the country, as accepted by ICAO.

(ii)

To Design, Construct, Operate and Maintain International Airports, Domestic Airports, Civil Enclaves at Defense Airports.

(iii)

Development and Management of Cargo Terminals at Airports

(iv)

Provision of enger Facilities and Information System at the enger Terminals at airports

(v)

Expansion and strengthening of operation area viz. Runways, Aprons, Taxiway, etc

(vi)

Provision of visual aids.

(vii) Provision of Communication and Navigational aids viz. ILS,DVOR,DME,

Radar

etc. (viii) Construction, modification & management of enger terminals, development & management of cargo terminals, development & maintenance of apron infrastructure including runways, parallel taxiways, apron etc., (ix)

Provision of Communication, Navigation and Surveillance which includes provision of DVOR / DME, ILS, ATC radars, visual aids etc., provision of air traffic services, 4

provision

of enger facilities and related amenities at its terminals thereby

ensuring safe and secure operations of aircraft, enger and cargo in the country.

1.7 CONCLUSION This part of report gives the information related to airport authority of India. In this part also explain the basic profile of the AAI, function of AAI and the present time market strength of the AAI.

5

CHAPTER 2 AIRPORT AUTHORIT OF JAIPUR 2.1 AAI, JAIPUR Jaipur Airport (IATA: JAI, ICAO: VIJP) is in the southern suburb of Sanganer, 13 km from Jaipur, the capital of the Indian state of Rajasthan. Jaipur airport is the only international airport in the state of Rajasthan. It was granted the status of international airport on 29 December 2005. The civil apron can accommodate 14 A320 aircraft and the new terminal building can handle up to 1000 engers at a time. There

are

plans to

extend the runway to

12,000 ft (3,658 m) and expand

the terminal building to accommodate 1,000 engers per hour. The runway is now being extended to 11,500 ft (3,505 m). This extension will help to land big planes such as Boeing 747 and Airbus A380. Thus, the air traffic will be more and the international destinations will be also more. This project will be completed on July 2015.

2.2 STRUCTURE OF AAI, JAIPUR The new domestic terminal building at Jaipur Airport was inaugurated on 1 July 2009.The new terminal has an area of 22,950 sqm, is made of glass and steel structure having modern enger friendly facilities such as central heating system, central air conditioning, inline x-ray baggage inspection system integrated with the departure conveyor system, inclined

arrival

baggage

claim

carousels, escalators, public

address system, flight

information display system (FIDS), CCTV for surveillance, airport check-incounters with Common Use Terminal Equipment (CUTE), car parking, etc. The International Terminal Building has peak hour enger handling capacity of 500 engers and annual handling capacity of 400,000.The entrance gate , made of sandstone and Dholpur stones along with Rajasthani paintings on the walls, give tourists a glimpse of the Rajasthani culture. Two fountains on both sides of the terminal, dotted with palm trees, maintain normal temperature within the airport premises. The transparent side walls of the building have adjustable shades that control the age of sunlight into the airport premises, thereby cutting down heavily on electricity bills.

6

Fig. 2.1: Jaipur Airport

Fig. 2.2: Terminal- 2 The Airlines operating at this airport are: (a)

International: Indian , Air Arabia, & Air India Express

(b)

Domestic: Indian, Jet Airways, Jet lite, Indigo, Kingfisher, Go Air, SpiceJet. TABLE NO. 2.1: TECHNICAL DATA OF THE AIRPORT

AERODROME REFERENCE CODE

4D

ELEVATION

1263.10 Feet (385 meter) 26°49′26.3″N

ARP COORDINATES

075°48′′12.5″E

MAIN RWY ORIENTATION

27/09

RWY DIMENSION

2797.05m X 45m

APRON DIMENSION

230m X 196 m

PARKING BAYS

7

TABLE NO. 2.2: GENERAL INFORMATION OF AIRPORT AIRPORT NAME

JAIPUR AIRPORT,JAIPUR

AIRPORT TYPE

CIVIL AERODROME

OPERATOR

AIRPORT AUTHORITY OF INDIA

ADDRESS

OIC,AAI,JAIPUR AIRPORT,JAIPUR302029

NAME & DESGINATION OF

RAMA GUPTA

OPERATOR INCHARGE REGION

NORTHERN REGION

RHQ

NEW DELHI

NATURE OF STATION

NON TENURE

TABLE NO.2.3: RUNWAY DIRECTION

LENGTH

SURFACE

09/27

9,177ft

CONCRETE/ASPHALT

15/33

5,233ft

ASPHALT

TABLE NO.2.4: TERMINALS, AIRLINES & DESTINATION AIRLINES

DESTINATION

AIR ARABIA

SHARJAH

AIR COSTA

BANGALORE,CHENNAI,HYDERABAD,VISAKHAPATNAM

AIR INDIA

MUMBAI,DELHI

AIR INDIA EXPRESS

DUBAI

ETIHAD

ABU DHABI

AIRWAYS GOAIR INDIGO

CHENNAI,MUMBAI AHMEDABAD,BANGALORE,CHENNAI,GUWAHATI,HYDERABAD, KOCHI, KOLKATA,MUMBAI,INDORE

8

JET AIRWAYS

AHMEDABAD,CHANDIGARH,DELHI,MUMBAI, LUCKNOW,INDORE

JETKONNECT

DELHI,INDORE,PUNE

OMAN AIR

MUSCAT

SPICEJET

DELHI

2.3 OPERATIONS 2.3.1 ENGER FACILITIES (a) Construction, modification & management of enger terminals,

development &

management of cargo terminals, development & maintenance of apron infrastructure including runways, parallel taxiways, apron etc. (b) Provision of Communication, Navigation and Surveillance which includes provision of DVOR / DME, ILS, ATC radars, visual aids etc., provision of air traffic services, provision of enger facilities and related amenities at its terminals thereby ensuring safe and secure operations of aircraft, enger and cargo in the country. 2.3.2 AIR NAVIGATION SERVICES In tune with its global approach to modernise Air Traffic Control (ATC) infrastructure for seamless navigation across state and regional boundaries, AAI is upgrading to satellite based Communication, Navigation, Surveillance (CNS) and Air Traffic Management. A number of co-operation agreements and memoranda of co-operation have been signed with the Federal Aviation istration, US Trade & Development Agency, European Union, Air Services Australia and the French Government Co-operative Projects and Studies initiated to gain from their experience[1].

2.3.3 IT IMPLEMENTATION AAI website is a website giving a host of information about the organization besides domestic and international flight schedules and such other information of interest to the public in general and engers in particular.

2.3.4 HRD TRAINING AAI has a number of training establishments, viz. NIAMAR in Delhi, CATC in Allahabad, Fire Training Centres at Delhi & Kolkata for in-house training of its engineers, Air Traffic Controllers, Rescue & Fire Fighting personnel etc. NIAMAR & CATC are of ICAO TRAINER programme under which they share Standard Training Packages (STP) from a central pool for imparting training on various subjects. 9

2.3.5 REVENUE Most of AAI's revenue is generated from landing/parking fees and fees collected by providing CNS & ATC services to aircraft over the Indian airspace.

2.4. CONCLUSION In this chapter we gained technical information information about the AAI Jaipur and its working operations.

10

CHAPTER 3 COMMUNICATION NAVIGATION & SURVEILLANCE SYSTEM 3.1. INTRODUCTION AAI is semi govt. authority as well as public sector unit.AAI can take any decision for the development of infrastructure of the company. For the infrastructure, the civil aviation plays a vital role in airport infrastructure. Civil Aviation is the fastest growing arm of India’s transport infrastructure and it plays an increasingly important role in providing connectivity. The sprojections for both enger & cargo traffic growth, coupled with the deficient & lagging airport & allied Infrastructure, calls for an urgent need to build & augment India’s Aviation Infrastructure.[3]

3.1.1 DEPARTMENTAL STRUCTURE It can be divided into mainly five departments: 1. Overall Airport Management 2. CNS Office 3. Nav-Aids/GAGAN 4. Equipment Room 5. FIDS(Flight Information Display System)/Security Equipments/CCTV 1. Overall Airport Management- This area comes under management part. Various activities viz. booking of tickets , maintenance of transactions and funds for the development and modernization of airport, and other departmental activities .This department regulates the cost and maintenance of various equipments used at the airport. This department also deals with the buying of the various new equipments for replacement with the old ones. 2. CNS Office- CNS refers to Communication Navigation and Surveillance. The work of this department is to take care of proper communication between the airport officials and also to the pilot during take-off and landing of the aeroplane. 3. Nav-Aids- It represents Navigational Aids. This department helps in the Navigation of the aircrafts in the airspace. It is not necessary that these aircraft should land on the airport, instead they can get directions from here during the flight also. 11

4. Equipment Room- This room has all the necessary equipment for the proper functioning and monitoring of the various data transfers. 5. FIDS- It represents Flight Information Display System. It is for the

engers

information and convenience.[1]

3.2 NETWORK STRUCTURE It has a wide network all over India. Their network structure provide guidance to any aeroplane and helicopters over the whole Indian airspace. For this purpose all the airports are constantly in touch with the nearest airports through proper communication system. The network structure is based on LAN and WAN.

3.3 HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE The Airports Authority of India uses various hardware equipments of various companies and many equipments like VHF and DATIS use software of different technologies.these equipments are based on various parameters such as VSWR ,power ,modulator ,power supply unit, synthesizer etc.

3.4 ROLE OF CNS DEPARTMENT 1. To provide uninterrupted services of Communication, Navigation and Surveillance (CNS) facilities for the smooth and safe movement of aircraft (over flying, departing & landing) in accordance with ICAO standards and recommended practices. 2. To maintain Security Equipments namely X-Ray Baggage systems (XBIS), Hand Held Metal Detectors (HHMD) and Door Frame Metal Detectors (DFMD). 3. To provide and maintain inter-unit communication facility i.e. Electronic Private Automatic Exchange Board (EPABX) 4. To maintain the enger facilitation systems like Public Address (PA) system, Car Handling System and Flight Information Display System (FIDS).[4]

3.5 CNS FACILITY 1. VHF air to ground voice communication facilities. 2. Digital Voice Tape Recorder. 3. Dedicated Satellite Communication Network.

12

4. Voice Communication System. 5. Automatic Message Switching System

Fig 3.1 General Architecture of CNS department

3.6. CONCLUSION In this part of report gives the information related to CNS (communication navigation surveillance) department. The basic role or airport and the equipment used at airport related to security, for communicate to pilot, for the landing for distance measuring used all equipment.

13

CHAPTER 4 COMMUNICATION DEPARTMENT 4.1 INTRODUCTION Communication is the process of sending, receiving and processing of information by electrical means. It started with wire telegraphy in 1840 followed by wire telephony and subsequently by radio/wireless communication. The introduction of satellites and fiber optics has made communication more widespread and effective with an increasing emphasis on computer based digital data communication. In Radio communication, for transmission information/message are first converted into electrical signals then modulated with a carrier signal of high frequency, amplified up to a required level, converted into electromagnetic waves and radiated in the space, with the help of antenna. For reception these electromagnetic waves received by the antenna, converted into electrical signals, amplified, detected and reproduced in the original form of information/message with the help of speaker.[1] 4.1.1 TRANSMITTER Unless the message arriving from the information source is electrical in nature, it will be unsuitable for immediate transmission. Even then, a lot of work must be done to make such a message suitable. This may be demonstrated in single-sideband modulation, where it is necessary to convert the incoming sound signals into electrical variations, to restrict the range of the audio frequencies and then to compress their amplitude range. All this is done before any modulation. In wire telephony no processing may be required, but in long-distance communications, transmitter is required to process, and possibly encode, the incoming information so as to make it suitable for transmission and subsequent reception. Eventually, in a transmitter, the information modulates the carrier, i.e., is superimposed on a high-frequency sine wave. The actual method of modulation varies from one system to another. Modulation may be high level or low level, (in VHF we use low level modulation) and the system itself may be amplitude modulation, frequency modulation, pulse modulation or any variation or combination of these, depending on the requirements.[1]

14

Fig. 4.1: RF Transmitter

4.1.2 CHANNEL The acoustic channel (i.e., shouting!) is not used for long-distance communications and neither was the visual channel until the advent of the laser. "Communications," in this context, will be restricted to radio, wire and fiber optic channels. Also, it should be noted that the term channel is often used to refer to the frequency range allocated to a particular service or transmission, such as a television channel.[2] It is inevitable that the signal will deteriorate during the process of transmission and reception as a result of some distortion in the system, or because of the introduction of noise, which is unwanted energy, usually of random character, present in a transmission system, due to a variety of causes. Since noise will be received together with the signal, it places a limitation on the transmission system as a whole. When noise is severe, it may mask a given signal so much that the signal becomes unintelligible and therefore useless. Noise may interfere with signal at any point in a communications system, but it will have its greatest effect when the signal is weakest. This means that noise in the channel or at the input to the receiver is the most noticeable.[3]

4.1.3 RECEIVER There are a great variety of receivers in communications systems, since the exact form of a particular receiver is influenced by a great many requirements. Among the more important requirements are the modulation system used, the operating frequency and its range and the type of display required, which in turn depends on the destination of the intelligence received. Most receivers do conform broadly to the super heterodyne type.[2]

15

Fig 4.2: RF Receiver Receivers run the whole range of complexity from a very simple crystal receiver, with headphones, to a far more complex radar receiver, with its involved antenna arrangements and visual display system. Whatever the receiver, it’s most important function is demodulation (and sometimes also decoding). Both these processes are the reverse of the corresponding transmitter modulation processes. As stated initially, the purpose of a receiver and the form of its output influence its construction as much as the type of modulation system used. The output of a receiver may be fed to a loudspeaker, video display unit, teletypewriter, various radar displays, television picture tube, pen recorder or computer: In each instance different arrangements must be made, each affecting the receiver design. Note that the transmitter and receiver must be in agreement with the modulation and coding methods used (and also timing or synchronization in some systems).[2]

16

Fig 4.3: Transmitter and Receiver Equipment

4.2. VCCS /TAPE RECORDER/DATIS The Voice Communication Control System (VCCS) is a Voice Switch and Control System for networking an airport VHF communication system. It is an electronic switching system, which controls the complex flow of speech data between air traffic controllers on ground and aircraft. The system has been designed using Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) digital circuits and is very easy to operate.[2] The VCCS is based on a modular architecture. The heart of the system is a Central Switching Unit (CSU) in which the data inputs from various controller workstations are separately processed. The controller workstation installed at the ATS units works as a command centre from which the air traffic controller operates the VHF RT. Each Controller Workstation is assisted by a Radio Telephony Display Console, Audio Interface and Headset Interface Units.

Fig. 4.4: VCCS

17

Fig. 4.5: System Architecture of VCCS 4.2.1 INTRODUCTION TO TAPE RECORDING The purpose of tape recorder is to store the Sound by recording of sound either by Disc Recording, Film Recording or Magnetic Recording. In our Department, we are using Magnetic Recording to record the communications/speech between Air (Aircraft) to Ground, Ground to Ground, telephones, Intercom’s etc. For any miss happening or any other reason, the conversations of past period can be checked to find out the root cause so that in future such types of mistakes can be avoided.[6]

4.3. DIGITAL AIRPORT TERMINAL INFORMATION SYSTEM (DATIS) Digital Airport Terminal Information System (DATIS) is an intelligent announcing system used for Automatic Terminal Information Service (ATIS) for the automatic provision of current, routine information (weather, runway used etc.) to arriving and departing aircraft throughout 24 hrs or a specific portion thereof. The System is Completely solid-state, without any moving parts. The design is based around advanced digital techniques viz., PCM digitization, high density Dynamic RAM Storage and microprocessor control. This ensures reproduction of recorded speech with high quality and reliability. Storage capacity normally supplied is for 4 minutes Announcement, and as the system design is modular, it can be increased by simply adding extra memory. The system is configured with fully duplicated modules, automatic switch-over mechanism and Uninterrupted Power Supply to ensure Continuous System availability.[6]

18

Table 4.1: Frequency Band BAND NAME

FREQUENCY BAND

Ultra Low Frequency (ULF)

3Hz -

30 Hz

Very Low Frequency (VLF)

3 kHz -

30 kHz

Low Frequency (LF)

30 kHz - 300 kHz

Medium Frequency (MF)

300 kHz - 3 MHz

High Frequency (HF)

3 MHz - 30 MHz

Very High Frequency (VHF)

30 MHz - 300 MHz

Ultra High Frequency (UHF)

300 MHz -3 GHz

Super High Frequency (SHF)

3 GHz - 30 GHz

Extra High Frequency (EHF)

30 GHz - 300 GHz

Infrared Frequency

3 THz-

30 THz

Table 4.2: Frequency Band Used in Communication NAME OF THE

FREQUENCY BAND

USED

EQUIPMENT

NDB

200-450 KHZ

HF

3-30 MHZ

Ground to Ground/Air Com.

LOCALIZER

108-112 MHZ

Instrument Landing System

VOR

108-117.975 MHZ

Terminal, Homing & En-route

VHF

117.975-137 MHZ

Ground to Air Comm.

GLIDE PATH

328-336 MHZ

Instrument Landing System

DME

960-1215 MHZ

Measurement of Distance

UHF LINK

0.3-2.7 GHZ

Remote Control, Monitoring

RADAR

0.3-12 GHZ

Surveillance

19

Locator, Homing & Enroute

Fig. 4.6: DATIS

4.4. AUTOMATIC MESSAGE SWITCHING SYSTEM In AFTN, information is exchanged between many stations. The simplest form of communication is point-to-point type, where information is transmitted from a source to sink through a medium. The source is where information is generated and includes all functions necessary to translate the information into an agreed code, format and procedure. The medium could be a pair of wires, radio systems etc. is responsible for transferring the information. The sink is defined as the recipient of information; it includes all necessary elements to decode the signals back into information.[2] 4.4.1. CLASSIFICATION OF AFTN SWITCHING SYSTEM A switching system is an easy solution that can allow on demand basis the connection of any combination of source and sink stations. AFTN switching system can be classified into 3 (three) major categories:[4] 1

Line or circuit Switching

2

Message Switching

3

Packet Switching.

4.4.1.1 Line Switching When the switching system is used for switching lines or circuits it is called line-switching system. Telex switches and telephones exchanges are common examples of the line switching system. They provide on demand basis end-to-end connection. As long as connection is up the has exclusive use of the total bandwidth of the communication channel as per requirement. It is Interactive and Versatile.[4]

20

4.4.1.2 Message Switching In the Message Switching system, messages from the source are collected and stored in the input queue which are analysed by the computer system and transfer the messages to an appropriate output queue in the order of priority. The message switching system works on store and forward principle. It provides good line utilization, multi- addressing, message and system ing, protects against blocking condition, and compatibility to various line interfaces.[4] 4.4.1.3 Packet Switching This system divides a message into small chunks called packet. These packets are made of a bit stream, each containing communication control bits and data bits. The communication control bits are used for the link and network control procedure and data bits are for the . A packet could be compared to an envelope into which data are placed. The envelope contains the destination address and other control information. Long messages are being cut into small chunks and transmitted as packets. At the destination the network device stores, reassembles the incoming packets and decodes the signals back into information by designated protocol. It can handle high-density traffic. Messages are protected until delivered. No direct connection required between source and sink. Single port handles multiple circuits access simultaneously and can communicate with high speed.[2]

4.5. AERONAUTICAL TELECOMMUNICATION NETWORK (ATN) The basic objective of CNS/ATM is ‘Accommodation of the s preferred flight trajectories’. This requires the introduction of automation and adequate CNS tools to provide ATS with continuous information on aircraft position and intent. In the new CNS/ATM system, communications with aircraft for both voice and data (except for polar region) will be by direct aircraft to satellite link and then to air traffic control (ATC) centre via a satellite ground earth station and ground-ground communication network. Voice communication (HF) will be maintained during the transition period and over polar region until such time satellite communication is available. In terminal areas and in some high density airspaces VHF and SSR mode S will be used.[2] The introduction of data communication enables fast exchange of information between all parties connected to a single network. The increasing use of data communications between aircraft and the various ground systems require a communication 21

system that gives s close control over the routing of data, and enables different computer systems to communicate with each other without human intervention. In computer data networking terminology, the infrastructure required to the interconnection of automated systems is referred to as an Internet. Simply stated, an Internet comprises the interconnection of computers through sub-networks, using gateways or routers. The inter-networking infrastructure for this global network is the Aeronautical Telecommunication Network (ATN).[1] The collection of interconnected aeronautical endsystem(ES), intermediate-system(IS) and sub-network (SN) elements istered by International Authorities of aeronautical data-communication is denoted the Aeronautical Telecommunication Network (ATN). The ATN will provide for the interchange of digital between a wide variety of endsystem applications ing end-s such as Aircraft operation, Air traffic controllers and Aeronautical information specialists. The ATN based on the International organization for standardization (ISO). Open system interconnection (OSI) reference model allows for the inter- operation of dissimilar Air-Ground and ground to ground sub-networks as a single internet environment. End-system attached to ATN Sub-network and communicates with End system with other sub-networks by using ATN Routes. ATN Routes can be either mobile (Aircraft based) or fixed. The router selects the logical path across a set of ATN sub-networks that can exists between any two end systems. This path selection process uses the network level addressing quality of service and security parameters provided by the initiating en system. Thus the initiating end system does not need to know the particular topology or availability of specific sub-networks. Present day Aeronautical communication is ed by a number of organizations using various networking technologies. The most eminent need is the capability to communicate across heterogeneous sub-networks both internal and external to istrative boundaries. The ATN can use private and public sub-networks spanning organizational and International boundaries to aeronautical applications. The ATN will a data transport service between end-s which is independent of the protocols and the addressing scheme internal to any one participating sub-networks. Data transfer through an Aeronautical internet will be ed by three types of data communication sub-networks.[1] 1. The ground network – AFTN,ADNS,SITA Network

22

2. The Air-ground network – Satellite, Gate-link, HF, VHF, SSR Modes 3. The Airborne network – the Airborne Data Bus, Communication management unit.[1]

4.5.1 THE GROUND NETWORK It is formed by the Aeronautical Fixed telecommunication network (AFTN), common ICAO data interchange network (CIDIN) and Airline industry private networks.[4]

4.5.2 THE AIR-GROUND NETWORK The Air-Ground sub networks of VHF, Satellite, Mode S, gate link, (and possibly HF) will provide linkage between Aircraft-based and ground-based routers (intermediate system).[1]

4.5.3 THE AIRBORNE NETWORK It consists of Communication Management Unit (CMU) and the Aeronautical radio incorporation data buses (ARINC). Interconnectivity to and inter-operability with the Public data Network (PDN) will be achieved using gate-ways to route information outside the Aeronautical environment.[1]

4.6 ADNS (AIRNC DATA NETWORK SERVICE) The backbone of the ARINC communication services is the ARINC Data Network Service. The network provides a communication interface between airlines, AFTN, Air-route Traffic Control Centre (ARTCC) and weather services. ADNS is also used to transport air ground data link messages and aircraft communication addressing and reporting system (ACARS).

4.7 SITA NETWORK SITA’s worldwide telecommunication network is composed of switching centers interconnected by medium to high speed lines including international circuits. The consolidated transmission capacity exceeds 20 Mbps and the switching capacity exceeds 150 million data transactions and messages daily.

4.8. THE AIR-GROUND COMMUNICATION SYSTEM The available/planned air-ground communication systems are 1. Satellite 2. Gate link 3. HF radio 4. VHF

23

4.9 COMMUNICATION EQUIPMENTS It can be categorized into two parts:

4.9.1 AIR TO GROUND COMMUNICATION 

It uses the very high frequency range 30MHz-300MHz.



An Equipment Room contains the VHF equipment as well as the remote control of other navigational equipment.



Staggered Dipole Antenna is used in omni direction.Amplitude Modulation is used.



Transmitter frequency at Jaipur Airport is 125.250MHz.

4.9.1.1 Air traffic control (ATC) 

It is a service provided by ground-based controllers who direct aircraft on the ground and in the air.



The primary purpose of ATC systems worldwide is to separate aircraft to prevent collisions, to organize and expedite the flow of traffic, and to provide information and other for pilots when able.



In addition to its primary function, the ATC can provide additional services such as providing information to pilots, weather and navigation information and NOTAMs (Notices to Airmen).

4.9.1.2 The DR100 multimode VHF receiver 

It is a state-of-the-art communication unit specifically designed to operate as radio core part of Air Traffic Control ground stations.



It is able to a huge number of operating modes, ranging from the traditional AM-DSB mode for analogue speech communications, to the latest VDL 3 and 4 modes* for voice and data or data-only links.

Fig.4.7: DR 100

24



Due to its DSP-based architecture, software-radio approach, and modular design, it allows for easy update and re-configuration in of type of modulation, channel spacing and interface to external controllers.



The equipment has outstanding performances in of noise radiation and unwanted emissions together with the high grade of immunity to external interference.



The equipment has been designed to fulfill operating requirements in any possible system layout. This results in an extreme degree of flexibility and operability. It can also be used as direct replacement of analogue VHF equipment in traditional ATC systems

Power consumption Transmitter

: 400 W (DC main)

Power consumption Receiver

: 40 W (DC main)

Efficiency

: 10%

Operating frequency band

: 108 to 156 MHz

Technical Description and Architecture 

The DR100 comprises independent modules, each of them accomplishing a different and specific function. The equipment can be provided in different configurations according to the type of fitted modules. The following block diagram highlights the modularity of DR100.

RX

BB

ALB-S

PS IMC

ALB-M



Fig.4.8: Block diagram of DR 100 1. Receiver module (RX)

25

RF from antenna

2. Base Band module (BB) 3. Power Supply Unit (PSU) 4. IMC/MSIC cards 5. Control (standard and enhanced HMI) 6. Line Barrier card (e.g. ALB_S, ALB_M) 

The Receiver module mainly performs the related radio frequency functions. The RX module is based on a super-heterodyne layout that provides the full downconversion of received AM-DSB/D8PSK/GFSK modulated RF signals, and amplification to required level for the analogue to digital conversion. The RX module sends the digitized I/Q format data stream to the Base band module via an RS422 serial interface



The BB module handles carrier digital processing. The Base band module is a full digital module that is mainly charged of carrier processing and the associated control tasks. The type and amount of BB signal processing tasks is dependent on the operating mode (AM-DSB or VDL mode



The PSU module provides all the required internal supply voltages for DR100 modules operation. It also provides EMI filtering and over-voltage/under-voltage line protections. It is fed by external DC power source.



The AC/DC converter module provides a DC output to feed the PS module by conversion of the 110 - 230 VAC main supply.



The IMC card, located on CI back plane, is the simplest management card, that allows for DR100 full O&M tasks management, interfacing with Analogue Line Barrier cards, ing of VDL modes default data interface to an external station controller through an RS232 port.



The MSIC card alternative to IMC is still located on CI back plane. It is the fullsized management card that, in addition to IMC features,



The Control , which is managed by the IMC or MSIC, absolves any local HMI functions. Analogue Line Barrier (ALB), are used in AM-DSB and AM-DATA mode, when the equipment must process analogue speech communication.

4.9.2 GROUND-TO-GROUND COMMUNICATION 4.9.2.1 Wacky-talky 

It is a small portable radio link (receiver and transmitter)

26



A two-way radio communication system (usually microwave); part of a more extensive telecommunication network.



Use frequency modulation technique.



It’s frequency at Jaipur Airport is 166.2 MHz.



A Base station called “challenger” is provided for it.

4.9.3 OTHER IMPORTANT EQUIPMENTS 4.9.3.1 DVTR 

The Digital Voice Tape Recorder is used for audio recording.



It can record 24 channels simultaneously.



In this about 20 channels are fixed while remaining 4 channels can be set as requirement.



Recording is done on magnetic tape and saved about 2 months.

4.10 SPACE MODULATION Space modulation is a radio amplitude modulation technique used in instrument landing systems that incorporates the use of multiple antennas fed with various radio frequency powers and phases to create different depths of modulation within various volumes of threedimensional airspace. This modulation method differs from internal modulation methods inside most other radio transmitters in that the phases and powers of the two individual signals mix within airspace, rather than in a modulator. An aircraft with an on-board ILS receiver within the capture area of an ILS, (glide slope and localizer range), will detect varying depths of modulation according to the aircraft's position within that airspace, providing accurate positional information about the progress to the threshold. Another type of amplitude modulation process may be required to be used in many places like Navaids where the combination (addition) of sideband only (SBO comprising one or more TSB(s)) and the carrier with or without the transmitter modulated sidebands takes place in space. Note that both of the SBO or carrier with sidebands (CSB) are transmitter modulated but when all the required signals out of these three namely SBO, CSB or carrier are not radiated from the same antenna the complete modulation process will be realized rather the composite modulated waveform will be formed at the receiving point by the process of addition of all the carriers and all the sidebands (TSBs). The process of achieving

27

the complete modulation process by the process of addition of carriers and sidebands (TSBs) at the receiving point in space is called the “Space Modulation” which means only that modulation process is achieved or completed in space rather than in equipment itself but not at all that space is modulated.

4.11 CONCLUSION This part of report gives the information related to how to communicate with pilot and the transmitter and receiver component used at airport. Communication is basically to sending, receiving and processing of information by electronic means.

28

CHAPTER 5 SURVEILLANCE DEPARTMENT INTRODUCTION The Airports Authority of India is a public sector unit (PSU). It is a Miniratna company of category I. It handles the landing and take-off of various types of planes viz: enger U planes, cargo planes, military planes carrying military equipments etc. It also provides security facility to the engers and manages them properly at the main terminal so that they do not feel any inconvenience. It is also equipped with various types of security equipments for the security purposes. It guides the planes on their way in determining their trajectories also. For all these purposes the AAI manages various types of equipments at each terminal and also in continuously communicates with the nearby airports for further information.[1]

5.1. PUBLIC ADDRESSING SYSTEM 1.

At the airport it is use to address the engers.

2.

Information about the arrival and departure of flights, security checking etc is announced by this system. Here three or more power amplifiers are used in series to amplify the audio power from where the audio output is announced in different sections through loudspeakers.[1]

Fig. 5.1: PA System

29

Fig.5.2: Personal Announcement System

5.3. SECURITY EQUIPMENTS The main security equipment are1. X-BIS 2. DFMD 3. HHMD 4. ETD 5. CCTV 1. X-BIS X-Ray Baggage Inspection System is used for baggage inspection, engers are carrying with them.

Fig. 5.3: X-Ray BIS

30

Generation of X-Ray For X-Ray Generation very high voltage DC supply is applied between cathode and anode in a vacuum tube. Cathode heats and emits electron. Electron moves from cathode to anode. When there is change in energy of electron X-Ray generates and es through a 1mm hole in the form of narrow beam. Beam direction is set at the angle of 45 degree diagonally. As to cover the total area as well as to make 3-D projection.[6]

Fig.5.4: Generation of X-Rays Operation Start key is pressed from the keyboard then the command goes to the microprocessor, then to the interface board. The interface board starts the motor hence conveyor belt starts running. But at this time X-Rays doesn’t generate. The speed of conveyor belt is normally 0.2m/sec. When baggage is run on the conveyor belt and es through the light barriers then interruption occurs. The microprocessor reads the interrupt through interface board. Microprocessor again gives the command to the X-Ray generator to generate X-Rays through the interface board. X-Rays falls on the baggage some absorb and rest es through it. The X-Rays now converts into the voltage by a transducer. Now a VGA (Voltage

Graphic Adopter) converts the input voltage signal into the output graphic image

on the monitor. At the monitor slice-by-slice screening is achieved. The X-BIS shows the different color patterns according to the material inside the baggage, such as: 1. Organic: Orange color 2. Inorganic: Green 3. Metal: Blue

31

2. Door Frame Metal Detector (DFMD) A Door Frame Metal Detector or DFMD is used to detect metal objects engers are carrying with them. The system is used for weapons detection as well as enger screening.[7] Main components are1. Transmitter (TX) 2. Receiver (RX) 3. Cross piece. 4. Remote control unit. 5. Electronics unit. The operation of DFMD is based on “electromagnetic pulsed-field technology. Transmitter pulses causes decaying eddy currents in metal objects inside the sensing area of the WTMD. The signal induced to the receiver by the eddy currents is sampled and processed in the electronic unit. Moving metal objects are detected when the signal exceeds the alarm threshold. A sampling circuit in the metal detector is set to monitor the length of the reflected pulse. By comparing it to the expected length, the circuit can determine if another magnetic field has caused the reflected pulse to take longer to decay. If the decay of the reflected pulse takes more than a few microseconds longer than normal, there is probably a metal object interfering with it.

Fig. 5.5: DFMD The sampling circuit sends the tiny, weak signals that it monitors to a device call an integrator. The integrator reads the signals from the sampling circuit, amplifying and 32

converting them to direct current (DC).The DC's voltage is connected to an audio circuit, where it is changed into a tone that the metal detector uses to indicate that a target object has been found. If an item is found, you are asked to remove any metal objects from your person and step through again.[7] 3. Hand Held Metal Detector (HHMD) 1. A Hand Held Metal Detector is also used to detect metal and objects engers are carrying with them. 2. Hand Held Metal Detector is based on the principle of Electromagnetic induction. 3. Basic principle is whenever there is change in magnetic links of force associated with a conductor an EMF is generated. 4. It consists of two coils, primary and secondary or transmitter and receiver coil. 5. Transmitter and receiver coils are isolated to each other. 6. When the switch is ON HHMD starts working, as soon as it set to check the metal or non metal due to change in magnetic field eddy currents are being traced from the metal.

Fig. 5.6: Internal Structure of Hand Held Metal Detector

33

Fig. 5.6: Internal Structure of Hand Held Metal Detector

Main components of HHMD 1. MELU 5087 M28 Electronics unit 2. METOR coil set 3. 8.Button M28 4. Carring strap 5. Button slide 6. Battery/ charger cable 7. Clamping screw

Fig. 5.7: HHMD The coil is part of the oscillating circuit which operation frequency is 23.5 kHz. When a metal object is inside the sensing area of the coil, it will effect to amplitude of the oscillating signal. After a while the integrating control will set the amplitude a constant value. Output of oscillator is rectified and it is connected through the filter section to comparator. When the signal is lower than the adjusted reference level (sensitivity setting) comparator generates alarm signal. It activates the alarm oscillator and the audible alarm / the red alarm light. Battery voltage is controlled with a low voltage circuit and constant alarm is activated when the battery voltage is under 7V. The connector in the rear of the unit operates as headphone and charger connections. The charger idle voltage is between 14 and

34

24 VDC. During charging operation the green light is plinking and with full battery it lights constantly. If headphone is connected, audible alarm is not operational[8]. 4. Explosive Trace Detector (ETD) An Explosive Trace Detector is used to detect the explosives and narcotics. It consists normally a vacuum tube. The operator on swap takes a sample from the luggage. In the ETD machine the sample is melted and then vaporized, by applying high voltage. Thus there is displacement occurs in the atomic weight of the substance. By the LUT (Look Up Table) the displacement can be measured, and thus substance can be detected. The screen of ETD shows the information about the sample with necessary graph etc.

Fig. 5.8: Explosive Test Detection System 5. Closed-Circuit Television (CCTV) Closed-Circuit Television (CCTV) is the use of video cameras to transmit a signal to a specific, limited set of monitors. In this the signal is not openly transmitted, though it may employ point to point wireless links. For security purpose many CCTV camera input are fed to a multiplexer or generally in a switcher, from where it goes as a input to the monitor output.[7]

35

Fig. 5.9: Closed Circuit Television Control System

5.4 RADAR Radar is an object-detection system that uses radio waves to determine the range, altitude, direction, or speed of objects. It can be used to detect aircraft, ships, spacecraft, guided missiles, motor vehicles, weather formations, and terrain. The radar dish or antenna transmits pulses of radio waves or microwaves that bounce off any object in their path. The object returns a tiny part of the wave's energy to a dish or antenna that is usually located at the same site as the transmitter.

Fig. 5.10: Surveillance Radar

5.4.1. PRINCIPLE OF RADAR A

radar

system

has

a transmitter that

emits radio

waves called radar

signals in

predetermined directions. When these come into with an object they are usually reflector scattered in many directions. Radar signals are reflected especially well by materials of considerable electrical conductivity especially by most metals, by seawater and by wet lands. Some of these make the use of radar altimeters possible. The radar signals that

36

are reflected back towards the transmitter are the desirable ones that make radar work. If the object is moving either toward or away from the transmitter, there is a slight equivalent change in the frequency of the radio waves, caused by the Doppler effect. Radar receivers are usually, but not always, in the same location as the transmitter. Although the reflected radar signals captured by the receiving antenna are usually very weak, they can be strengthened by electronic amplifiers. More sophisticated methods of signal processing are also used in order to recover useful radar signals. The weak absorption of radio waves by the medium through which it es is what enables radar sets to detect objects at relatively long ranges—ranges at which other electromagnetic wavelengths, such as visible light, infrared light, and ultraviolet light, are too strongly attenuated. Such weather phenomena as fog, clouds, rain, falling snow, and sleet that block visible light are usually transparent to radio waves. Certain radio frequencies that are absorbed or scattered by water vapor, raindrops, or atmospheric gases (especially oxygen) are avoided in deg radars, except when their detection is intended. Radar relies on its own transmissions rather than light from the Sun or the Moon, or from electromagnetic waves emitted by the objects themselves, such as infrared wavelengths (heat). This process of directing artificial radio waves towards objects is called illumination, although radio waves are invisible to the human eye or optical cameras. 5.4.2. APPLICATION OF RADAR 1. The information provided by radar includes the bearing and range (and therefore position) of the object from the radar scanner. The first use of radar was for military purposes: to locate air, ground and sea targets. This evolved in the civilian field into applications for aircraft, ships, and roads. 2. In aviation, aircraft are equipped with radar devices that warn of aircraft or other obstacles in or approaching their path, display weather information, and give accurate altitude readings. The first commercial device fitted to aircraft was a 1938 Bell Lab unit on some United Air Lines aircraft. Such aircraft can land in fog at airports equipped with radar-assisted ground-controlled approach systems in which the plane's flight is observed on radar screens while operators radio landing directions to the pilot. 3. Marine radars are used to measure the bearing and distance of ships to prevent collision with other ships, to navigate, and to fix their position at sea when within range of shore or other fixed references such as islands, buoys, and lightships.

37

4. Meteorologists use radar to monitor precipitation and wind. It has become the primary tool

for

short-term weather

forecasting and

watching

for severe

weather such

as thunderstorms, tornadoes, winter storms, precipitation types, etc. Geologists use specialised ground-penetrating radars to map the composition of Earth's crust.

5.5. CONCLUSION This part of report gives information about various equipments used at the airports along with their principles and uses. The equipments use that airport are constantly checked for their accuracy and efficiency so that it can’t lead to any accident or security breach. The purpose of security screening using X-rays is to benefit society as a whole by improving aircraft security. While the additional risk to a single person being scanned is very close to zero, if screening is widespread and concerns a large part of the population, this vey small risk cannot be ignored at the population level. Estimates on the magnitude of any added risk are very uncertain and it is impossible to evaluate separately the effects on different groups of the population

38

CHAPTER 6 NAVIGATION DEPARTMENT 6.1.

INTRODUCTION

Navigation is the art of determining the position of an aircraft over earth’s surface and guiding its process from one place to another. To accomplish this art some sort of aids are required by the pilots, called the navigational aids. Radio Navigation is based on the use of Radio Transmitter, Radio Receiver and propagation of electromagnetic waves to find navigational parameter such as direction, distance, position of the aircraft etc. According to service range the radio navigational aids are broadly classified into three categories1. Long Range 2. Medium Range 3. Short range 6.1.1 LONG RANGE NAVIGATIONAL AIDS Operate in very low frequency and low frequency, i.e. 10 KHz, 50-100 KHz and 100-200 KHz respectively. Provide very long ranges of the order of 7000Kms and 700Kms. They are based on the hyperbolic system of navigation. 6.1.2 MEDIUM RANGE NAVIGATIONAL AIDS It operates in the LF or MF band of frequency. It gives the range of 150-250 nautical miles. NDB (Non Directional Beacons) falls in this category. 6.1.3 SHORT-RANGE NAVIGATIONAL AIDS These aids operate in and above VHF bands. The coverage is dependent upon line of sight propagation. VHF, ILS, DME, VOR and RADAR are some widely used short-range aids.

6.2.

DOPPLER VHF OMNI RANGE (D.V.O.R) OR V.O.R

VOR, short for VHF Omni-directional Range, is a type of radio navigation system for aircraft. VORs broadcast a VHF radio signal encoding both the identity of the station and the angle to it, telling the pilot in what direction he lies from the VOR station, referred to as the radial. Comparing two such measures on a chart allows for a fix. In many cases the VOR stations also provide distance measurement allowing for a one-station fix.

39

Radio Navigational aid. It works on the principle of phase comparison of two 30 Hz signals i.e. an aircraft provided with appropriate Rx, can obtain its radial position from the range station by comparing the phases of the two 30 Hz sinusoidal signals obtained from the V.O.R radiation. Any fixed phase difference defines a Radial/Track (an outward vector from the ground station into space). V.O.R. provides an infinite number of radials/Tracks to the aircrafts against the four provided by a LF/MF radio range.

6.2.1. PURPOSES AND USE OF VOR 1. The main purpose of the VOR is to provide the navigational signals for an aircraft receiver, which will allow the pilot to determine the bearing of the aircraft to a VOR facility. 2. In addition to this, VOR enables the Air Traffic Controllers in the Area Control Radar (ARSR) and ASR for identifying the aircraft in their scopes easily. They can monitor whether aircraft are following the radials correctly or not. 3. VOR located outside the airfield on the extended Centre line of the runway would be useful for the aircraft for making a straight VOR approach. With the help of the AUTO PILOT aircraft can be guided to approach the airport for landing. 4. VOR located enroute would be useful for air traffic 'to maintain their PDRS (PRE DETERMINED ROUTES) and are also used as reporting points. 5. VORs located at radial distance of about 40 miles in different directions around an International Airport can be used as holding VORs for regulating the aircraft for their landing in quickest time. They would be of immense help to the aircraft for holding overhead and also to the ATCO for handling the traffic conveniently.

6.3. DISTANCE MEASURING EQUIPMENT (DME) 1. Distance Measuring Equipment is a vital navigational Aid, which provides a pilot with visual information regarding his position (distance) relative to the ground based DME station. 2. The facility even though possible to locate independently, normally it is collocated with either VOR or ILS. 3. The DME can be used with terminal VOR and holding VOR also. 4. DME can be used with the ILS in an Airport; normally it is collocated with the Glide path component of ILS.

40

6.3.1. PURPOSES AND USE OF DME Distance Measuring Equipment is a vital navigational Aid, which provides a pilot with visual information regarding his position (distance) relative to the ground based DME station. The facility even though possible to locate independently, normally it is collocated with either VOR or ILS. The DME can be used with terminal VOR and holding VOR also. DME can be used with the ILS in an Airport; normally it is collocated with the Glide path component of ILS. 6.3.1.1. Mode of Operation 1. Search Mode: a. The Search mode is automatically established whenever the airborne equipment is tuned to a new DME ground Transponder b. When the aircraft's transmitter is in Search mode, it transmits interrogations at a higher rate (about 150 interrogations per second). When the aircraft receives at least 65% replies to its interrogations Lock-on will be established. 3. Track Mode: a. The transmitter changes to the Track mode of operation. This process may take up to 30 seconds. Only when this is achieved, the cockpit readout of the DME range is turned on. b. In the Track mode the aircraft's interrogation rate reduces considerably (about 30 interrogations per second). The reduced interrogation rate of transmission in the track mode will allow more aircraft to use the DME station.

6.3.2. ASSOCIATION OF DME WITH VOR Associated VOR and DME facilities shall be co-located in accordance with the following: a. Coaxial co-location: the VOR and DME antennas are located on the same vertical axis; b. Offset co-location: For those facilities used in terminal areas for approach purposes or other procedures where the highest position fixing accuracy of system capability is required, the separation of the VOR and DME antennas does not exceed 30 m (100 ft) except that, at Doppler VOR facilities, where DME service is provided by a separate facility, the antennas may be separated by more than 30 m (100 ft), but not in excess of 80 m (260 ft). For purposes other than those indicated above, the separation of the VOR and DME antennas does not exceed 600 m (2,000 ft).

6.3.3. ASSOCIATION OF DME WITH ILS Associated ILS and DME facilities shall be co-located in accordance with the following: 41

a. When DME is used as an alternative to ILS marker beacons, the DME should be located on the airport so that the zero range indication will be a point near the runway. b. In order to reduce the triangulation error, the DME should be sited to ensure a small angle (less than 20 degrees) between the approach path and the direction to the DME at the points where the distance information is required. c. The use of DME as an alternative to the middle marker beacon assumes a DME system accuracy of 0.37 km (0.2 NM) or better and a resolution of the airborne indication such as to allow this accuracy to be attained.[7] The main purposes of DME installations are summarised as follows: a. For operational reasons b. As a complement to a VOR to provide more precise navigation service in localities where there is. c. High air traffic density d. Proximity of routes e. As an alternative to marker beacons with an ILS. When DME is used as an alternative to ILS marker beacons, the DME should be located on the Airport so that the zero range indication will be a point near the runway. f. As a component of the MLS.

6.3.4. APPLICATIONS OF DME a. Provide continuous navigation fix (in conjunction with VOR). b. Permit the use of multiple routes on common system of airways to resolve traffic. c. Permit distance separation instead of time separation between aircraft occupying

the

same altitude facilitating reduced separation thereby increasing the aircraft handling capacity. d. Expedite the radar identification of aircraft.

6.4. INSTRUMENT LANDING SYSTEM (ILS) 6.4.1. PURPOSE AND USE OF ILS The Instrument Landing System (ILS) provides a means for safe landing of aircraft at airports under conditions of low ceilings and limited visibility. The use of the system materially reduces interruptions of service at airports resulting from bad weather by allowing operations to continue at lower weather minimums. The ILS also increases the traffic handling capacity of the airport under all weather conditions. 42

The function of an ILS is to provide the PILOT or AUTOPILOT of a landing aircraft with the guidance to and along the surface of the runway. This guidance must be of very high integrity to ensure that each landing has a very high probability of success.[7]

6.4.2. COMPONENTS OF ILS The basic philosophy of ILS is that ground installations, located in the vicinity of the runway, transmit coded signals in such a manner that pilot is given information indicating position of the aircraft with respect to correct approach path. To provide correct approach path information to the pilot, three different signals are required to be transmitted. The first signal gives the information to the pilot indicating the aircraft's position relative to the center line of the runway. The second signal gives the information indicating the aircraft's position relative to the required angle of descent, where as the third signal provides distance information from some specified point. These three parameters which are essential for a safe landing are Azimuth Approach Guidance, Elevation Approach Guidance and Range from the touchdown point. These are provided to the pilot by the three components of the ILS namely Localizer, Glide Path and Marker Beacons respectively. At some airports, the Marker Beacons are replaced by a Distance Measuring Equipment (DME).[7] This information is summarized in the following table:Table 6.1. ILS Parameter v/s Component ILS Parameter

ILS Component

a. Azimuth Approach Guidance

Provided by Localizer

b. Elevation Approach Guidance

Provided by Glide Path

c. Fixed Distances from Threshold

Provided by Marker Beacons

d. Range from touch down point

Provided by DME

6.4.3. FUNCTION OF ILS 1. The function of an ILS is to provide the PILOT or AUTOPILOT of a landing aircraft with the guidance to and along the surface of the runway. 2. This guidance must be of very high integrity to ensure that each landing has a very high probability of success.

43

3. The basic philosophy of ILS is that ground installations, located in the vicinity of the runway, transmit coded signals in such a manner that pilot is given information indicating position of the aircraft with respect to correct approach path.

6.5. LOCALIZER UNIT The localizer unit consists of an equipment building, the transmitter equipment, a platform, the antennas, and field detectors. The antennas will be located about 1,000 feet from the stop end of the runway and the building about 300 feet to the side. The detectors are mounted on posts a short distance from the antennas.

6.6. GLIDE PATH UNIT The Glide Path unit is made up of a building, the transmitter equipment, the radiating antennas and monitor antennas mounted on towers. The antennas and the building are located about 300 feet to one side of the runway center line at a distance of approximately 1,000 feet from the approach end of the runway.

6.7. MARKER UNITS Three Marker Units are provided. Each marker unit consists of a building, transmitter and directional antenna array. The system will be located near the runway center line, extended.

Fig. 6.1: The typical locations of Marker

44

The transmitters are 75 MHz, low power units with keyed tone modulation. The units are controlled via lines from the tower. The outer marker will be located between 4 and 7 miles in front of the approach end of the runway, so the pattern crosses the glide angle at the intercept altitude. The modulation will be 400 Hz keyed at 2 dashes /sec. The middle marker will be located about 3500 feet from the approach end of the runway, so the pattern intersects the glide angle at 200 feet. The modulation will be a 1300 Hz tone keyed by continuous dot, dash pattern. Some ILS runways have an inner marker located about 1.000 feet from the approach end of the runway, so the pattern intersects the glide angle at 100 feet. The transmitter is modulated by a tone of 3000 Hz keyed by continuous dots.

6.8. DISTANCE MEASURING EQUIPMENT (DME) COMPONENTS Where the provision of Marker Beacons is impracticable, a DME can be installed co-located with the Glide Path facility. The ILS should be supplemented by sources of guidance information which will provide effective guidance to the desired course. Locator Beacons, which are essentially low power NDBs, installed at Outer Marker and Middle Marker locations will serve this purpose.

6.9. AIRCRAFT ILS COMPONENT The Azimuth and Elevation guidance are provided by the Localizer and Glide Path respectively to the pilot continuously by an on-board meter called the Cross Deviation Indicator (CDI).Range information is provided continuously in the form of digital readout if DME is used with ILS. However range information is not presented continuously if Marker Beacons are used. In these condition aural and visual indications of specific distances when the aircraft is overhead the marker beacons are provided by means of audio coded signals and lighting of appropriate colored lamps in the cockpit.

6.10. FUNCTIONS OF ILS COMPONENTS A brief description of each of the ILS components is given in this section. 1. Function of Localizer unit 

The function of the localizer unit is to provide, within its coverage limits, a vertical plane of course aligned with the extended centerline of the runway for azimuth guidance to landing aircraft. In addition, it shall provide information to landing aircraft as to 45

whether the aircraft is offset towards the left or right side of this plane so as to enable the pilot to align with the course. 

Basically the localizer provides the centerline of the runway.



Localizer uses the frequency range 108-112MHz.



It’s frequency at Jaipur Airport is 109.9MHz.



Log Periodic antenna is used, which gives high gain and bandwidth.



Horizontal covering range for Localizer is 25NM.



The localizer unit consists of an equipment building, the transmitting equipment, a platform, the antennas and field detectors.



The antennas will be located about 1000 feet from the stop end of the runway and the building about 300 feet to the side.



The detectors are mounted on posts a short distance from the antennas.

2. Function of Glide Path unit: 

The function of the Glide Path unit is to provide, within its coverage limits, an inclined plane aligned with the glide path of the runway for providing elevation guidance to landing aircraft. In addition, it shall provide information to landing aircraft as to whether the aircraft is offset above or below this plane so as to enable the pilot to align with the glide path.



The function of the Glide Path unit is to provide, within its coverage limits, an inclined plane aligned with the glide path of the runway for providing elevation guidance to landing aircraft.



The Glide Path gives the information indicating the aircraft’s position relative to the required angle of descent.



The MARRY antenna is used for it.



Frequency range for Glide path is 328-336MHz.



It’s frequency at Jaipur Airport is 333.8MHz.



Covering range for Glide Path is 10NM.



The Glide Path unit is made up of a building, the transmitter equipment, the radiating antennas and monitor antennas mounted on towers.



The antennas and the building are located about 300 feet to one side of the runway center line at a distance of about 1,000 feet from the approach end of the runway.

3. Function of marker Beacon / DME

46

The function of the marker beacons,/DME is to provide distance information from the touchdown point to a landing aircraft. The marker beacons, installed at fixed distances from the runway threshold, provide specific distance information whenever a landing aircraft is ing over any of these beacons so that the pilot can check his altitude and correct it if necessary. The DME, installed co-located with the Glide Path unit, will provide continuous distance information from the touchdown point to landing aircraft. 4. Function of Locators The function of locators, installed co-located with the marker beacons, is to guide aircraft coming for landing to begin an ILS approach.

6.11. DIFFERENT MODELS OF ILS USED IN AAI Different models of ILS used in AAI are as follows: 1. GCEL ILS: In this ILS mechanical modulator is used and both the near field monitoring system is utilized. 2. NORMARC ILS :In this system advance technology is used and for monitoring purpose along with near field monitoring integral monitoring has been utilized .Now a day’s 2 models viz. NM 3000 series and NM 7000 series are mostly used in AAI. 3. ASI ILS:

In Mumbai and Delhi airport these ILS are used under modernization

programme. One of the ILS model at Delhi is a CAT III ILS.

Fig. 6.2: Radiation pattern of antenna 47

Fig. 6.3: Coverage range of Localizer Antenna

48

Fig. 6.4: Lobes showing angle for Glide Path

6.12. ANTENNA USED There are various antenna used for transmitting and receiving signals. 1. Log periodic antenna (LLZ) 2. Folded dipole antenna (ATC)

49

3. M-array antenna (NAV-AIDS) 4. Biconical antenna (DME) 5. Loop antenna (DVOR) 6. DSCN-dedicated satellite communication network 7. Parabolic antenna 8. Gain and beam width is very high 9. Uplink-6 GHZ 10. Downlink- 4 GHZ

Fig. 6.5: DSCN

Fig. 6.6: DVOR antenna (Antenna Array)

Fig. 6.7: DME antenna

50

6.12.1 ANTENNA PARAMETER Antenna parameter are the factor by which we select the antenna for specific purpose or application: 1

Gain

2

Beamwidth

3

Directivity

4

Efficiency

5

Polarization

a. Horizontal Polarization b. Vertical Polarization 1. Gain Gain is a parameter which measures the degree of directivity of the antenna's radiation pattern. A high-gain antenna will preferentially radiate in a particular direction. Specifically, the antenna gain, or power gain of an antenna is defined as the ratio of the intensity (power per unit surface) radiated by the antenna in the direction of its maximum output, at an arbitrary distance, divided by the intensity radiated at the same distance by a hypothetical isotropic antenna. 2. Bandwidth An antenna's bandwidth specifies the range of frequencies over which its performance does not suffer due to a poor impedance match. 3. Polarization The polarization of an antenna refers to the orientation of the electric field of the radio wave with respect to the Earth's surface and is determined by the physical structure of the antenna and by its orientation. Therefore, straight wire antenna will have one polarization when mounted vertic\ally, and a different polarization when mounted horizontally.For most of antennas, it is very easy to determine the polarization. It is simply in same plane as elements of antenna. So, a Vertical Antenna will receive vertically polarized signals and similarly, Horizontal Antenna will receive horizontally polarized signals[2]. 1.

Directivity: It is measure of how directional an antenna’s radiation pattern are.

2. Beamwidth: Half power beam width is angle between half power (-3dB) points of main lobes, when referenced to peak effective radiated power of main lobe. An antenna’s radiation in the far field is often characterized by its beam width.

51

6.13. TRANSMISSION LINE In communications and electronic engineering, a transmission line is a specialized cable or other structure designed to carry alternating current of radio frequency, that is, currents with a frequency high enough that their wave nature must be taken into . Transmission lines are used for purposes such as connecting radio transmitters, receivers with theirantennas,

distributing cable

television signals, trunklines routing

calls

between

telephone switching centres, computer network connections, and high speed computer data buses. Coaxial lines confine virtually all of the electromagnetic wave to the area inside the cable. Coaxial lines can therefore be bent and twisted (subject to limits) without negative effects, and they can be strapped to conductive s without inducing unwanted currents in them. In radio-frequency applications up to a few gigahertz, the wave propagates in the transverse electric and magnetic mode (TEM) only, which means that the electric and magnetic fields are both perpendicular to the direction of propagation (the electric field is radial, and the magnetic field is circumferential).

6.14. FREQUENCY BANDS USED IN COMMUNICTAION TABLE NO. 6.2: FREQUENCY BANDS BAND NAME

FREQUENCY BAND

Ultra Low Frequency (ULF)

3Hz-30Hz

Very Low Frequency (VLF)

3KHz-30KHz

Low Frequency (LF)

30KHz-300KHz

Medium Frequency (MF)

300KHz-3MHz

High Frequency (HF)

3MHz-30MHz

Very High Frequency (VHF)

30MHz-300MHz

Ultra High Frequency (UHF)

300MHz-3GHz

Super High Frequency (SHF)

3GHz-30GHz

Extra High Frequency (EHF)

30GHz-300GHz

Infrared Frequency (IF)

3THz-30THz

TABLE NO. 6.3: VARIOUS EQUIPMENTS FREQUENCY BANDS NAME OF THE EQUIPMENT

FREQUENCY BAND

52

USES

NDB

200 – 450 KHz

HF

3 – 30 MHz

Localizer

VOR VHF Glide Path DME UHF LINK

RADAR

108 – 112 MHz 108 – 118 MHz 30 – 300 MHz 328 – 336 MHz

Locator, Homing & En-route Ground to Ground, Ground to Air Comm. Instrument Landing System Terminal, Homing & En-route Ground to Air Comm. Instrument Landing System

960 – 1215 MHz

Measuring of distance

0.3 – 2.7 GHz

Remote control, monitoring

0.3 – 12 GHz

Surveillance

6.14. CONCLUSION This part of report gives information about various equipments used at the airports along with their principles and uses. The equipments use that airport are constantly checked for their accuracy and efficiency so that it can’t lead to any accident or security breach. GAGAN and antenna used gives the information about new technology.

53

CHAPTER 7 IT UNIT 7.1. INTRODUCTION IT or the information technology is used basically for transmitting and receiving the information from one place to another place, fast and in an efficient way.

7.2. FUNCTIONS OF IT DEPARTMENT 

Development & hosting of AAI website & website management. Use of Web based Information Technology as strategic business tool to improve the business process & efficiency of the Organization.



Internet & E-mail services to all the executives of AAI & sections on need basis, initially using dial-up & subsequently using Leased Line & AAI Proxy Server.



Planning & implementation of AAI Internet. LAN /WAN planning connecting all AAI establishment throughout the country on AAI Internet.



Standardization of IT systems, procurement, implementation & integration. Integration of all existing systems with AAI Internet.



Planning, development & commissioning of Centralized Software & other application using Centralized Database Servers & Web Enable Application Software.



Assessment & planning of IT related Training & in-house application development.



Planning & implementation of suitable information security & protection system with FIREWALL to ensure safety & security of Database & prevention of unauthorized access to AAI server.



Hyper link connection for ing of information on latest flight schedules, arrival/departures of flights on registration basis to third parties such as Hotels, Tour & Travel Operators, Cell Phone & Cable Operators etc.

7.3. NETWORKING Networking means interconnection of computers. These computers can be linked together for different purposes and using a variety of different cabling types. The basic reasons why computers need to be networked are

To share resources (files, printers, modems, fax machines etc.)

54



To share application software (MS Office, Adobe Publisher etc.)



Increase productivity (makes it easier to share data amongst s

Networking is divided into three categories. They are as follows 

Local Area Network (LAN).



Wide Area Network (WAN).



Internet.

7.3.1. LOCAL AREA NETWORK (LAN) A local-area network is a computer network covering a small geographic area, like a home, office, or group of buildings [3].

Fig. 7.1: LAN The typical character tics of LAN are

Physically Limited Distance (< 2km)



High Bandwidth (> 1mbps)



Inexpensive Cable Media (Coaxial Or Twisted Pair)



Data And Hardware Sharing Between s



Owned By The

7.3.2. WIDE AREA NETWORK (WAN) It reaches across cities, states, or even across the world. 

It’s a collection of LAN and MAN.



Range of connectivity : 10-1000 km



Example:- internet on a whole world.

Fig. 7.2: WAN

55

A wide area network is a geographically dispersed telecommunications network. The term distinguishes a broader telecommunication structure from a local area network (LAN).

7.3.3. INTERNET 

The Internet is the world's largest public WAN.



The Internet is a worldwide collection of computer networks, cooperating with each other to exchange data using a common software standard. Through telephone wires and satellite links, Internet s can share information in a variety of forms. The size, scope and design of the Internet allows s to:



Connect easily through ordinary personal computers and local phone numbers;



Exchange electronic mail (E-mail) with friends and colleagues with s on the Internet;



Post information for others to access, and update it frequently;



Access multimedia information that includes sound, photographic images and even video; and fast and damn expensive servers.

7.4. NETWORK TOPOLOGIES 7.4.1. BUS This topology essentially has each of the computers on the network daisy-chained to each other. This type of network is usually peer to peer and uses Thinnet (10base2) cabling. Connecting a “T-connector” to the network adapter and then connecting cables to the Tconnectors on the computers on the right and left configure it. ADVANTAGES: Cheap, simple to set up. DISADVANTAGES: Excess network traffic, a failure may affect many s, Problems are difficult to troubleshoot[3]. Fig. 7.3: Bus Topology Fig.7.3: Bus Topology

7.4.2 STAR The star is the most commonly used topology today. It uses twisted pair (10baseT or 100baseT) cabling and requires that all devices are connected to a hub.

56

ADVANTAGES: centralized monitoring, failures do not affect others unless it is the hub, easy to modify. DISADVANTAGES: If the hub fails then everything connected to it is down. This is like if you were to burn down the phone company's central office, then anyone connected to it wouldn't be able to make any phone calls.

Fig. 7.4: Star Topology

7.4.3 RING The ring topology looks the same as the star, except that it uses special hubs and Ethernet adapters. The Ring topology is used with Token Ring network.

Fig. 7.5: Ring Topology ADVANTAGES: Equal access. DISADVANTAGES: Difficult to troubleshoot, network changes affect many s, failure affects many s.

7.4.4 MESH

Fig. 7.6: Mesh Topology

57

Mesh topologies are combinations of other topologies and are common on very large networks. For example, a star bus network has hubs connected in a row (like a bus network) and has computers connected to each hub[3]

7.5. CONVERSIONS Decibel or dB is defined by logarithmic ratio of output by input (power and voltages). dB= 10log (pout/Pin) Pout = Output Power Pin = Input Power 

A dBm is a decibel relative to 1 mW. It is defined by the decibel equation with Pin set at 1*10-3. dBm =

10 log

Pout 1* 10-3



A dBW is a decibel with respect to 1W. dBW = 10log {Pout/1W}

7.6. OSI MODEL

Fig. 7.7: Layered Structure of OSI Mode

58

The Open Systems Interconnection model is a layered framework for the design of network systems that allows for communication across all types of computer systems. It consists of seven separate but related layers, each of which defines a segment of the process of moving information across a network. 

Developed by the International Standard Organization (ISO) in 1977.



The primary architectural model for inter computer communications.



A conceptual model composed of seven layers, each specifying particular network functions.



Describes how information from a software application in one computer moves through a network medium to a software application in another computer[4].

7.6.1. PHYSICAL LAYER It is the lower most layer of the OSI reference model. It is which is responsible for direct interaction of the OSI model with hardware. The hardware provides service to the physical layer and it provides service to the datalink layer. The major functions and services performed by the physical layer are: 

Establishment and termination of a connection to a communications medium.



Participation in the process whereby the communication resources are effectively shared among multiple s. For example, contention resolution and flow control.

Fig. 7.8: Physical Layer

59

7.6.2. DATALINK LAYER There may be certain errors which may occur at the physical layer. If possible, these errors are corrected by the datalink layer. The datalink layer provides the way by which various entities can transfer the data to the network.

7.6.3. NETWORK LAYER It does not allow the quality of the service to be degraded that was requested by the transport layer. It is also responsible for data transfer sequence from source to destination. A number of layer-management protocols belong to the network layer. These include routing protocols, multicast group management, network-layer information and error, and network layer address assignment. It is the function of the payload that makes these belong to the network layer, not the protocol that carries them.

7.6.4. TRANSPORT LAYER The reliability of the data is ensured by the transport layer. It also retransmits those data that fail to reach the destination. The transport layer provides transparent transfer of data between end s, providing reliable data transfer services to the upper layers. the transport layer can keep track of the segments and retransmit those that fail. The transport layer also provides the acknowledgement of the successful data transmission and sends the next data if no errors occurred.

7.6.5. SESSION LAYER The session layer is responsible for creating and terminating the connection. Management of such a connection is taken care of by the session layer. The session layer controls the dialogues (connections) between computers. It establishes, manages and terminates the connections between the local and remote application. It provides for full-duplex, halfduplex, or simplex operation, and establishes check pointing, adjournment, termination, and restart procedures. The OSI model made this layer responsible for graceful close of sessions, which is a property of the Transmission Control Protocol, and also for session check pointing and recovery [4].

7.6.6. PRESENTATION LAYER This layer is responsible for decoding the context (syntax and semantics) of the higher level entities. The presentation layer establishes context between application layer entities, in which the higher-layer entities may use different syntax and semantics if the presentation service provides a mapping between them. If a mapping is available, presentation service data units are encapsulated into session protocol data units, and ed down the stack. This 60

layer provides independence from data representation (e.g., encryption) by translating between application and network formats. The presentation layer transforms data into the form that the application accepts.

7.6.7. APPLICATION LAYER Whichever software application that implements socket programming will communicate with this layer. This layer is closest to the . The application layer is the OSI layer closest to the end , which means that both the OSI application layer and the interact directly with the software application. This layer interacts with software applications that implement a communicating component. Such application programs fall outside the scope of the OSI model. Application-layer functions typically include identifying communication partners, determining resource availability, and synchronizing communication. When identifying communication partners, the application layer determines the identity and availability of communication partners for an application with data to transmit. When determining resource availability, the application layer must decide whether sufficient network or the requested communication exist. In synchronizing communication, all communication between applications requires cooperation that is managed by the application layer.

7.7 NETWORKING DEVICES 7.7.1. HUB A common connection point for devices in a network. Hubs are commonly used to connect segments of a LAN. A hub contains multiple ports. When a packet arrives at one port, it is copied to the other ports so that all segments of the LAN can see all packets[3].

7.7.2. SWITCH In networks, a device that filters and forwards packets between LAN segments. Switches operate at the data link layer (layer 2) and sometimes the network layer (layer 3) of the OSI Reference Model and therefore any packet protocol. LANs that use switches to segments are called switched LANs or, in the case of Ethernet networks, switched Ethernet LANs.

7.7.3. ROUTER A network this complex needs a device which not only knows the address of each segment, but also determine the best path for sending data and filtering broadcast traffic to the local segment. Such a device is called router. A device that forwards data packets along 61

networks. A router is connected to at least two networks, commonly two LANs or WANs or a LAN and its ISP.s network. Routers are located at gateways, the places where two or more networks connect. Routers use headers and forwarding tables to determine the best path for forwarding the packets, and they use protocols such as ICMP to communicate with each other and configure the best route between any two hosts.

62

CHAPTER 8 CONCLUSION The training involved theoretical study about the navigational aids, communication and security system used at airport and how they work apart from the practical visualization and handling of the equipments associated with it. In this report I have tried to give an overview of the communication, navigation & surveillance system. Communication system is categorized into two parts air to ground communication and ground to ground communication. Navigation is the art of determining the position of an aircraft over earth’s surface and guiding its process from one place to another. To accomplish this ART some sort of aids are required by the pilots, called the navigational aids. These navigational aids include ILS, DME, DVOR. On this training I learnt some other units of AAI in which some of the units are IT communication system, automation, AFTN, AMSS, and aeronautical information service. The training provided a very new experience of working in an organization and to understand the work culture and ethics. It also provided a strong base by supplementing the theoretical knowledge with practical exposure to make me ready for working in such an organization.

63

REFERENCES 1. www.aai.aero. 2. Electronic Communication System by Kennedy & Davis. 3. http://www.studytonight.com/computer-networks/network-topologytypes 4. www.webopedia.com/quick_ref/OSI_Layers.asp 5. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrument_landing_system 6. http://www.aai.aero/public_notices/aaisite_test/commun_nav_surv.jsp 7. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeronautical_Fixed_TelecommunicationNetwork 8. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal_detector.

64