Andriod 1 5x185b

tag). Adobe Flash Streaming (RTMP) and HTTP Dynamic Streaming are ed by the Flash plugin. Apple HTTP Live Streaming is ed by RealPlayer for Mobile, and by the operating system in Android 3.0 (Honeycomb).

Additional hardware Android can use video/still cameras, touchscreens, GPS, accelerometers, gyroscopes, barometers, magnetometers, dedicated gaming controls, proximity and pressure sensors, thermometers, accelerated 2D bit blits (with hardware orientation, scaling, pixel format conversion) and accelerated 3D graphics.

Multi-touch Android has native for multi-touch which was initially made available in handsets such as the HTC Hero. The feature was originally disabled at the kernel level (possibly to avoid infringing Apple's patents on touch-screen technology at the time). Google has since released an update for the Nexus One and theMotorola Droid which enables multi-touch natively.

Bluetooth s A2DP, AVR, sending files (OPP), accessing the phone book (PBAP), voice dialing and sending s between phones. Keyboard, mouse and joystick (HID) is available in Android 3.1+, and in earlier versions through manufacturer customizations and third-party applications.

Video calling Android does not native video calling, but some handsets have a customized version of the operating system that s it, either via the UMTS network (like the Samsung Galaxy S) or over IP. Video calling through Google Talk is

available in Android 2.3.4 and later. Gingerbread allows Nexus S to place Internet calls with a SIP . This allows for enhanced VoIP dialing to other SIP s and even phone numbers. Skype 2.1 offers video calling in Android 2.3, including front camera .

Multitasking Multitasking of applications is available.

Voice based features Google search through voice has been available since initial release. Voice actions for calling, texting, navigation, etc. are ed on Android 2.2 onwards.

Tethering Android s tethering, which allows a phone to be used as a wireless/wired Wi-Fi hotspot. Before Android 2.2 this was ed by third-party applications or manufacturer customizations.

Screen capture Android has native for screenshot capture ability by pressing the power and volume buttons at the same time on an Android device. This native came about with the release of Android's 4.0 (Ice Cream Sandwich) update which is first seen on the Galaxy Nexus smartphone. Previously Android did not feature native for screen capturing which would have likely been due to security concerns. Furthermore previously, manufacturer and third-party customizations as well as using a PC connection (DDMS developer's tool) were the only known methods of capturing a screenshot on Android.

Uses Main article: List of Android devices

Galaxy Nexus, the latest " The open and customizable nature of the Android operating system allows it to be used in pretty much any electronics, including but not limited to: smart phones, laptops, netbooks, tablet computers, Google TV, wristwatches,[91] headphones, Car CD and DVD players[93] and other devices. The main hardware platform for Android is the ARM architecture. There is for x86 from the Android-x86 project, and Google TV uses a special x86 version of Android.

The first commercially available phone to run Android was the HTC Dream, released on 22 October 2008. In early 2010 Google collaborated with HTC to launch its flagship Android device, the Nexus One. This was followed later in 2010 with the Samsungmade Nexus S and in 2011 with the Galaxy Nexus. i OS and Android 2.3.3 'Gingerbread' may be set up to dual boot on a jailbroken i Phone or iPod Touch with the help of Openi Boot and I Droid.

Applications See also: Android software development and List of open source Android applications Applications are usually developed in the Java language using the Android Software Development Kit, but other development tools are available, including a Native Development Kit for applications or extensions in C or C++, Google App Inventor, a visual environment for novice programmers and various cross platform mobile web applications frameworks .

Android Market Main article: Android Market Android Market is the online software store developed by Google for Android devices. An application program ("app") called "Market" is preinstalled on most Android devices and allows s to browse and apps published by third-party developers, hosted on Android Market. As of December 2010 there were about 200,000 games, applications and widgets available on the Android Market. In April 2011 Google said there had been more than 3 billion Android apps installed]and at end of June 2011 there are 6 billion apps installs from the Android market. The operating system itself is installed on 130 million total devices. Only devices that comply with Google's compatibility requirements are allowed to preinstall Google's closed-source Android Market app and access the Market. The Market filters the list of applications presented by the Market app to those that are compatible with the 's device, and developers may restrict their applications to particular carriers or countries for business reasons.

Google has participated in the Android Market by offering several applications themselves, including Google Voice (for theGoogle Voice service), Sky Map (for watching stars), Finance (for their finance service), Maps Editor (for their MyMaps service), Places Directory (for their Local Search), Google Goggles that searches by image, Gesture Search (for using fingerwritten letters and numbers to search the contents of the phone), Google Translate, Google Shopper, Listen for podcasts and My Tracks, a jogging application. In August 2010, Google launched "Voice Actions for Android",which allows s to search, write messages, and initiate calls by voice. Alternatively, s can install apps from third party app stores such as the Amazon Appstore, or directly onto the device if they have the application's APK file.

Application security

An example of app permissions in Android Market. Android applications run in a sandbox, an isolated area of the operating system that does not have access to the rest of the system's resources, unless access permissions are granted by the when the application is installed. Before installing an application, Android Market displays all required permissions. A game may need to enable vibration, for example, but should not need to read messages or access the phonebook. After reviewing these permissions, the can decide whether to install the application. Some Android malware incidents have been reported involving rogue applications on Android Market. In August 2010, Kaspersky Lab reported detection of the first malicious program for Android, named Trojan-SMS.AndroidOS.FakePlayer.a, an SMS trojan which had already infected a number of devices. In some cases applications which contained trojans were hidden in pirated versions of legitimate apps. Google has responded by removing malicious apps from the Android Market, and remotely disabling them on infected devices. Security firms such as AVG Technologies and Symantec have released antivirus software for Android devices.

PrivacyStreaming media Additional hardware Multi-touch BluetoothBluetooth Privacy

Video calling Multitasking Voice based features Tethering

Screen capture Uses Applications Android Market Application security such as AVG Technologies and Symantec have released antivirus software for Android devices.

Privacy around, to build vast databases containing the physical locations of hundreds of millions of such access points. These Android smartphones have the ability to report the location of Wi-Fi access points, encountered as phone s move removing malicious apps from the Android Market, and remotely disabling them on infected devices. Security firms

Android smartphones have the ability to report the location of Wi-Fi access points, encountered as phone s move around, to build vast databases containing the physical locations of hundreds of millions of such access points. These databases form electronic maps to locate smartphones, allowing them to run apps like Foursquare, Latitude, Places, and to deliver location-based ads. One design issue is that average s cannot monitor how applications access and use private and sensitive data (e.g. location and hardware ID numbers). Even during installation, permission checks do not often indicate to the how critical services and data will be used or misused. Third party monitoring software such as TaintDroid,]an academic research-funded project, can identify personal information sent from applications to remote servers.

Marketing

The Android logo was designed along with the Droid font family made by Ascender Corporation. Android Green is the color of the Android Robot that represents the Android operating system. The print color is PMS 376C and the RGB colorvalue in hexadecimal is #A4C639, as specified by the Android Brand Guidelines. The custom typeface of Android is called Norad (cf. NORAD). It is only used in the text logo.

Market share Research company Canalys estimated in Q2 2009 that Android had a 2.8% share of worldwide smartphone shipments. By Q4 2010 this had grown to 33% of the market, becoming the top-selling smartphone platform. This estimate includes the Tapas and OMS variants of Android. By Q3 2011 Gartner estimates more than half (52.5%) of the smartphone market belongs to Android. In February 2010 ComScore said the Android platform had 9.0% of the U.S. smartphone market, as measured by current mobile subscribers. This figure was up from an earlier estimate of 5.2% in November 2009. By the end of Q3 2010 Android's U.S. market share had grown to 21.4%. In May 2010, Android's first quarter U.S. sales sured that of the rival iPhone platform. According to a report by the NPD group, Android achieved 25% smartphone sales in the US market, up 8% from the December quarter. In the second quarter, Apple's iOS was up by 11%, indicating that Android is taking market share mainly from RIM, and still has to compete with heavy consumer demand for new competitor offerings. Furthermore, analysts pointed to advantages that Android has as a multi-channel, multi-carrier OS, which allowed it to duplicate the quick success of Microsoft's Windows Mobile. In Q4 2010 Android had 59% of the total installed base of Apple's iOS in the U.S. and 46% of the total installed base of i OS in Europe. As of June 2011 Google said that 550,000 new Android devices were being activated every day—up from 400,000 per day a month earlier in May 2011, and more than 100 million devices have been activated.[22] Android hit 300,000 activations per day back in December 2010. On July 14, 2011 550,000 Android devices are now activated by Google each day with growth 4.4% per week On the 1st of August 2011 Canalys estimates Android has about 48% of the smart phone market share. On October 13, 2011, Google announced that there are 190 million Android devices in the market.

Usage share

Usage share of the different versions, by November

Distribution

API level

%

4.0 Ice Cream Sandwich

14-15

0%

3.x.x Honeycomb

11-13

1.9%

V 2.3.x Gingerbread

e

9-10

44.4%

8

40.7%

2.1 Éclair

7

10.7%

1.6 Donut

4

1.4%

1.5 Cupcake

3

0.9%

r s i

2.2 Froyo

o n

According to Google's Chet Hasse and Roman Guy, at AnDevCon II, San Francisco, 2011, there were two more internal

releases called "Astro" and "Bender". The code names are in alphabetic order, and were allegedly changed from robots to desserts to avoid copyright issues.

Intellectual property infringement claims Both Android and Android phone manufacturers have been the target of numerous patent lawsuits. On 12 August 2010, Oracle sued Google over claimed infringement of copyrights and patents related to the Java programming language. Specifically, the patent infringement claim references seven United States patents including US 5966702 "Method and apparatus for pre-processing and packaging class files", and US 6910205 "Interpreting functions utilizing a hybrid of virtual and native machine instructions". In response, Google submitted multiple lines of defense, counterclaiming that Android did not infringe on Oracle's patents or copyright, that Oracle's patents were invalid, and several other defenses. They said that Android is

based on Apache Harmony, a clean room implementation of the Java class libraries, and an independently developed virtual machine called Dalvik. Microsoft has also sued several manufacturers of Android devices for patent infringement, and collects patent licensing fees from others. In October 2011 Microsoft said they had signed license agreements with ten Android device manufacturers, ing for 55% of worldwide revenue for Android devices These include Samsung and HTC Google has publicly expressed its dislike for the current patent landscape in the United States, accusing Apple, Oracle and Microsoft of trying to take down Android through patent litigation, rather than innovating and competing with better products and services In August 2011, Google purchased Motorola Mobility for US$12.5 billion, which was viewed in part as a defensive measure to protect Android, since Motorola Mobility had a 17,000-strong patent pool.

Rooting (Android OS) Phones like the Galaxy Nexus, part of the Google Nexus series, are designed to allow root access

Rooting is a process that allows s of mobile phones and other devices running the Android operating system to attain privileged control (known as "root access") within Android's Linux subsystem with the goal of overcoming limitations that carriers and manufacturers put on some devices. It is analogous to jailbreaking on devices running the Apple i OS operating system.

Description Most retail devices running the Android operating system must be rooted in order to install custom versions of the Android system such asCyanogenMod. This is because in the stock configuration (unrooted), -installed applications do not have direct access to the flash memory chip on the device and, thus, are not able to replace or modify the operating system itself. Rooting is also necessary for certain applications and widgets that require additional system and hardware rights such as for rebooting the phone,

certain backup utilities, and other access to other hardware such as status LEDs. Rooting is also needed to disable or remove manufacturer-installed applications such as City ID. Rooting the phone typically also includes installing an application called Super that supervises which applications are granted root rights. In contrast to iOS jailbreaking, rooting is not needed to run applications not distributed by the official Android Market (sometimes referred to as "side-loading"). However some carriers, like AT&T, prevent the installation of applications not on the Android Market in firmware, however the new Samsung Infuse 4G from AT&T allows running applications not ed from the market.[3] One of the downsides to rooting is that some phone makers consider it to be "modifying" the phone, which violates the warranty. However, as long as the phone is unrooted (the process for doing so varies by phone) before the tries to use his or her warranty, there isn't an easy way for the warranty provider to know that the phone was previously rooted. Another downside would be the potential risk of bricking the device. The term "bricking" is used to describe a device which has had its software modified improperly to the point where it is no longer functioning.

The process of rooting varies widely by device. It usually includes exploiting a security weakness in the firmware shipped from the factory. For example, shortly after the T-Mobile G1 was released it was quickly discovered that anything typed using the keyboard was being interpreted as a command in a privileged (root) shell. Although Google quickly released a patch to fix this, a signed image of the old firmware was leaked giving people the ability to downgrade and use the original exploit to gain root access. Once this exploit is found, a custom recovery image that does not check the digital signature of a firmware update package can be flashed. In turn, using the custom recovery, a modified firmware update can be installed that typically includes the utilities (for example the Super app) needed to run apps as root. The Google-branded Android devices, the Nexus One, Nexus S and the Galaxy Nexus, can have their boot-loaders unlocked by simply running the command "fastboot oem unlock" from a computer connected to the device while it is in boot-loader mode.[5] After accepting a warning the boot-loader will be unlocked so that a new system image can be written directly to flash without the need for an exploit.

Recently, Motorola, LG Electronics and HTC Corporation have added security features to their devices at the hardware level in an attempt to prevent retail Android devices from being rooted. For instance, the Motorola Droid X has a security boot-loader that will put the phone in "recovery mode" if unsigned firmware is loaded onto the device. This protection was defeated 6 days after the Motorola Droid X was released to the general public.

Application Resources 1. Resource Types You should always externalize resources such as images and strings from your application code, so that you can maintain them independently. Externalizing your resources also allows you to provide alternative resources that specific device configurations such as different languages or screen sizes, which becomes increasingly important as more Android-powered devices become available with different configurations. In order to provide compatibility with different configurations, you must organize resources in your project's res/directory, using various sub-directories that group resources by type and configuration.

Figure 1. Two different devices, both using default resources.

Figure 2. Two different devices, one using alternative resources. For any type of resource, you can specify default and multiple alternative resources for your application:  

Default resources are those that should be used regardless of the device configuration or when there are no alternative resources that match the current configuration. Alternative resources are those that you've designed for use with a specific configuration. To specify that a group of resources are for a specific configuration, append an appropriate configuration qualifier to the directory name. For example, while your default UI layout is saved in the res/layout/ directory, you might specify a different UI layout to be used when the screen is in landscape orientation, by saving it in the res/layout-land/ directory. Android automatically applies the appropriate resources by matching the device's current configuration to your resource directory names. Figure 1 demonstrates how a collection of default resources from an application are applied to two different devices when there are no alternative resources available. Figure 2 shows the same application with a set of alternative resources that qualify for one of the device configurations, thus, the two devices uses different resources. The information above is just an introduction to how application resources work on Android. The following documents provide a complete guide to how you can organize your application resources, specify alternative resources, access them in your application, and more:

Providing Resources What kinds of resources you can provide in your app, where to save them, and how to create alternative resources for specific device configurations.

Accessing Resources How to use the resources you've provided, either by referencing them from your application code or from other XML resources.

Handling Runtime Changes How to manage configuration changes that occur while your Activity is running.

Localization A bottom-up guide to localizing your application using alternative resources. While this is just one specific use of alternative resources, it is very important in order to reach more s.

Resource Types A reference of various resource types you can provide, describing their XML elements, attributes, and syntax. For example, this reference shows you how to create a resource for application menus, drawa Chromium OS

Chromium OS

Screenshot of Chromium OS Vanilla v0.13 running in a Virtual Machine

Working state

Alpha

Package manager

Portage

ed platforms

x86, ARM

Kernel type

Monolithic (Ubuntu Linux kernel)

Default interface

Graphical (Web-based)

License

Various

Official website

dev.chromium.org

Chromium OS is the open source development version of Google Chrome OS. Chrome OS's source code was released on November 19, 2009 under the same BSD license as Chromium OS.

interface Chromium OS uses the new new:tab page found in Google Chrome to open web apps. Compared to prior builds, this replaces the applications page. Chromium OS provides a clock, battery indicator and network status indicator. The Ctrl + Alt + / key combination toggles a keyboard overlay that shows the function of all the shortcut keys used in Chromium, including task and memory managers also found in the Chrome browser, and a command-line interface that accepts common Linux commands.

Architecture In preliminary design documents, Google describes a three-tier architecture: firmware, web browser and window manager, and system-level software and land services.[8] 

The firmware contributes to fast boot time by not probing for hardware, such as floppy disk drives, that are no longer common on computers, especially netbooks. The firmware also contributes to security by ing each step in the boot process and incorporating system recovery.[8]



System-level software includes the Linux kernel that has been patched to improve boot performance. land software has been trimmed to essentials, with management by Upstart, which can launch services in parallel, re-spawn crashed jobs, and defer services in the interest of faster booting.[8]



The window manager handles interaction with multiple client windows much like other X window managers.



Builds

By May 2010, compiled versions of the work-in-progress source code had been ed from the Internet more than a million times. The most popular version entitled "Chromium OS Flow" was created by Liam McLoughlin, a then 17-year-old college student in Manchester, England, posting under the name "Hexxeh". McLoughlin's builds boot from a USB memory stick and included features that Google engineers had not yet implemented, such as for the Java programming language.[9] While Google did not expect that hobbyists would use and evaluate Chromium OS ahead of its official release, Sundar Pichai, Google vice president of product management, said that "what people like Hexxeh are doing is amazing to see." Pichai said the early releases were an unintended consequence of open source development. "If you decide to do open-source projects, you have to be open all the way."[9] Hexxeh's work continued into the following year. He announced "Chromium OS Lime" in December 2010,[10] and in January 2011, released "Luigi", an application designed to "jailbreak"/"root" the Google Cr-48 "Mario" prototype hardware and install a generic BIOS.[11] The developer made the builds available in virtual machine format on March 13, 2011, the date of his most recent blog posting.[12] With no official build of Chromium OS forthcoming from Google, Hexxeh's "Vanilla" nightly builds of Chromium OS remain the principal resource for people wanting to try Chromium OS. In May 2011, Dell Computer also released a new build for Dell Inspiron Mini 10v netbook, following up on an earlier build released almost 18 months earlier. The build did not audio, but was bootable from a USB drive.] 

Chromium OS Cherry Now known as "Flow" (4 December 2009)





Chromium OS Zero Now known as "Vanilla " (9 December 2009)

ChromiumOS Flow (15 February 2010)



Chromium OS Vanilla Screen (15 March 2011) Devices Some devices have shipped with Chromium OS preinstalled. They include the Kogan Agora Chromium Laptop by the Australian company Kogan[14][15] and the Xi3 modular computer, introduced by the company of the same name.

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