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Anthropometrics The study of Anthropometrics (human measurement) is concerned with the physical sizes and shapes of humans. Of particular interest are the differences between and among different populations (men vs. women, Northern Europeans vs. Japanese). 2

Anthropometric Variance Parameters

Gender height, size, weight, strength, and body segment proportion 3

Age height, size, weight, strength, and body segment proportion

Ethnicity height, size, weight, and body segment proportion

GENDER height, size, weight, strength, and body segment proportion

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AGE height, size, weight, strength, and body segment proportion

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ETHNICITY height, size, weight, strength, and body segment proportion

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Anthropometrics literally means man (anthro) measurements (metric).

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Percentile (inches) Male Measurement

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Female

95th

5th

95th

5th

1.Forward Reach

26.9

24.0

25.1

22.2

2.Elbow Height

44.6

39.5

41.5

36.1

3.Knuckle Height

31.0

27.2

28.6

24.8

4.Shoulder Height

60.1

53.2

55.8

48.8

5.Eye Height

68.4

60.9

63.7

56.0

6.Stature

73.2

64.4

67.7

59.5

7.Overhead Reach

84.8

75.2

78.8

69.2

The study of the human body and its movements.

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It is the measurement of the size and proportions of the human body, as well as parameters such as reach and visual range capabilities.

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Accurate data on height, weight, limb, and body segment sizes are needed to design items ranging from clothing, furniture, automobiles, buses, and subway cars to space shuttles and space stations. 14

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Anthropometrics enables us to properly size items, including system interfaces, to "fit" the .

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To properly select the data to use, we must know something about our population composition, and we must know what percentage of the population we wish to accommodate. The anthropometric range will be much different if we are deg products for male, professional basketball players than if we are deg for the general public. 19

STATURE IN INCHES

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1st

5th

50th

95th

99th

MEN

63.1

64.8

69.1

73.5

75.2

WOMEN

58.4

60.2

64.1

68.4

70.1

FUNCTIONAL REACH IN INCHES

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1st

5th

50th

95th

99th

MEN

28.4

29.1

31.5

34.1

35.3

WOMEN

25.9

26.7

28.9

31.4

32.4

In choosing the proper anthropometric measurements to use, we must know not only the population, but also the specific application or design problem. If we are deg overhead luggage racks for public transportation, accommodating 90% of the rider population is probably sufficient.

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However, if we are determining the position of an emergency button, we should design to accommodate 99% of the rider population, including wheelchair s. 23

* Encircled dimension is that of an Electric Wheelchair 24

High Forward Reach Limit 25

High and Low Side Reach Limits 26

Ergonomics Ergonomics is the science of making the work environment safer and more comfortable for workers using design and anthropometric data. The study of people and their relationship with the environment around them. 27

The term “ergonomics” is derived from two Greek words: “ergon”, meaning work and “nomoi”, meaning natural laws. Ergonomists study human capabilities in relationship to work demands.

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Ergonomics draws on many disciplines in its study of humans and their environments, including anthropometry, biomechanics, engineering, kinesiology, physiology and psychology.

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Simply put, human factors involves working to make the environment function in a way that seems natural to people. Although the "human factors" and "ergonomics" have only been widely known in recent times, the field's origin is in the design and use of aircraft during World War II to improve aviation safety. 30

Whatever you design you must always keep in mind that it must fit the person it is designed for. Adults and children come in all sorts of shapes and sizes. We all like and dislike a variety of colors, sounds, shapes etc.. and so when we design all these factors must be borne in mind. 31

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Conventional Mattress Sizes Cot 31" x 74“ Twin 39" x 75“ Hospital Twin 30" x 80“ XLTwin 39" x 80“ Hospital XXLTwin - 30" x 84“ XX-Long Twin 39" x 84“ Three Quarter 48" x 75“ Rice & Antique Bed - 48" x 75“ Full Sofa Bed 54" x 72“ Full 54" x 75“ XL-Full 54" x 80“ XX-Long Full 54" x 84“ Queen Sofa Bed 60" x 74“ Queen 60" x 80“ Olympic Queen 66" x 80“ X-Long Queen 60" x 84“ Eastern King 76" x 80“ King 78" x 80" * (can also be known as Eastern King) California King 72" x 84“ Western King 72" x 84“ 7 Foot Round 84“ 8 Foot Round 96"

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When deg a chair it is important that the chair fits the person who is going to sit in it. Usually the seating height is calculated by measuring the most comfortable seating height for the person. If a number of people are going to use the chair then the average seating height is calculated for a large number of people. 39

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When deg a toy there are a number of points to consider. Children learn from sound, sight, color, movement and other aspects. These all contribute to the ergonomics or anthropometrics of a design. 46

Whatever you are deg ergonomics and anthropometrics are always points to consider.

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Environmental design in the old-fashioned sense develops physical environments, both interior and exterior, to meet one or more aesthetic or day-today functional needs, or to create a specific sort of experience - the focus being the human-designed environment. Environmental design includes such specialties as architects, acoustical scientists, engineers, environmental scientists, landscape architects, urban planning, interior designers, lighting designers, and exhibition designers. In many situations, historic preservation can be added to this list. Another recent addition to this general area might be "disability access". 48

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Consider deg a handle for a door. Handles are designed to fit the average hand comfortably. Measurements are taken of the hands of thousands of people and the average measurements are worked out. The design of the handle is based on these measurements. 56

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The diagram opposite shows the measurement that would be taken for the average width of a hand. Once the average width of the hand is worked out, the door handle can be designed to fit this measurement. 58

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ERGONOMICS - EXAMPLE DRAWINGS

If measuring the comfortable seating height for a person, draw an ergonomic person sitting on a chair or a stool and clearly label the distance you are trying to find. 'X' is marked on the diagram. 60

ERGONOMICS - EXAMPLE DRAWINGS

This diagram displays the comfortable reaching distance of a designer. The diagram was used in a project which was aimed at deg a drawing board and adjustable stand. The reaching distance is labelled 'A'. It is important that statistics for this distance are collected. 61

ERGONOMICS - EXAMPLE DRAWINGS

This diagram would be suitable for a designer attempting to work out the correct height for the light source of an adjustable table/reading lamp. Distance 'B' is marked on the drawing. 62

ERGONOMICS - EXAMPLE DRAWINGS

Distance 'C' represents the comfortable height for a foot-stool. 63

basic and average sizes (based on 90 percentile) of human beings performing various functions and movements

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Diagram 1 depicts the average heights and widths of various parts of the body face on. Use this in relation to ery and space planning.

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Diagram 2 depicts the average maximum distance of outstretched arms. This may be used when planning a small bathroom and the distance need for drying ones self.

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Diagram 3 depicts the various heights and lengths of parts of the body with the legs bent as for sitting or climbing. Relate this to chairs and tables.

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Diagram 4 depicts the reach of forward outstretched arms. Reference to this is important with cupboards and shelves over benches and to windows behind furniture.

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Diagram 5 depicts the maximum reach (flat footed) straight up. This can be referred to for the maximum height of close shelves or cupboards while also considering the angle.

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Diagram 6 depicts the height of the forearm when standing and bent at right angles. This is useful for determining the heights of work surfaces.

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Diagram 7 depicts the height of a person when kneeling or crouching down. You can determine minimum heights of shelving or basic reach.

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Diagram 8 depicts the height of a medium use workbench. It also shows space allocated for the front of the foot to fit under the bench.

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Diagram 9 depicts a person sitting at a table. The height of the chair and table are shown in relation to the body. 73

Diagrams 10 and 11 depict heights and widths of shelves showing the reach required and also the eye line. 74

Diagram 12 depicts a person in sitting position showing the base of the bent forearm to the seat height for armrests, the thickness of the thigh and the height from the base of the thigh to the floor for clearance under tables. 75

Diagram 13 shows where the eyes height in relation to the floor. Use this to determine placing of items such as switching or signage.

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Diagram 14 depicts the length of the legs and body combined when sitting on the floor or bed. Use this to help determine leg room

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