Apush Ch 9 10 Review 1r734d
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A New Economy • •
In 30 years, since independence, US population tripled - over 12 million Tocqueville - Americans…“have an immensely high opinion of themselves and are not far from believing that they form a species apart from the rest of the Human Race…”
•
•
War of 1812 sparked: • Market Revolution • Westward Expansion • Nationalism Contradiction to America’s Love of Freedom: Slavery
A New Economy • • •
Innovations in Transportation, Production and Communication sparks America’s Market Revolution. Prior to Market Revolution- majority of Econ. activity was still subsistence, bartering agrarian. Steamboats, Canals, Railroads…Oh My! • Water transport was cheaper, faster. • ERIE CANAL - 363 mi. long • • • •
largest man-made waterway in the world Canals & Rail - estab. a massive interstate transportation network Railroads - mining of coal & iron ore In 30 yrs. - 30,000 mi of Rail more than the rest of the world Telegraph - fast flow of information & brought “uniformity to prices”
A New Economy • •
•
•
Rise of the West - expansion past the Appalachians Three Streams of Migration - Southern communities forming the Cotton Kingdom - Upper South (Midwest) toward Ohio Rv. Valley - Northwest toward Upstate NY & Great Lakes Region •
Replication of Atlantic communities.
•
West = 40% Tot. Pop (1840)
Florida - GA and AL rebel, Jackson’s raid and the Adams-Onis Treaty in 1819 Sectional Divisions is the BIG ELEPHANT in the country…
A New Economy •
•
The Cotton Kingdom• Growing population, manufacturing/textile factories in the North - resulted in high demand for cotton. • Cotton Gin - reinvigorated slavery in America “With American sovereignty came the expansion of slavery…” WAIT…WHAT?!?! The Unfree Westward Movement • Slave Trade abroad ended in 1808 - Old Southern States estab. massive internal Slave Trade. • In less than 30 years Cotton demand went from about 5 mil pounds to 170 mil pounds. • Slavery grew to an all time high in America.
Market Society •
•
•
• •
Commercial Farmers -Western Farmers sold products to Eastern markets (cities) -Mechanization of agriculture activity Growth of Cities- “crossroads of inter-regional trade” • Cities went from 12 to 150 in less than 30 years! Factory System- mechanization of textiles -Artisan, Private, small-scale production transforms to assembly-line, cheap, LARGE-scale output - Samuel Slater - Spinning Jenny - Lowell, Massachusetts “fall-line” cities American System of Manufactures - mass production of interchangeable parts * mechanization of finished goods Wage-workers and chained the the CLOCK…jammit :(
Market Society •
The Growth of Immigration • •
•
•
Econ. Expansion demanded a need for low-wage labor ~30% of total pop, 90% of immigrants to the North
Irish and German Newcomers •
Ireland’s Great (Potato) Famine *Catholics
•
German Triangle (STL, Cinci, & Milwaukee) & Kleindeutschland in NYC - craftsmen
Nativism - suspicion and hostility toward foreign newcomers …Uh, IRONIC MAYBE?!?!?
The Free Individual • •
•
Western Expansion - promise of economic independence = social condition of freedom & liberty Transcendentalism and Individualism • the American Ideal is the emancipation of the individual…right to be your own “private” man. • “Privacy” becomes an innate, American virtue.
The Second Great Awakening • •
Religious revival celebrating social nationalism Denominations & Moral Free Agency
The Triumph of Democracy •
•
Property and Democracy • Property Qualifications for voting -“Non-Freeholders” by 1860 gained voting rights across the Union. (individualism) • Oh, Wait except for wee-little Rhode Island…Dorr War The Information of Revolution • Expansion of the Public Sphere perpetuated by: a) steam-powered newspaper printing b) penny press newspapers and other forms of pub. (ie - magazines, etc) c) postal system d) eventual resurgence of political parties
The Triumph of Democracy
•
The Limits of Democracy • simultaneously expansive and exclusive • “universal suffrage” = only white males of age • “Natural Hierarchy of Innate Endowments” = MY BUTT :( …the character and abilities of women and non-whites was fixed while men of the ruling majority had the potential to transform and develop their fullest potential…
Nationalism and Its Discontents •
•
War of 1812 - America had successfully defended itself from hegemonic Great Britain… • Uh-huh, uh-huh, uh-huh! Stick it - Old Hag! The American System - Federally endorsed Economic system. • •
•
Republicans led by youngsters Clay, Calhoun as well as Madison & Jackson ed manufacturing sector 1) New Bank of US 2) Tariffs 3) “Internal Improvements” • Strict Constructionists are at it again • Bank of US finances manufacturing sector and extends loans for the purchase of… Panic of 1819 - McCulloch vs. Maryland - Supreme Court ruled that the Bank of the United States was constitutional.
Nationalism and Its Discontents
•
Enter James Monroe in 1816… • about a decade of one-party gov’t - “Era of Good Feelings”
•
The Missouri Controversy • • •
James Tallmadge - introduction of slaves in Missouri prohibited and children of existing slaves be freed at 25 MO. itted w/ no restrictions, Maine itted as free-state to maintain balance & no slave-states above the 36 0 N Accelerated the divisive westward expansion of slavery.
Nation, Section, and Party •
Latin American Wars of Independence: •
•
•
The US first, Haiti second and… Mexico (1821) and almost the rest of the Spanish empire in Latin America had won independence. European conflicts took attention away from American colonies…
The Monroe Doctrine • • • •
drafted by John Quincy Adams… opposed any European control of Americas would not become involved in any European Wars defend hemisphere if Euro-Powers interfered
Nation, Section, and Party •
The Election of 1824 -John Quincy Adams wins even though Jackson got more votes… JAMMIT!
•
•
•
Adams exerted great federal powers.
•
Expansionist & steeply increased tariffs
Results of election led to separate parties… *Warm-fuzzy feelings go bye-bye* • Adams/Clay - Whigs • Jackson/Crawford/Van Buren - Democratic Party Andrew Jackson’s military career would EVENTUALLY pave way to White House. • Enter the Jacksonian Era…spinning the Political Game! (i.e.-Jackson’s Kitchen Cabinet, spoils system) • Newspapers play a greater role in politics…each party had their own “news” reporting publications.
!
Map 10.3 The Presidential Election of 1824
Give Me Liberty!: An American History, 4th Edition Copyright © 2013 W.W. Norton & Company
The Age of Jackson •
•
The Party System• Democrats favored no gov’t intervention in the economy. • Whigs ed gov’t promotion of economic development. South Carolina & Nullification - SC aimed to weakened fed gov’t from fear that fed gov’t might act against slavery. -Jackson considered nullification an act of disunion. - SC nullified tariff in 1832, Jackson responded w/ the Force Bill - use of military to demand sanctioned taxes
The Age of Jackson •
•
Indian Removal • Expansion of cotton & slavery led to forced relocation of Indians - Removal Act of 1830 The Supreme Court and the Indians • Cherokees went to court to protect their rights. • Seminoles fought a war against removal. • Trail of Tears
The Bank Wars and After • • •
Biddle’s Bank - Jackson vetoed recharter of (3rd) Bank of the US Panic of 1837 - cotton exports took a dip & the country suffered a panic in 1837 & a depression until 1843. The Election of 1840 • William H. Harrison wins (Whigs), talks too long at his inaugural ceremony…gets pneumonia and dies:( • His VP John Tyler becomes 10th President. • Tyler vetoes and end the American System of Econ.
In 30 years, since independence, US population tripled - over 12 million Tocqueville - Americans…“have an immensely high opinion of themselves and are not far from believing that they form a species apart from the rest of the Human Race…”
•
•
War of 1812 sparked: • Market Revolution • Westward Expansion • Nationalism Contradiction to America’s Love of Freedom: Slavery
A New Economy • • •
Innovations in Transportation, Production and Communication sparks America’s Market Revolution. Prior to Market Revolution- majority of Econ. activity was still subsistence, bartering agrarian. Steamboats, Canals, Railroads…Oh My! • Water transport was cheaper, faster. • ERIE CANAL - 363 mi. long • • • •
largest man-made waterway in the world Canals & Rail - estab. a massive interstate transportation network Railroads - mining of coal & iron ore In 30 yrs. - 30,000 mi of Rail more than the rest of the world Telegraph - fast flow of information & brought “uniformity to prices”
A New Economy • •
•
•
Rise of the West - expansion past the Appalachians Three Streams of Migration - Southern communities forming the Cotton Kingdom - Upper South (Midwest) toward Ohio Rv. Valley - Northwest toward Upstate NY & Great Lakes Region •
Replication of Atlantic communities.
•
West = 40% Tot. Pop (1840)
Florida - GA and AL rebel, Jackson’s raid and the Adams-Onis Treaty in 1819 Sectional Divisions is the BIG ELEPHANT in the country…
A New Economy •
•
The Cotton Kingdom• Growing population, manufacturing/textile factories in the North - resulted in high demand for cotton. • Cotton Gin - reinvigorated slavery in America “With American sovereignty came the expansion of slavery…” WAIT…WHAT?!?! The Unfree Westward Movement • Slave Trade abroad ended in 1808 - Old Southern States estab. massive internal Slave Trade. • In less than 30 years Cotton demand went from about 5 mil pounds to 170 mil pounds. • Slavery grew to an all time high in America.
Market Society •
•
•
• •
Commercial Farmers -Western Farmers sold products to Eastern markets (cities) -Mechanization of agriculture activity Growth of Cities- “crossroads of inter-regional trade” • Cities went from 12 to 150 in less than 30 years! Factory System- mechanization of textiles -Artisan, Private, small-scale production transforms to assembly-line, cheap, LARGE-scale output - Samuel Slater - Spinning Jenny - Lowell, Massachusetts “fall-line” cities American System of Manufactures - mass production of interchangeable parts * mechanization of finished goods Wage-workers and chained the the CLOCK…jammit :(
Market Society •
The Growth of Immigration • •
•
•
Econ. Expansion demanded a need for low-wage labor ~30% of total pop, 90% of immigrants to the North
Irish and German Newcomers •
Ireland’s Great (Potato) Famine *Catholics
•
German Triangle (STL, Cinci, & Milwaukee) & Kleindeutschland in NYC - craftsmen
Nativism - suspicion and hostility toward foreign newcomers …Uh, IRONIC MAYBE?!?!?
The Free Individual • •
•
Western Expansion - promise of economic independence = social condition of freedom & liberty Transcendentalism and Individualism • the American Ideal is the emancipation of the individual…right to be your own “private” man. • “Privacy” becomes an innate, American virtue.
The Second Great Awakening • •
Religious revival celebrating social nationalism Denominations & Moral Free Agency
The Triumph of Democracy •
•
Property and Democracy • Property Qualifications for voting -“Non-Freeholders” by 1860 gained voting rights across the Union. (individualism) • Oh, Wait except for wee-little Rhode Island…Dorr War The Information of Revolution • Expansion of the Public Sphere perpetuated by: a) steam-powered newspaper printing b) penny press newspapers and other forms of pub. (ie - magazines, etc) c) postal system d) eventual resurgence of political parties
The Triumph of Democracy
•
The Limits of Democracy • simultaneously expansive and exclusive • “universal suffrage” = only white males of age • “Natural Hierarchy of Innate Endowments” = MY BUTT :( …the character and abilities of women and non-whites was fixed while men of the ruling majority had the potential to transform and develop their fullest potential…
Nationalism and Its Discontents •
•
War of 1812 - America had successfully defended itself from hegemonic Great Britain… • Uh-huh, uh-huh, uh-huh! Stick it - Old Hag! The American System - Federally endorsed Economic system. • •
•
Republicans led by youngsters Clay, Calhoun as well as Madison & Jackson ed manufacturing sector 1) New Bank of US 2) Tariffs 3) “Internal Improvements” • Strict Constructionists are at it again • Bank of US finances manufacturing sector and extends loans for the purchase of… Panic of 1819 - McCulloch vs. Maryland - Supreme Court ruled that the Bank of the United States was constitutional.
Nationalism and Its Discontents
•
Enter James Monroe in 1816… • about a decade of one-party gov’t - “Era of Good Feelings”
•
The Missouri Controversy • • •
James Tallmadge - introduction of slaves in Missouri prohibited and children of existing slaves be freed at 25 MO. itted w/ no restrictions, Maine itted as free-state to maintain balance & no slave-states above the 36 0 N Accelerated the divisive westward expansion of slavery.
Nation, Section, and Party •
Latin American Wars of Independence: •
•
•
The US first, Haiti second and… Mexico (1821) and almost the rest of the Spanish empire in Latin America had won independence. European conflicts took attention away from American colonies…
The Monroe Doctrine • • • •
drafted by John Quincy Adams… opposed any European control of Americas would not become involved in any European Wars defend hemisphere if Euro-Powers interfered
Nation, Section, and Party •
The Election of 1824 -John Quincy Adams wins even though Jackson got more votes… JAMMIT!
•
•
•
Adams exerted great federal powers.
•
Expansionist & steeply increased tariffs
Results of election led to separate parties… *Warm-fuzzy feelings go bye-bye* • Adams/Clay - Whigs • Jackson/Crawford/Van Buren - Democratic Party Andrew Jackson’s military career would EVENTUALLY pave way to White House. • Enter the Jacksonian Era…spinning the Political Game! (i.e.-Jackson’s Kitchen Cabinet, spoils system) • Newspapers play a greater role in politics…each party had their own “news” reporting publications.
!
Map 10.3 The Presidential Election of 1824
Give Me Liberty!: An American History, 4th Edition Copyright © 2013 W.W. Norton & Company
The Age of Jackson •
•
The Party System• Democrats favored no gov’t intervention in the economy. • Whigs ed gov’t promotion of economic development. South Carolina & Nullification - SC aimed to weakened fed gov’t from fear that fed gov’t might act against slavery. -Jackson considered nullification an act of disunion. - SC nullified tariff in 1832, Jackson responded w/ the Force Bill - use of military to demand sanctioned taxes
The Age of Jackson •
•
Indian Removal • Expansion of cotton & slavery led to forced relocation of Indians - Removal Act of 1830 The Supreme Court and the Indians • Cherokees went to court to protect their rights. • Seminoles fought a war against removal. • Trail of Tears
The Bank Wars and After • • •
Biddle’s Bank - Jackson vetoed recharter of (3rd) Bank of the US Panic of 1837 - cotton exports took a dip & the country suffered a panic in 1837 & a depression until 1843. The Election of 1840 • William H. Harrison wins (Whigs), talks too long at his inaugural ceremony…gets pneumonia and dies:( • His VP John Tyler becomes 10th President. • Tyler vetoes and end the American System of Econ.
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