Automatic Water Level Controller 4i6m69
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CHAP TER 1: OVER VIEW
Automatic pump control and level indicator
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overview This is simple automatic water level controller circuit. It will make you more comfortable because it enables open – close water pump automatically. When full of water, was ordered off the water. But when levels gradually reduced to the required, Then turned on fully the water. So we do not have to worry about overflow and water out anymore.
ABSTRACT Automatic water level controller circuit is a simple engineering project. It can automatically switch ON and OFF the domestic water pu mp setdepending on the tank water level. You can implement th is motor driver circuit at your home or college using less Automatic pump control and level indicator
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costly components. The approximated cost of the project is very less. The main advantage of thiswater level controller circuit is that it automatically controls the water pump without any interac tion. The heart pump controller circuit is a NE 555 IC; here we have manipulated the flip flop inside the 555 timer IC. Our project co nsists of three water level sensors, one fixed at the top and oth er at the bottom. Working of this circuit is almost similar to a Bi stable mutlivibrator.
Automatic pump control and level indicator
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IC 555 TIMER
MOTOR TRANSIST OR
RELAY
POWER SUPPLY
BLOCK DIAGRAM
Automatic pump control and level indicator
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COMPONENT LIST 1. Power supply (12v) 2. NE 555 timer IC 3. Resistors (100Ωx2, 10kΩ,1kΩ) 4. Relay (12V, 30A) 5. SL 100 transistor 6. 1N4007 Diode 7. BC 547 transistor= 1 8. LED =7 9. Pump (165-250v/ 50 Hz) 10. Battery (12 v)
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CHAP TER 2: INTRO DUCTI ON WITH LITER ATUR INTRODUCTION E SURV EY
People generally switch on the pump when their taps go dry an d switch off the pump when the overhead tank starts overflowin
Automatic pump control and level indicator
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g. This results in the unnecessary wastage and sometimes nona vailability of water in the case of emergency. The circuit that we are using makes this system automatic, i.e. i t switches on the pump when the water level in the overhead tan k goes low and switches it off as soon as the water level predetermined level. It also prevents ‘dry run’ of the pump in case the level in the tank goes below the suction level. Water Level Controller employs a simple mechanism to detect a ndmaintain the water level in a tank or any other container by s witching it on/off the motor automatically when needed. The lev el sensing is done by though sensors which are placed at different levels on the tank walls. Level indicator: This is the circuit diagram of a simple corrosion free water level indicator for home and industries. In fact the level of any conductive non corrosive liquids can be measured using this circuit. The circuit is based on 5 transistor switches. Each transistor is switched on to drive the corresponding LED, when its base is supplied with current through the water through the electrode probes.
REVIEW OF RECENT WORK Automatic control Systems were first developed over two thousand years ago. The first control device on record is thought to be the ancient Ktesibios's water clock in Alexandria, Egypt around the third century B.C. It kept time by Automatic pump control and level indicator
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regulating the water level in a vessel and, therefore, the water flow from that vessel. This certainly was a successful device as water clocks of similar design were still being made in Baghdad when the Mongols captured the city in 1258 A.D. A variety of automatic devices have been used over the centuries to accomplish useful tasks or simply to just entertain. The latter includes the automata, popular in Europe in the 17th and 18th centuries, featuring dancing figures that would repeat the same task over and over again; these automata are examples of open-loop control. Milestones among , or "closed-loop" automatic control devices, include the temperature regulator of a furnace attributed to Drebbel, circa 1620, and the centrifugal fly ball governor used for regulating the speed of steam engines by James Watt in 1788. Schneider Electric is a -based multinational corporation that specializes in electricity distribution, automation management and produces installation components for energy management.
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CHAP TER 3: CIRCU IT DIAGR AM
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3.1 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
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Circuit description Pump Controller The three sensors are placed as following: Sensor C- At the bottom of the tank. Sensor B- A little above of sensor 1. Sensor A-At the top of the tank. The three sensors are maintaining the water level in the tank by triggering & retriggering the timer IC. Here the timer IC is acting in monostable mode or one-shot mode. Sensor C carries the +Vcc supply thus when the water level falls below sensor B the timer IC is triggered & the pump is energized through a relay & transistor. Now when the water reaches the topmost level & touches sensor A it retriggers the timer IC once again & and the pump is switched off automatically. Hence this water level controller is one of the cheapest & simplest devices which prevents wastage of both electricity & water.
Level indicator One electrode probe is (F) with 6V AC is placed at the bottom of tank. Next probes are placed step by step above the bottom probe. When water is rising the base of each transistor gets electrical connection to 6V AC through water and the corresponding probe. Which in turn makes the transistors conduct to glow LED and indicate the level of water. The ends of probes are connected to corresponding points in the circuit as shown in circuit diagram. Insulated Aluminum wires with end insulation removed will do for the probe. Arrange the probes in order on a PVC pipe according to the depth and immerse it in the tank.AC voltage is use to prevent electrolysis at the probes. Automatic pump control and level indicator
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Automatic pump control and level indicator
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CHAP TER 4: METH ODOL OGY
Automatic pump control and level indicator
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Working of Automatic water tank level CONTROLLER · We know the property of 555 timer IC, i.e. its output goes HIGH when voltage at the second pin(trigger pin) is less than 1/3 Vcc. · Also we can reset back the IC by applying a LOW voltage at the 4th pin (Reset pin). · In this project 3 wires are dipped in water tank. Let us define two water levelsBottom (L) level and Top (H) level. One of the wire or probe is from Vcc, which can be called as middle level (M). · The probe from bottom level is connected to the trigger (2nd) pin of 555 IC. So the voltage at 2nd pin is Vcc when it is covered by water. · When water level goes down, the 2nd pin gets disconnected (untouched) from water i.e. voltage at the trigger pin becomes less than Vcc. Then the output of 555 becomes high. · The output of 555 is fed to a SL 100 transistor, it energizes the relay coil and the water pump set is turned ON. While the water level rises, the top level probe is covered by water and the transistor becomes ON. Its collector voltage goes to Vce (sat) =0.2V. · The low voltage at the 4th pin resets the IC. So the output of 555 becomes 0V. Hence the motor will turn OFF automatically. · For practical implementation, you must use a relay. Rating of relay is chosen according to the load (Motor). 32 Ampere relay is best suited for domestic applications.
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Working of water level indicator When water level falls below probe B but above probe A, water inside the tank still provides base voltage to transistor T1 and relay RL1 remains energized to make pin 13 of gate N3 high. However, transistor T2 doesn’t conduct and the logic built around NAND gates N1 and N2 outputs high to pin12 of N3. As a result, the output of N3 remains low and motor remains stopped. When water level falls below probe A, both transistor T1 and T2 do not conduct. NAND gates N3 gives a high output to drive relay RL2 and the motor restarts pumping water into the tank. Fig.2 shows the indicator/monitoring circuit. It consists of five LEDs which glows to indicator the level of the water in the overhead tank, transistors T3 through T7 gates base voltage and conduct to light up the LEDs(LEDs down through LED1). When water in the tank reaches the minimum at level 0, transistor T7 conducts and LED 1 glows. When water level rises to one-fourth of the tank, transistor T6 conducts and LED 1 and LED 2 glow. When water level rises to half of the tank, transistor T5 conducts and LED 1, LED 2 and LED 3 glow. When water level rises to three-fourth of the tank, transistor T4 conducts and LED 1 through LED 4 glow. When the tank is full, transistor T3 conducts and all the five LEDs glow. So, from glowing of LEDs, one can know water level in the tank (see the table).The LEDs can be mounted anywhere for easy monitoring.
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MODE OF OPERATION OF BLOCKS NE555 (Timer) : The 555 timer IC is an integrated circuit (chip) used in a variety of timer, pulse generation, and oscillator applications. The 555 can be used to provide time delays, as an oscillator, and as a flip-flop element the standard 555 package includes 25 transistors, 2 diodes and 15 resistors on a silicon chip installed in an 8-pin mini dual-in-line package (DIP-8). The 555 has three operating modes : Monostable mode, Astable mode and Bistable mode.
Relay : Electrically operated switch. Relays are used where it is necessary to control a circuit by a low power signal. It consists a electromagnet and also set of s. Switching mechanism is carried out by electromagnet. Used where single signal is used to control a lot of circuit.
Display unit : It contains LEDs which are visible to the observer. Green light of the LED lits momentarily when a person enters into the room while the red light lits when the person goes out of the room. It also contain a bulb which turns ON and OFF in the same fashion.
Power supply : It is the main power supply of the whole set up. Main supply is 230 V A.C which is given to a centretapped transformer giving the output 12 V D.C. A pump is a device that moves fluids (liquids or gases), or sometimes slurries, by mechanical action. Pumps can be classified into three major groups according to the method they Automatic pump control and level indicator
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use to move the fluid: direct lift, displacement, and gravity pumps.
Electric Pumps: Pumps operate by some mechanism (typically reciprocating or rotary), and consume energy to perform mechanical work by moving the fluid. Pumps operate via many energy sources, including manual operation, electricity, engines, or wind power, come in many sizes, from microscopic for use in medical applications to large industrial pumps. Mechanical pumps serve in a wide range of applications such as pumping water from wells, aquarium filtering, pond filtering and aeration, in the car industry for water-cooling and fuel injection, in the energy industry for pumping oil and natural gas or for operating cooling towers. In the medical industry, pumps are used for biochemical processes in developing and manufacturing medicine, and as artificial replacements for body parts, in particular the artificial heart and penile prosthesis.
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CHAP TER 5: ILLUS TRATI ON OF HARD WARE ELEM ENTS
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SELECTION OF MATERIALS component
specification
Quantity
timer Transistor Relay Electric Pump Power Supply Diode capacitor Battery Resistors
NE555 SL 100, BC547 12V-30A (165-250v/ 50 Hz) 12V 1N4007 0.01μF 12V 100Ω, 10KΩ,1KΩ,470Ω General Type Dotted General
1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 8
Bread Board Vero Board LED
2 2 7
FUNCTIONAL DETAILS OF EACH Automatic pump control and level indicator
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ELEMENTS NE555 (Timer) : NE555 is an integrated circuit (chip) used in a variety of timer, pulse generation, and oscillator applications. The 555 can be used to provide time delays, as an oscillator, and as a flip-flop element. Derivatives provide up to four timing circuits in one package. the standard 555 package includes 25 transistors, 2 diodes and 15 resistors on a silicon chip installed in an 8-pin mini dual-in-line package (DIP-8) The connection of the pins for a DIP package is as follows : Pin No
Pin NAME
DESCRIPTION
1
GND
2
TRIG
3
OUT
4
RESET
Ground reference voltage, low level (0 V). The OUT pin goes high and a timing interval starts when this input falls below 1/2 of CTRL voltage. This output is driven to approximately 1.7V below VCC or GND. A timing interval may be reset by driving this input to GND, but the timing does not begin again until RESET rises above approximately 0.7 volts. Overrides TRIG which
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5
CTRL
6
THR
7
DIS
8
Vcc
Automatic pump control and level indicator
overrides THR. Provides control access to the internal voltage divider The timing (OUT high) interval ends when the voltage at THR is greater than that at CTRL. Open collector output which may discharge a capacitor between intervals. In phase with output. Positive supply voltage, which is usually between 3 and 15 V depending on the variation.
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NE555 (Timer) With Pin diagram
The 555 has three operating modes : Monostable mode : In this mode, the 555 functions as a "oneshot" pulse generator. Applications include timers, missing pulse detection, bounce free switches, frequency divider, pulsewidth modulation (PWM) etc. Astable (free-running) mode : The 555 can operate as an oscillator. Uses include LED, pulse generation, security alarms, pulse position modulation etc. The 555 can be used as a simple ADC, converting an analog value to a pulse length. Bistable mode or Schmitt trigger : The 555 can operate as a flip-flop, if the DIS pin is not connected and no capacitor is used. Automatic pump control and level indicator
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Relay (12 V) : Relay is an electrically operated switch. Relays are used where it is necessary to control a circuit by a low power signal. It consists a electromagnet and also set of s. Switching mechanism is carried out by electromagnet. Used where single signal is used to control a lot of circuit. Iron core is surrounded by control coil. When current starts flowing through the coil, electromagnet energizes and thus intensifies the magnetic field. Upper arm gets attracted towards lower fixed arm and closes the causing short circuit. If relay was de-energized when the s were closed then s move oppositely and make an open circuit. NO (Normally open) also known as “make “ closes the circuit when relay is activated and disconnects the circuit when relay is inactive whereas NC (Normally close) also known as “break ” does the opposite thing. CO (Change over) or DT (Double throw) is the common terminal also known as “break before make” or “make before break” . This project uses a 5 – terminal SPDT type relay.
RELAY (12V,30A)
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Resistors and capacitors : Resistors are ive 2 – terminal electrical components that provides electrical resistance. They are used to limit the flow of current or voltage. Capacitors are also ive 2 – terminal electrical components used to store energy. They are widely used in circuits for blocking direct current and allowing alternate current to , smoothing the o/p of power supplies and stabilizes the voltage and power flow.
RESISTORS CAPACITORS
Diodes : A diode is a 2 - terminal electronic component having low resistance and allows electric current to flow in one direction. It es the current in one direction (forward direction) and blocks the current in other (reverse direction). Due to its unidirectional behavior diode is used for rectification purposes. The 1N4007 is a small, general purpose device that can handle currents up to 1 ampere and voltages up to 1000 volts.
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1N4007
DIODE
LED:- A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor light source. LEDs are used as indicator lamps in many devices and are increasingly used for other lighting. When a light-emitting diode is switched on, electrons are able to recombine with holes within the device, releasing energy in the form of photons. A light-emitting diode (LED) is a two-lead semiconductor light source. It is a p–n junction diode, which emits light when activated. When a suitable voltage is applied to the leads, electrons are able to recombine with electron holes within the device, releasing energy in the form of photons. This effect is called electroluminescence, and the colour of the light (corresponding to the energy of the photon) is determined by the energy band gap of the semiconductor. An LED is often small in area (less than 1 mm2) and integrated optical components may be used to shape its radiation pattern. Appearing as practical electronic components in 1962, the earliest LEDs emitted low-intensity infrared light. Infrared LEDs are still frequently used as transmitting elements in remotecontrol circuits, such as those in remote controls for a wide variety of consumer electronics. The first visible-light LEDs were also of low intensity, and limited to red. Modern LEDs are available across the visible, ultraviolet, and infrared wavelengths, with very high brightness.
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Transistors: Transistors are the semiconductors used to amplify and switch electronic signals. Hence it acts as an amplifier and switch also. It has 3 – terminals viz base, the lead responsible for activating the transistor, collector is the positive lead while emitter is the negative lead. The circuit uses two NPN transistors. SL100 is a general purpose, medium power NPN transistor. It is mostly used as switch in common emitter configuration.
Transistor s
Bread board and vero board : A breadboard is used to make up temporary circuits for testing. No soldering is required so it is easy to change connections and replace components. Parts will not be damaged so they will be available to re-use afterwards. Breadboards have many tiny sockets Automatic pump control and level indicator
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(called 'holes') arranged on a 0.1" grid. The leads of most components can be pushed straight into the holes. ICs are inserted across the central gap with their notch or dot to the left. Wire links can be made with single-core plastic-coated wire of 0.6mm diameter (the standard size). Stranded wire is not suitable because it will crumple when pushed into a hole and it may damage the board if strands break off. The top and bottom rows are linked horizontally all the way across as shown by the red and black lines on the diagram. The power supply is connected to these rows, + at the top and 0V (zero volts) at the bottom. The other holes are linked vertically in blocks of 5 with no link across the centre as shown by the blue lines on the diagram.
Vero board is a widely-used type of electronics prototyping board characterized by a 0.1 inch (2.54 mm) regular (rectangular) grid of holes, with wide parallel strips of copper cladding running in one direction all the way across one side of the board. It is a trademark, in the UK, of British company Vero Technologies Ltd. In using the board, breaks are made in the tracks, usually around holes, to divide the strips into multiple electrical nodes. With care, it is possible to break between holes Automatic pump control and level indicator
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to allow for components that have two pin rows only one position apart such as twin row headers for IDCs.
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Automatic pump control and level indicator
CHAP TER 6: ILLUS TRATI ON OF MEAS URIN G MULTIMETER DEVIC ES
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A multimeter or a multitester, also known as a VOM (Volt-Ohm meter), is an electronic measuring instrument that combines several measurement functions in one unit. A typical multimeter would include basic features such as the ability to measure voltage, current, and resistance. Analog multimeters use a micro ammeter whose pointer moves over a scale calibrated for all the different measurements that can be made. Digital multimeters (DMM, DVOM) display the measured value in numerals, and may also display a bar of a length proportional to the quantity being measured. Digital multimeters have all but replaced analog moving coil multimeters in most situations. Analog multimeters are still manufactured but by few manufacturers. A multimeter can be a hand-held device useful for basic fault finding and field service work, or a bench instrument which can measure to a very high degree of accuracy. They can be used to troubleshoot electrical problems in a wide array of industrial and household devices such as electronic equipment, motor controls, domestic appliances, power supplies, and wiring systems.
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POWER SUPPLY
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A power supply is a device that supplies electric power to an electrical load. The term is most commonly applied to electric power converters that convert one form of electrical energy to another, though it may also refer to devices that convert another form of energy (mechanical, chemical, solar) to electrical energy. A regulated power supply is one that controls the output voltage or current to a specific value; the controlled value is held nearly constant despite variations in either load current or the voltage supplied by the power supply's energy source. Every power supply must obtain the energy it supplies to its load, as well as any energy it consumes while performing that task, from an energy source. Depending on its design, a power supply may obtain energy from : Electrical energy transmission systems. Common examples of this include power supplies that convert AC line voltage to DC voltage. Energy storage devices such as batteries and fuel cells. Electromechanical systems such as generators and alternators. Solar power. A power supply may be implemented as a discrete, stand-alone device or as an integral device that is hardwired to its load. Examples of the latter case include the low voltage DC power supplies that are part of desktop computers and consumer electronics devices. Commonly specified power supply attributes include: The amount of voltage and current it can supply to its load. How stable its output voltage or current is under varying line and load conditions. How long it can supply energy without refueling or recharging (applies to power supplies that employ portable energy sources).
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CHAP TER 7: COST OF THE PROJE CT
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COST OF THE PROJECT COMPONENTS
PRICE
NE555 (Timer) Relay Transistors Diodes Resistors Capacitors LED Bread Board Vero Board Power supply Battery Electric Pump
30 150 90 20 40 40 35 240 50 85 20 550
The total cost the project is approximately Rs.2000
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CHAP TER 8: RESUL T DISCU SSION
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RESULT AND DISCUSSION The system is sensitive to the change in the in water level. The circuit was built and tested. Reference can be taken from Gallery for the pictures of tested circuit. The Electric Pump is controlled by the energizing and de energizing of the relay with the help of the timer
VISUAL OBSERVATION A visual observation of the circuit was conducted to look for any broken connection in the circuit or any other visible fault. No such fault was detected during the visual observation.
OPERATION OBSERVATION The circuit was operated and checked whether it is performing the desired operation. The LED was whether displaying proper colour and whether the relay was energizing de energizing properly or not.
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FUTURE SCOPE OF PROJECT
CHAP TER 9: FUTU RE SCOP E AND APPLI CATIO NS
THE
Alarm system: Automatic pump control and level indicator
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This project can be added with a voice alarm system to indicate when the tank is full and no more water can get inside.
Microcontroller: The use of microcontroller can be considered as a major future modification that can be done in this project.
IR sensors: This circuit can also be implemented using IR sensors
LCD display LCD display can be used in this circuit to display the level of water inside the tank.
APPLICATIONS This project has a very wide application in today’s corporate and busy life. Now a days no one is having time to switch on and switch off light by own. Every single person is dependent on automated system to live an easy life. We present you a Automatic pump control and level indicator
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system here which will have a wide application and will be the remedy of your entire problem on saving energy rather money. The list is provided here : Industry Public toilets Power plants to control the level of boiler drum Petrol pumps Oil refineries Homes Government offices
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REFERENCE Websites name : http://www.circuitstoday.com http://www.electronics-lab.com/projects/ http://www.electronicsforu.com/ http://www.academia.edu http://www.datasheetarchive.com http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/555_timer_IC http://www.electroncomponents.com http://www.semiconductor4u.com
Books name : The art of electronics by Brian
CHAP TER 10: REFER ENCE
Getting started in electronics by Forrest Mims III
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CHAP TER 11: PHOT O GALLE RY
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PHOTO GALLERY
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Automatic pump control and level indicator
Page 1
overview This is simple automatic water level controller circuit. It will make you more comfortable because it enables open – close water pump automatically. When full of water, was ordered off the water. But when levels gradually reduced to the required, Then turned on fully the water. So we do not have to worry about overflow and water out anymore.
ABSTRACT Automatic water level controller circuit is a simple engineering project. It can automatically switch ON and OFF the domestic water pu mp setdepending on the tank water level. You can implement th is motor driver circuit at your home or college using less Automatic pump control and level indicator
Page 2
costly components. The approximated cost of the project is very less. The main advantage of thiswater level controller circuit is that it automatically controls the water pump without any interac tion. The heart pump controller circuit is a NE 555 IC; here we have manipulated the flip flop inside the 555 timer IC. Our project co nsists of three water level sensors, one fixed at the top and oth er at the bottom. Working of this circuit is almost similar to a Bi stable mutlivibrator.
Automatic pump control and level indicator
Page 3
IC 555 TIMER
MOTOR TRANSIST OR
RELAY
POWER SUPPLY
BLOCK DIAGRAM
Automatic pump control and level indicator
Page 4
COMPONENT LIST 1. Power supply (12v) 2. NE 555 timer IC 3. Resistors (100Ωx2, 10kΩ,1kΩ) 4. Relay (12V, 30A) 5. SL 100 transistor 6. 1N4007 Diode 7. BC 547 transistor= 1 8. LED =7 9. Pump (165-250v/ 50 Hz) 10. Battery (12 v)
Automatic pump control and level indicator
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CHAP TER 2: INTRO DUCTI ON WITH LITER ATUR INTRODUCTION E SURV EY
People generally switch on the pump when their taps go dry an d switch off the pump when the overhead tank starts overflowin
Automatic pump control and level indicator
Page 6
g. This results in the unnecessary wastage and sometimes nona vailability of water in the case of emergency. The circuit that we are using makes this system automatic, i.e. i t switches on the pump when the water level in the overhead tan k goes low and switches it off as soon as the water level predetermined level. It also prevents ‘dry run’ of the pump in case the level in the tank goes below the suction level. Water Level Controller employs a simple mechanism to detect a ndmaintain the water level in a tank or any other container by s witching it on/off the motor automatically when needed. The lev el sensing is done by though sensors which are placed at different levels on the tank walls. Level indicator: This is the circuit diagram of a simple corrosion free water level indicator for home and industries. In fact the level of any conductive non corrosive liquids can be measured using this circuit. The circuit is based on 5 transistor switches. Each transistor is switched on to drive the corresponding LED, when its base is supplied with current through the water through the electrode probes.
REVIEW OF RECENT WORK Automatic control Systems were first developed over two thousand years ago. The first control device on record is thought to be the ancient Ktesibios's water clock in Alexandria, Egypt around the third century B.C. It kept time by Automatic pump control and level indicator
Page 7
regulating the water level in a vessel and, therefore, the water flow from that vessel. This certainly was a successful device as water clocks of similar design were still being made in Baghdad when the Mongols captured the city in 1258 A.D. A variety of automatic devices have been used over the centuries to accomplish useful tasks or simply to just entertain. The latter includes the automata, popular in Europe in the 17th and 18th centuries, featuring dancing figures that would repeat the same task over and over again; these automata are examples of open-loop control. Milestones among , or "closed-loop" automatic control devices, include the temperature regulator of a furnace attributed to Drebbel, circa 1620, and the centrifugal fly ball governor used for regulating the speed of steam engines by James Watt in 1788. Schneider Electric is a -based multinational corporation that specializes in electricity distribution, automation management and produces installation components for energy management.
Automatic pump control and level indicator
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CHAP TER 3: CIRCU IT DIAGR AM
Automatic pump control and level indicator
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3.1 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
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Circuit description Pump Controller The three sensors are placed as following: Sensor C- At the bottom of the tank. Sensor B- A little above of sensor 1. Sensor A-At the top of the tank. The three sensors are maintaining the water level in the tank by triggering & retriggering the timer IC. Here the timer IC is acting in monostable mode or one-shot mode. Sensor C carries the +Vcc supply thus when the water level falls below sensor B the timer IC is triggered & the pump is energized through a relay & transistor. Now when the water reaches the topmost level & touches sensor A it retriggers the timer IC once again & and the pump is switched off automatically. Hence this water level controller is one of the cheapest & simplest devices which prevents wastage of both electricity & water.
Level indicator One electrode probe is (F) with 6V AC is placed at the bottom of tank. Next probes are placed step by step above the bottom probe. When water is rising the base of each transistor gets electrical connection to 6V AC through water and the corresponding probe. Which in turn makes the transistors conduct to glow LED and indicate the level of water. The ends of probes are connected to corresponding points in the circuit as shown in circuit diagram. Insulated Aluminum wires with end insulation removed will do for the probe. Arrange the probes in order on a PVC pipe according to the depth and immerse it in the tank.AC voltage is use to prevent electrolysis at the probes. Automatic pump control and level indicator
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Automatic pump control and level indicator
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CHAP TER 4: METH ODOL OGY
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Working of Automatic water tank level CONTROLLER · We know the property of 555 timer IC, i.e. its output goes HIGH when voltage at the second pin(trigger pin) is less than 1/3 Vcc. · Also we can reset back the IC by applying a LOW voltage at the 4th pin (Reset pin). · In this project 3 wires are dipped in water tank. Let us define two water levelsBottom (L) level and Top (H) level. One of the wire or probe is from Vcc, which can be called as middle level (M). · The probe from bottom level is connected to the trigger (2nd) pin of 555 IC. So the voltage at 2nd pin is Vcc when it is covered by water. · When water level goes down, the 2nd pin gets disconnected (untouched) from water i.e. voltage at the trigger pin becomes less than Vcc. Then the output of 555 becomes high. · The output of 555 is fed to a SL 100 transistor, it energizes the relay coil and the water pump set is turned ON. While the water level rises, the top level probe is covered by water and the transistor becomes ON. Its collector voltage goes to Vce (sat) =0.2V. · The low voltage at the 4th pin resets the IC. So the output of 555 becomes 0V. Hence the motor will turn OFF automatically. · For practical implementation, you must use a relay. Rating of relay is chosen according to the load (Motor). 32 Ampere relay is best suited for domestic applications.
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Working of water level indicator When water level falls below probe B but above probe A, water inside the tank still provides base voltage to transistor T1 and relay RL1 remains energized to make pin 13 of gate N3 high. However, transistor T2 doesn’t conduct and the logic built around NAND gates N1 and N2 outputs high to pin12 of N3. As a result, the output of N3 remains low and motor remains stopped. When water level falls below probe A, both transistor T1 and T2 do not conduct. NAND gates N3 gives a high output to drive relay RL2 and the motor restarts pumping water into the tank. Fig.2 shows the indicator/monitoring circuit. It consists of five LEDs which glows to indicator the level of the water in the overhead tank, transistors T3 through T7 gates base voltage and conduct to light up the LEDs(LEDs down through LED1). When water in the tank reaches the minimum at level 0, transistor T7 conducts and LED 1 glows. When water level rises to one-fourth of the tank, transistor T6 conducts and LED 1 and LED 2 glow. When water level rises to half of the tank, transistor T5 conducts and LED 1, LED 2 and LED 3 glow. When water level rises to three-fourth of the tank, transistor T4 conducts and LED 1 through LED 4 glow. When the tank is full, transistor T3 conducts and all the five LEDs glow. So, from glowing of LEDs, one can know water level in the tank (see the table).The LEDs can be mounted anywhere for easy monitoring.
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MODE OF OPERATION OF BLOCKS NE555 (Timer) : The 555 timer IC is an integrated circuit (chip) used in a variety of timer, pulse generation, and oscillator applications. The 555 can be used to provide time delays, as an oscillator, and as a flip-flop element the standard 555 package includes 25 transistors, 2 diodes and 15 resistors on a silicon chip installed in an 8-pin mini dual-in-line package (DIP-8). The 555 has three operating modes : Monostable mode, Astable mode and Bistable mode.
Relay : Electrically operated switch. Relays are used where it is necessary to control a circuit by a low power signal. It consists a electromagnet and also set of s. Switching mechanism is carried out by electromagnet. Used where single signal is used to control a lot of circuit.
Display unit : It contains LEDs which are visible to the observer. Green light of the LED lits momentarily when a person enters into the room while the red light lits when the person goes out of the room. It also contain a bulb which turns ON and OFF in the same fashion.
Power supply : It is the main power supply of the whole set up. Main supply is 230 V A.C which is given to a centretapped transformer giving the output 12 V D.C. A pump is a device that moves fluids (liquids or gases), or sometimes slurries, by mechanical action. Pumps can be classified into three major groups according to the method they Automatic pump control and level indicator
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use to move the fluid: direct lift, displacement, and gravity pumps.
Electric Pumps: Pumps operate by some mechanism (typically reciprocating or rotary), and consume energy to perform mechanical work by moving the fluid. Pumps operate via many energy sources, including manual operation, electricity, engines, or wind power, come in many sizes, from microscopic for use in medical applications to large industrial pumps. Mechanical pumps serve in a wide range of applications such as pumping water from wells, aquarium filtering, pond filtering and aeration, in the car industry for water-cooling and fuel injection, in the energy industry for pumping oil and natural gas or for operating cooling towers. In the medical industry, pumps are used for biochemical processes in developing and manufacturing medicine, and as artificial replacements for body parts, in particular the artificial heart and penile prosthesis.
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CHAP TER 5: ILLUS TRATI ON OF HARD WARE ELEM ENTS
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SELECTION OF MATERIALS component
specification
Quantity
timer Transistor Relay Electric Pump Power Supply Diode capacitor Battery Resistors
NE555 SL 100, BC547 12V-30A (165-250v/ 50 Hz) 12V 1N4007 0.01μF 12V 100Ω, 10KΩ,1KΩ,470Ω General Type Dotted General
1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 8
Bread Board Vero Board LED
2 2 7
FUNCTIONAL DETAILS OF EACH Automatic pump control and level indicator
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ELEMENTS NE555 (Timer) : NE555 is an integrated circuit (chip) used in a variety of timer, pulse generation, and oscillator applications. The 555 can be used to provide time delays, as an oscillator, and as a flip-flop element. Derivatives provide up to four timing circuits in one package. the standard 555 package includes 25 transistors, 2 diodes and 15 resistors on a silicon chip installed in an 8-pin mini dual-in-line package (DIP-8) The connection of the pins for a DIP package is as follows : Pin No
Pin NAME
DESCRIPTION
1
GND
2
TRIG
3
OUT
4
RESET
Ground reference voltage, low level (0 V). The OUT pin goes high and a timing interval starts when this input falls below 1/2 of CTRL voltage. This output is driven to approximately 1.7V below VCC or GND. A timing interval may be reset by driving this input to GND, but the timing does not begin again until RESET rises above approximately 0.7 volts. Overrides TRIG which
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5
CTRL
6
THR
7
DIS
8
Vcc
Automatic pump control and level indicator
overrides THR. Provides control access to the internal voltage divider The timing (OUT high) interval ends when the voltage at THR is greater than that at CTRL. Open collector output which may discharge a capacitor between intervals. In phase with output. Positive supply voltage, which is usually between 3 and 15 V depending on the variation.
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NE555 (Timer) With Pin diagram
The 555 has three operating modes : Monostable mode : In this mode, the 555 functions as a "oneshot" pulse generator. Applications include timers, missing pulse detection, bounce free switches, frequency divider, pulsewidth modulation (PWM) etc. Astable (free-running) mode : The 555 can operate as an oscillator. Uses include LED, pulse generation, security alarms, pulse position modulation etc. The 555 can be used as a simple ADC, converting an analog value to a pulse length. Bistable mode or Schmitt trigger : The 555 can operate as a flip-flop, if the DIS pin is not connected and no capacitor is used. Automatic pump control and level indicator
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Relay (12 V) : Relay is an electrically operated switch. Relays are used where it is necessary to control a circuit by a low power signal. It consists a electromagnet and also set of s. Switching mechanism is carried out by electromagnet. Used where single signal is used to control a lot of circuit. Iron core is surrounded by control coil. When current starts flowing through the coil, electromagnet energizes and thus intensifies the magnetic field. Upper arm gets attracted towards lower fixed arm and closes the causing short circuit. If relay was de-energized when the s were closed then s move oppositely and make an open circuit. NO (Normally open) also known as “make “ closes the circuit when relay is activated and disconnects the circuit when relay is inactive whereas NC (Normally close) also known as “break ” does the opposite thing. CO (Change over) or DT (Double throw) is the common terminal also known as “break before make” or “make before break” . This project uses a 5 – terminal SPDT type relay.
RELAY (12V,30A)
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Resistors and capacitors : Resistors are ive 2 – terminal electrical components that provides electrical resistance. They are used to limit the flow of current or voltage. Capacitors are also ive 2 – terminal electrical components used to store energy. They are widely used in circuits for blocking direct current and allowing alternate current to , smoothing the o/p of power supplies and stabilizes the voltage and power flow.
RESISTORS CAPACITORS
Diodes : A diode is a 2 - terminal electronic component having low resistance and allows electric current to flow in one direction. It es the current in one direction (forward direction) and blocks the current in other (reverse direction). Due to its unidirectional behavior diode is used for rectification purposes. The 1N4007 is a small, general purpose device that can handle currents up to 1 ampere and voltages up to 1000 volts.
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1N4007
DIODE
LED:- A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor light source. LEDs are used as indicator lamps in many devices and are increasingly used for other lighting. When a light-emitting diode is switched on, electrons are able to recombine with holes within the device, releasing energy in the form of photons. A light-emitting diode (LED) is a two-lead semiconductor light source. It is a p–n junction diode, which emits light when activated. When a suitable voltage is applied to the leads, electrons are able to recombine with electron holes within the device, releasing energy in the form of photons. This effect is called electroluminescence, and the colour of the light (corresponding to the energy of the photon) is determined by the energy band gap of the semiconductor. An LED is often small in area (less than 1 mm2) and integrated optical components may be used to shape its radiation pattern. Appearing as practical electronic components in 1962, the earliest LEDs emitted low-intensity infrared light. Infrared LEDs are still frequently used as transmitting elements in remotecontrol circuits, such as those in remote controls for a wide variety of consumer electronics. The first visible-light LEDs were also of low intensity, and limited to red. Modern LEDs are available across the visible, ultraviolet, and infrared wavelengths, with very high brightness.
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Transistors: Transistors are the semiconductors used to amplify and switch electronic signals. Hence it acts as an amplifier and switch also. It has 3 – terminals viz base, the lead responsible for activating the transistor, collector is the positive lead while emitter is the negative lead. The circuit uses two NPN transistors. SL100 is a general purpose, medium power NPN transistor. It is mostly used as switch in common emitter configuration.
Transistor s
Bread board and vero board : A breadboard is used to make up temporary circuits for testing. No soldering is required so it is easy to change connections and replace components. Parts will not be damaged so they will be available to re-use afterwards. Breadboards have many tiny sockets Automatic pump control and level indicator
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(called 'holes') arranged on a 0.1" grid. The leads of most components can be pushed straight into the holes. ICs are inserted across the central gap with their notch or dot to the left. Wire links can be made with single-core plastic-coated wire of 0.6mm diameter (the standard size). Stranded wire is not suitable because it will crumple when pushed into a hole and it may damage the board if strands break off. The top and bottom rows are linked horizontally all the way across as shown by the red and black lines on the diagram. The power supply is connected to these rows, + at the top and 0V (zero volts) at the bottom. The other holes are linked vertically in blocks of 5 with no link across the centre as shown by the blue lines on the diagram.
Vero board is a widely-used type of electronics prototyping board characterized by a 0.1 inch (2.54 mm) regular (rectangular) grid of holes, with wide parallel strips of copper cladding running in one direction all the way across one side of the board. It is a trademark, in the UK, of British company Vero Technologies Ltd. In using the board, breaks are made in the tracks, usually around holes, to divide the strips into multiple electrical nodes. With care, it is possible to break between holes Automatic pump control and level indicator
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to allow for components that have two pin rows only one position apart such as twin row headers for IDCs.
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CHAP TER 6: ILLUS TRATI ON OF MEAS URIN G MULTIMETER DEVIC ES
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A multimeter or a multitester, also known as a VOM (Volt-Ohm meter), is an electronic measuring instrument that combines several measurement functions in one unit. A typical multimeter would include basic features such as the ability to measure voltage, current, and resistance. Analog multimeters use a micro ammeter whose pointer moves over a scale calibrated for all the different measurements that can be made. Digital multimeters (DMM, DVOM) display the measured value in numerals, and may also display a bar of a length proportional to the quantity being measured. Digital multimeters have all but replaced analog moving coil multimeters in most situations. Analog multimeters are still manufactured but by few manufacturers. A multimeter can be a hand-held device useful for basic fault finding and field service work, or a bench instrument which can measure to a very high degree of accuracy. They can be used to troubleshoot electrical problems in a wide array of industrial and household devices such as electronic equipment, motor controls, domestic appliances, power supplies, and wiring systems.
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POWER SUPPLY
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A power supply is a device that supplies electric power to an electrical load. The term is most commonly applied to electric power converters that convert one form of electrical energy to another, though it may also refer to devices that convert another form of energy (mechanical, chemical, solar) to electrical energy. A regulated power supply is one that controls the output voltage or current to a specific value; the controlled value is held nearly constant despite variations in either load current or the voltage supplied by the power supply's energy source. Every power supply must obtain the energy it supplies to its load, as well as any energy it consumes while performing that task, from an energy source. Depending on its design, a power supply may obtain energy from : Electrical energy transmission systems. Common examples of this include power supplies that convert AC line voltage to DC voltage. Energy storage devices such as batteries and fuel cells. Electromechanical systems such as generators and alternators. Solar power. A power supply may be implemented as a discrete, stand-alone device or as an integral device that is hardwired to its load. Examples of the latter case include the low voltage DC power supplies that are part of desktop computers and consumer electronics devices. Commonly specified power supply attributes include: The amount of voltage and current it can supply to its load. How stable its output voltage or current is under varying line and load conditions. How long it can supply energy without refueling or recharging (applies to power supplies that employ portable energy sources).
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CHAP TER 7: COST OF THE PROJE CT
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COST OF THE PROJECT COMPONENTS
PRICE
NE555 (Timer) Relay Transistors Diodes Resistors Capacitors LED Bread Board Vero Board Power supply Battery Electric Pump
30 150 90 20 40 40 35 240 50 85 20 550
The total cost the project is approximately Rs.2000
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CHAP TER 8: RESUL T DISCU SSION
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RESULT AND DISCUSSION The system is sensitive to the change in the in water level. The circuit was built and tested. Reference can be taken from Gallery for the pictures of tested circuit. The Electric Pump is controlled by the energizing and de energizing of the relay with the help of the timer
VISUAL OBSERVATION A visual observation of the circuit was conducted to look for any broken connection in the circuit or any other visible fault. No such fault was detected during the visual observation.
OPERATION OBSERVATION The circuit was operated and checked whether it is performing the desired operation. The LED was whether displaying proper colour and whether the relay was energizing de energizing properly or not.
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FUTURE SCOPE OF PROJECT
CHAP TER 9: FUTU RE SCOP E AND APPLI CATIO NS
THE
Alarm system: Automatic pump control and level indicator
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This project can be added with a voice alarm system to indicate when the tank is full and no more water can get inside.
Microcontroller: The use of microcontroller can be considered as a major future modification that can be done in this project.
IR sensors: This circuit can also be implemented using IR sensors
LCD display LCD display can be used in this circuit to display the level of water inside the tank.
APPLICATIONS This project has a very wide application in today’s corporate and busy life. Now a days no one is having time to switch on and switch off light by own. Every single person is dependent on automated system to live an easy life. We present you a Automatic pump control and level indicator
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system here which will have a wide application and will be the remedy of your entire problem on saving energy rather money. The list is provided here : Industry Public toilets Power plants to control the level of boiler drum Petrol pumps Oil refineries Homes Government offices
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REFERENCE Websites name : http://www.circuitstoday.com http://www.electronics-lab.com/projects/ http://www.electronicsforu.com/ http://www.academia.edu http://www.datasheetarchive.com http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/555_timer_IC http://www.electroncomponents.com http://www.semiconductor4u.com
Books name : The art of electronics by Brian
CHAP TER 10: REFER ENCE
Getting started in electronics by Forrest Mims III
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CHAP TER 11: PHOT O GALLE RY
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PHOTO GALLERY
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