Biology Chapter 8 - Answers 1t6b4l
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Section Outline Section 8-1
8–1 Energy and Life A. Autotrophs and Heterotrophs B. Sunlight C. Chemical Energy and ATP 1. Storing Energy 2. Releasing Energy D. Using Biochemical Energy
Go to Section:
Which cell processes require energy? • cell division? yes • Movement of cilia or flagella? yes • Active transport? yes • Production of proteins? yes • Digestion? yes • Circulation? Yes • Some that wouldn’t would be ive transport where you don’t supply ATP for the process to happen
Go to Section:
ATP Section 8-1
Adenine
Go to Section:
Ribose
3 Phosphate groups
Figure 8-3 Comparison of ADP and ATP to a Battery Section 8-1
ADP
ATP
Energy
Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) + Phosphate
Partially charged battery
Go to Section:
Energy
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
Fully charged battery
Chemical energy and ATP • Energy is ABSORBED or STORED when ADP reacts or bonds with a phosphate group to form ATP
• Energy is RELEASED when a Phosphate group is removed from ATP to become ADP
Go to Section:
Biochemical Energy Most cells contain only small amounts of ATP which is enough for a few seconds of activity. • ATP is NOT good for diffusion (ive transport) • ATP is NOT good for storing a lot of energy
Go to Section:
How do cells get the energy stored in ATP? After ATP is broken down…… One phosphate group breaks off the end of the ATP molecule, energy is released from the chemical bonds for use by the cells, and ADP is left.
– Energy is stored in the chemical bonds of ATP! Go to Section:
Review of ATP 1. What does at ATP molecule consist of? [Adenine+ribose] Adenosine + 3 phosphate groups
2. What do the lines between these parts of the molecule represent? Chemical bonds 3. What would be the result if the 3rd phosphate group were removed? Energy is release when the bond is broken and ADP is formed
4. What is the difference between ADP and ATP? ADP has 2 phosphate groups, ATP has 3 phosphate groups Go to Section:
Section Outline Section 8-2
8–2 Photosynthesis: An Overview A. Investigating Photosynthesis 1. Van Helmont’s Experiment Trees get their mass from water
2. Priestley’s Experiment Plants release oxygen
3. Jan Ingenhousz – light is needed to make oxygen B. The Photosynthesis Equation C. Light and Pigments
Go to Section:
The Photosynthesis Equation 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + sunlight + chlorophyll C6H12O6 + 6O2
Reactants: Products:
carbon dioxide and water glucose and oxygen
Go to Section:
Photosynthesis Photosynthesis is divided into two parts or phases… 1.The light-dependent reactions (which take place in the thylakoids) 2.The Calvin Cycle (light – independent reactions taking place in the stroma) Go to Section:
Light and pigments Pigments absorb sunlight to provide energy for energy-containing molecules. • Chlorophyll is a plant pigment that looks green because it reflects light in the green region of sunlight. • Chlorophyll absorbs light in the blue and red regions of sunlight. Go to Section:
Figure 8-5 Chlorophyll Light Absorption Section 8-2
Absorption of Light by Chlorophyll a and Chlorophyll b
Chlorophyll b Chlorophyll a
V
Go to Section:
B
G
YO
R
Photosynthesis: Reactants and Products Section 8-2
Light Energy
Chloroplast CO2 + H2O
Go to Section:
Sugars + O2
Energy carrier – NADP+ Where is it found?
It is a product of the Calvin cycle, found in the stroma, and used in the light dependent reactions
What is its job?
It is a carrier molecule which accepts 2 high-energy electrons from sunlight to produce NADPH which stores the energy in a chemical form. Go to Section:
Go to Section:
Photosynthesis is within a chloroplast! Photosystems- clusters of chlorophyll and other pigments
What is a photosystem? collecting units of the chloroplasts
Go to Section:
They are the light-
Concept Map Section 8-3
Photosynthesis includes
Lightdependent reactions
Calvin cycle
use
take place in
Energy from sunlight
Thylakoid membranes
to produce
ATP
NADPH
Go to Section:
O2
takes place in
Stroma
uses
ATP
NADPH
of
to produce
Chloroplasts
High-energy sugars
Figure 8-7 Photosynthesis: An Overview Section 8-3
Light
CO2 Chloroplast
Chloroplast
NADP+ ADP + P LightDependent Reactions
O2 Go to Section:
Calvin Cycle ATP NADPH
Sugars
During photosynthesis…. The raw materials are carbon dioxide + water The end products are glucose + oxygen The source of energy is sunlight. The source of carbon dioxide is the atmosphere The source of water is in thylakoids – originally taken in from plant’s roots What happens to oxygen? It’s a byproduct released to the atmosphere.
Go to Section:
During the light dependent reactions… What is the energy source? sunlight What reactant is necessary? water What compounds are produced? Oxygen, ATP and NADPH Where does the oxygen come from? It splits off from the water molecule during the process of photolysis
Go to Section:
During the Calvin cycle…. What is the principal reactant? Carbon dioxide What is the principal product? sugars What energy compounds are returned to the light reactions step? NADP + ADP
Go to Section:
Goal of the light dependent reactions To use energy … from sunlight and trap it into a chemical form (such as ATP and NADPH) What about the water? It is split through the process of photolysis, releasing oxygen to the atmosphere.
Go to Section:
Figure 8-10 Light-Dependent Reactions Section 8-3
Photosystem II
Hydrogen Ion Movement
Chloroplast ATP synthase
Inner Thylakoid Space
Thylakoid Membrane
Stroma
Electron Transport Chain
Go to Section:
Photosystem I
ATP Formation
Light dependent reactions-Photosystems I and II Photosystem I- pigments use energy from light to re-energize the electrons so that they can make NADPH for the Calvin cycle. Photosystem II- energy from light is absorbed by chlorophyll and transferred to electrons, and then these electrons enter the transport chain. Photolysis makes water break into hydrogen ions and oxygen Which photosystem occurs first? 2!!
Go to Section:
Electron Transport Train • A series of proteins embedded in the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplast transport the high-energy electrons from Photosystem 2 to Photosystem 1. • The photosystems contain pigments (light absorbing molecules) that transfer energy from sunlight into chemical bonds
Go to Section:
Figure 8-11 Calvin Cycle Section 8-3
CO2 Enters the Cycle Energy Input
ChloropIast 5-Carbon Molecules Regenerated 6-Carbon Sugar Produced Sugars and other compounds Go to Section:
Factors affecting photosynthesis Amount of water (Dry conditions slow or stop it). 1. Temperature (Enzymes function best between 0C and 35C) 2. The greater the light intensity, the greater the rate of photosynthesis
Go to Section:
8–1 Energy and Life A. Autotrophs and Heterotrophs B. Sunlight C. Chemical Energy and ATP 1. Storing Energy 2. Releasing Energy D. Using Biochemical Energy
Go to Section:
Which cell processes require energy? • cell division? yes • Movement of cilia or flagella? yes • Active transport? yes • Production of proteins? yes • Digestion? yes • Circulation? Yes • Some that wouldn’t would be ive transport where you don’t supply ATP for the process to happen
Go to Section:
ATP Section 8-1
Adenine
Go to Section:
Ribose
3 Phosphate groups
Figure 8-3 Comparison of ADP and ATP to a Battery Section 8-1
ADP
ATP
Energy
Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) + Phosphate
Partially charged battery
Go to Section:
Energy
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
Fully charged battery
Chemical energy and ATP • Energy is ABSORBED or STORED when ADP reacts or bonds with a phosphate group to form ATP
• Energy is RELEASED when a Phosphate group is removed from ATP to become ADP
Go to Section:
Biochemical Energy Most cells contain only small amounts of ATP which is enough for a few seconds of activity. • ATP is NOT good for diffusion (ive transport) • ATP is NOT good for storing a lot of energy
Go to Section:
How do cells get the energy stored in ATP? After ATP is broken down…… One phosphate group breaks off the end of the ATP molecule, energy is released from the chemical bonds for use by the cells, and ADP is left.
– Energy is stored in the chemical bonds of ATP! Go to Section:
Review of ATP 1. What does at ATP molecule consist of? [Adenine+ribose] Adenosine + 3 phosphate groups
2. What do the lines between these parts of the molecule represent? Chemical bonds 3. What would be the result if the 3rd phosphate group were removed? Energy is release when the bond is broken and ADP is formed
4. What is the difference between ADP and ATP? ADP has 2 phosphate groups, ATP has 3 phosphate groups Go to Section:
Section Outline Section 8-2
8–2 Photosynthesis: An Overview A. Investigating Photosynthesis 1. Van Helmont’s Experiment Trees get their mass from water
2. Priestley’s Experiment Plants release oxygen
3. Jan Ingenhousz – light is needed to make oxygen B. The Photosynthesis Equation C. Light and Pigments
Go to Section:
The Photosynthesis Equation 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + sunlight + chlorophyll C6H12O6 + 6O2
Reactants: Products:
carbon dioxide and water glucose and oxygen
Go to Section:
Photosynthesis Photosynthesis is divided into two parts or phases… 1.The light-dependent reactions (which take place in the thylakoids) 2.The Calvin Cycle (light – independent reactions taking place in the stroma) Go to Section:
Light and pigments Pigments absorb sunlight to provide energy for energy-containing molecules. • Chlorophyll is a plant pigment that looks green because it reflects light in the green region of sunlight. • Chlorophyll absorbs light in the blue and red regions of sunlight. Go to Section:
Figure 8-5 Chlorophyll Light Absorption Section 8-2
Absorption of Light by Chlorophyll a and Chlorophyll b
Chlorophyll b Chlorophyll a
V
Go to Section:
B
G
YO
R
Photosynthesis: Reactants and Products Section 8-2
Light Energy
Chloroplast CO2 + H2O
Go to Section:
Sugars + O2
Energy carrier – NADP+ Where is it found?
It is a product of the Calvin cycle, found in the stroma, and used in the light dependent reactions
What is its job?
It is a carrier molecule which accepts 2 high-energy electrons from sunlight to produce NADPH which stores the energy in a chemical form. Go to Section:
Go to Section:
Photosynthesis is within a chloroplast! Photosystems- clusters of chlorophyll and other pigments
What is a photosystem? collecting units of the chloroplasts
Go to Section:
They are the light-
Concept Map Section 8-3
Photosynthesis includes
Lightdependent reactions
Calvin cycle
use
take place in
Energy from sunlight
Thylakoid membranes
to produce
ATP
NADPH
Go to Section:
O2
takes place in
Stroma
uses
ATP
NADPH
of
to produce
Chloroplasts
High-energy sugars
Figure 8-7 Photosynthesis: An Overview Section 8-3
Light
CO2 Chloroplast
Chloroplast
NADP+ ADP + P LightDependent Reactions
O2 Go to Section:
Calvin Cycle ATP NADPH
Sugars
During photosynthesis…. The raw materials are carbon dioxide + water The end products are glucose + oxygen The source of energy is sunlight. The source of carbon dioxide is the atmosphere The source of water is in thylakoids – originally taken in from plant’s roots What happens to oxygen? It’s a byproduct released to the atmosphere.
Go to Section:
During the light dependent reactions… What is the energy source? sunlight What reactant is necessary? water What compounds are produced? Oxygen, ATP and NADPH Where does the oxygen come from? It splits off from the water molecule during the process of photolysis
Go to Section:
During the Calvin cycle…. What is the principal reactant? Carbon dioxide What is the principal product? sugars What energy compounds are returned to the light reactions step? NADP + ADP
Go to Section:
Goal of the light dependent reactions To use energy … from sunlight and trap it into a chemical form (such as ATP and NADPH) What about the water? It is split through the process of photolysis, releasing oxygen to the atmosphere.
Go to Section:
Figure 8-10 Light-Dependent Reactions Section 8-3
Photosystem II
Hydrogen Ion Movement
Chloroplast ATP synthase
Inner Thylakoid Space
Thylakoid Membrane
Stroma
Electron Transport Chain
Go to Section:
Photosystem I
ATP Formation
Light dependent reactions-Photosystems I and II Photosystem I- pigments use energy from light to re-energize the electrons so that they can make NADPH for the Calvin cycle. Photosystem II- energy from light is absorbed by chlorophyll and transferred to electrons, and then these electrons enter the transport chain. Photolysis makes water break into hydrogen ions and oxygen Which photosystem occurs first? 2!!
Go to Section:
Electron Transport Train • A series of proteins embedded in the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplast transport the high-energy electrons from Photosystem 2 to Photosystem 1. • The photosystems contain pigments (light absorbing molecules) that transfer energy from sunlight into chemical bonds
Go to Section:
Figure 8-11 Calvin Cycle Section 8-3
CO2 Enters the Cycle Energy Input
ChloropIast 5-Carbon Molecules Regenerated 6-Carbon Sugar Produced Sugars and other compounds Go to Section:
Factors affecting photosynthesis Amount of water (Dry conditions slow or stop it). 1. Temperature (Enzymes function best between 0C and 35C) 2. The greater the light intensity, the greater the rate of photosynthesis
Go to Section:
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