Bottom Up Model 235va

A bottom-up reading model emphasizes a single-direction, part-to-whole processing of a text. V In the beginning stages it gives little emphasis to the influences of the reader's world knowledge, contextual information, and other higher-order processing strategies. (Dechant 1991). V

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A bottom-up reading model is a reading model that À emphasizes the written or printed text À says reading is driven by a process that results in meaning (or, in other words, reading is driven by text), and À proceeds from part to whole.

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part to whole model

Oere are some proponents of the bottom up reading model: V Flesch 1955 V Gough 1985 V LaBerge and Samuels 1985

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According to Leonard Bloomfield

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½he first task of reading is learning the code or the alphabetic principle by which ´written marks...conventionally represent...phonemes.µ (Bloomfield and Barnhart 1961)

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½he meaning of the text is expected to come naturally as the code is broken based on the reader's prior knowledge of words, their meanings, and the syntactical patterns of his/her language. (McCormick, ½. 1988) Writing is merely a device for recording speech. (Bloomfield and Barnhart 1961)

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According to Emerald Dechant

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´Bottom-up models operate on the principle that the written text is hierarchically organized (i.e., on the grapho-phonic, phonemic, syllabic, morphemic, word, and sentence levels) and that the reader first processes the smallest linguistic unit, gradually compiling the smaller units to decipher and comprehend the higher units (e.g., sentence syntax).µ (Dechant 1991)

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According to Charles Fries ½he reader must learn to transfer from the auditory signs for language signals...to a set of visual signs for the same signals. (Fries 1962) ½he reader must learn to automatically respond to the visual patterns. ½he cumulative comprehension of the meanings signaled then enable the reader to supply those portions of the signals which are not in the graphic representations themselves. (Fries 1962)

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Learning to read...means developing a considerable range of habitual responses to a specific set of patterns of graphic shapes. (Fries 1962)

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According to Philip B Gough ºeading is a strictly serial process: letterby-letter visual analysis, leading to positive recognition of every word through phonemic encoding. (McCormick, ½. 1988) Lexical, syntactic and semantic rules are applied to the phonemic output which itself has been decoded from print. (McCormick, ½. 1988)

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A widely accepted instructional program that incorporates several bottom-up principles is the phonic approach to reading.

Bottom-up advocates believe the reader needs to V V V V V

identify letter features link these features to recognize letters combine letters to recognize spelling patterns link spelling patterns to recognize words, and then proceed to sentence, paragraph and text-level processing.

£ Anderson 1990 £ Bloomfield and Barnhart 1961 £ Dechant 1991 £ Finn 1990 £ Fries 1962 £ McCormick, ½. 1988 £ Weaver, C. 1988 £ Wildman and Kling 1978