Cbse Class Xi Computer Science Notes 6m409

int main() { cout << "My name is Akshay Kumar" << endl; cout << "Class: XI-A (XYZ School)." << endl; return 0; }

Q2: Write a program to input a number (say 31) and display it in hexadecimal form (e.g. 0f). Answer: #include int main() { int x; cout << Enter an integer:" << endl; cin >> x; // hex keyword displays a number in hexadecimal form. cout << "x=" << hex << x << endl; cin.get(); return 0; }

Q3: Write a C++ program two swap to integers without taking a temporary variable. Answer: #include int main() { int a = 10; int b = 20; cout << "Value of a (before swap): " << a << endl; cout << "Value of b (before swap): " << b << endl; a = a + b; b = a - b; a = a - b; cout << "Value of a (after swap): " << a << endl; cout << "Value of b (after swap): " << b << endl; cin.get(); return 0; }

Q4:Write a program to check is a number is multiple of three or not. Answer: #include int main() { int x; cout << Enter an integer:"; cin >> x; // use % operator to check remainder if (x % 3) cout << x << " is NOT a multiple of three." << endl; else cout << x << " is multiple of three." << endl; cin.get(); return 0; }

Q5: Write a program to check if a year is a leap year or not. Answer: // program to check if it is a leap year or not // Note: leap years occur in years exactly divisible by four, // except that years ending in 00 are leap years // only if they are divisible by 400. #include #include int main() { int year; cout << "Enter a year cin >> year; if ((year % 400 == 0) cout << "The year " else cout << "The year " getch(); return 0; }

(e.g. 2004): "; || ((year %100 != 0) && (year % 4 == 0))) << year << " is a leap year" << endl; << year << " is NOT a leap year" << endl;

B. CBSE - Class XI - Computer Science - Simple C++ Snippets (Part-2) Q1. What is the size of a variable? Answer: When you declare a variable, memory is allocated for that variable. For example char variable takes 1 byte of memory while an int variable consumes two bytes. Note how much int will occupy memory space is platform dependent. For example, Turbo C++ is DOS based program allocates 2 bytes to an int variable. While visual c++ 6.0 compiler meant for 32-bit Windows applications, allocates 4 bytes to an int variable.

You can check the size of a variable allocated by a compiler by using sizeof operator. #include #include int main() { clrscr(); // clear the screen // using sizeof opeator to find the size of variable cout << "size of char: " << sizeof(char) << " bytes." << endl; cout << "size of int: " << sizeof(int) << " bytes." << endl; cout << "size of long: " << sizeof(long) << " bytes." << endl; cout << "size of float: " << sizeof(float) << " bytes." << endl; cout << "size of short: " << sizeof(short) << " bytes." << endl; cout << "size of double: " << sizeof(double) << " bytes." << endl; int x =10; cout << "size of variable x: " << sizeof(x) << " bytes." << endl; float b = -200.10; cout << "size of variable b: " << sizeof(b) << " bytes." << endl; getch(); return 0; } When run (compiled with Turbo C++ 3.0), the program will give the following output: size of char: 1 bytes. size of int: 2 bytes. size of long: 4 bytes. size of float: 4 bytes. size of short: 2 bytes. size of double: 8 bytes. size of variable x: 2 bytes. size of variable b: 4 bytes.

Q2: In Turbo C++ (TC) An unsigned integer can have maximum value of 65535. What will happen if you add another number to it? Answer: In general, we say data overflow happens here. But the behaviour is same as seen in car odometer. When the unsigned int crosses its maximum value, it wraps around and reset to zero. e.g. 65535 + 1 will become 0, 65535 + 2 will become 1 and so on... You may try the following program: #include #include int main() { clrscr(); // clear the screen int val = 65535; cout << "val = " << val << endl; val = val + 1; cout << "val = " << val << endl;

getch(); return 0; } Q3: Consider the following C++ snippet: int x = 25000; int y = 2*x; cout<< y << "\t" << x; Why does the output does not come as 50000? What could be the reason? Answer: The range of int (compiler takes int as signed int) is from -32768 to +32767. After multiplying the value exceeds the upper bound (+32767) and result is not the desired output. We should consider long instead of int. Q4:Write a program to input a digit and display its ASCII code. Answer: C++ gives char variable special treatment. It displays the ASCII character. E.g. if char variable stores 65, it will be displayed as 'A'. You may assign a character to int (e.g. int x = 'P'). When you cout << x; it will print 80 not 'P'. ? // program to input a alphabet or digit 1 // and display its ASCII code 2 3 #include 4 #include 5 6 7 void main() 8 { char ch; 9 // clear screen 10 clrscr(); 11 cout << "Enter a character or digit:"; 12 cin >> ch; 13 int x = ch; // stores 1 byte of character as integer 14 cout << "ASCII code of character("<< ch << ") is: " << x << endl; 15 x = 'P'; 16 cout << "x = " << x << endl; 17 getch(); 18

}

Q5: What are different escape sequences or escape characters in C++? Answer: Any character preceded by a backslash, \, is called an escape sequence, or escape character. In general, escape characters are used to print special characters. Here is the list of escape characters: Escape Sequence

Meaning

\a

Terminal Bell

\b

Backspace

\f

Form Feed (Used in printers)

\t

Tab space (equal to four spaces)

\n

New Line

\r

Carriage Return

\v

Vertical Tab

\\

Backslash

\'

Terminal Bell

\"

Terminal Bell

\?

Terminal Bell

\000

Octal Number

\xhh

Hexadecimal Number

\0

Null character

Following snippet shows the use of escape sequence. ? #include 1 #include

2 3 4 void main() 5 { // following line will print Hello C++ is fun. 6 cout << "Hello C++ is gun\b\b\bfun"<< endl; 7 8 9 // following uses tab spaces. 10 cout << "\'C++\'\tis\tfun" << endl; 11 12 // you may hear computer beep. 13 cout << "\a"; 14 getch(); 15

}

The output on screen will be: Hello C++ is fun 'C++' is fun.

Q6: Why the Salesmen didn't get any commission? A business man gives 3% commission to his salesman on sales done by that sales man. He asked the programmer to write a C++ program to compute commission. To his surprise, none of the salesman got any commission. What's wrong with following snippet? ? #include 1 #include 2 3 void main() 4 { 5 // define float variables 6 float sales, comm; 7 cout << "Enter the sales value:"; 8 cin >> sales; 9 10 11 // compute the commission 12 comm = (3/100)* sales; 13 // following uses tab spaces. 14 cout << "Commission for sales INR " << sales << " is = " << comm << endl; 15 16 getch(); 17

}

Answer: The problem lies in the expression i.e. comm = (3/100) * sales. The calculation (3/100) is an integer computation i.e. computer creates a temporary int variable to store value of (3/100 = 0.03 converted into int) which becomes zero. To correct this, we must tell the compiler that the computation is floating type i.e. the expression should be: comm = (3.0/100.0) * sales; or comm = 0.03 * sales;

C. CBSE - Class XI - Computer Science - Simple C++ Snippets (Part-3)

IO manipulators Q1: What is the purpose of iomanip.h header file? Answer: The header file iomanip.h defines functions and operators to format input and output streams. These are used in conjunction with insertion (<<) and extraction (>>) stream objects. Although C++ defines a number of functions, Turbo C++ define a set of these. e.g.     

numerical base formats: hex, oct, dec setw: sets the width of the field setprecision : sets the number of decimal places you want to display. setiosflags: you may enable display stream flags (ios::showbase, ios::uppercase, ios::showpos) resetiosflags: disable stream flags.

Q2: Write a program to display a number in hexadecimal, octal and decimal form. Answer: The header iomanip.h defines hex, oct and dec format flags to display numbers in respective number systems. (e.g. 15 will become 0f in hexadecimal notation and 17 in octal system). By default C++ uses decimal format to display numbers. To display numbers in uppercase (e.g. 0F instead of 0f), we use setiosflags(ios::uppercase) manipulator. ios::uppercase shows hexadecimal and scientific numbers in uppercase Similarly, to display base format e.g. (hexadecimal uses 0x notation), use manipulator setiosflags(ios::showbase). ? #include 1 #include 2 #include 3 4 int main() 5 { 6 clrscr(); // clear the screen 7 int x = 27; 8 cout << hex << "value of x in hexadecimal form:" << x << endl; 9 10 cout << oct << "value of x in octal form:" << x << endl; 11 cout << dec << "value of x in decimal:" << x << endl; 12 // show basefield notation, and in uppercase 13 cout << setiosflags(ios::showbase); 14 cout << setiosflags(ios::uppercase); 15 cout << hex << "value of x in hexadecimal:" << x << endl; 16 cout << oct << "value of x in octal form:" << x << endl; 17 cout << dec << "value of x in decimal:" << x << endl; 18 19 20 getch(); 21 return 0;

}

The program will have the following output: value of x in hexadecimal form:1b value of x in octal form:33 value of x in decimal:27 value of x in hexadecimal:0X1B value of x in octal form:033 value of x in decimal:27

Q3: An ant is calculating profit and loss statement. He wants to show the numerical values prefixed by '+' sign if they represent profit and with '-' sign as loss indicator. How can he show the formatted output? Write a C++ program to show this. Answer: The function setiosflags(ios::showpos) in iomanip.h turns on + sign for positive numbers. Similarly, one can use resetiosflags(ios::showpos) to turn it off. Following snippet shows: ? 1 #include 2 #include 3 #include <manip.h> 4

5 6 int main() 7 { 8 clrscr(); // clear the screen 9 int x = 27; 10 int p = 2, q = -4, r = 0; 11 float fval = 100.12; 12 13 cout << "p = " << p << " q = " << q << " r = " << r << endl; 14 cout << "fval = " << fval << endl; 15 cout << setiosflags(ios::showpos) << "\np = " << p << " q = " << q << " r = 16" << r << endl; 17 cout << "fval = " << fval << endl; 18 cout << resetiosflags(ios::showpos) << "\np = " << p << " q = " << q << " r 19= " << r << endl; 20 cout << "fval = " << fval << endl;

getch(); return 0; } Output on screen will be: p = 2 q = -4 r = 0 fval = 100.12000 p = +2 q = -4 r = 0 fval = +100.12000 p = 2 q = -4 r = 0 fval = 100.12000 c:\tc\code>_

Q4: Write a C++ program to show how a number can be displayed as right or left justified. Also show how can we set the width of the displaying field. Answer: iomanip.h provides more iostream flags to align output to left or right. ios::left flag aligns output to left, while ios::right aligns output to right. ios::internal justifies output internally. The manipulator setw sets the field width of the output or input parameter.

By default, blankspace characters fills up the justification. You can change the fill-charatcer using cout.fill(char) function.

Following snippet shows the use of these manipulators: ? 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

#include #include #include <manip.h> int main() { clrscr(); // clear the screen cout << -123.45 << endl;

cout << setw(10) cout << setw(10) cout << setw(10) cout << setw(10) cout.fill('*'); cout << setw(10) cout << setw(10) cout << setw(10) cout << setw(10)

10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21

<< << << <<

-123.45 << endl; setiosflags(ios::left) << -123.45 << endl; setiosflags(ios::right) << -123.45 << endl; setiosflags(ios::internal) << -123.45 << endl;

<< << << <<

210.95 << endl; setiosflags(ios::left) << -210.45 << endl; setiosflags(ios::right) << -210.45 << endl; setiosflags(ios::internal) << -210.45 << endl;

getch(); return 0; }

The output on screen will look like: -123.45 -123.45 -123.45 -123.45 - 123.45 ****210.95 -210.45*** ***-210.45 -***210.45

Q5: A programmer is writing a module for a salary calculation package. After computing the salary, he wants to display paisas upto two decimal points. Write a c++ program to show how a floating number e.g. 12.578 is displayed as 12.57 Answer: C++ manipulators i.e. setf(ios::fixed), setf(ios::showpoint) and setprecision(int) be used here. The format option ios::showpoint displays decimal point and trailing zeros for all pointing point numbers, even if decimal places are not need. setprecision(2) ensures number of digits to be displayed after the decimal point. The snippet is: ? #include

1 #include 2 #include <manip.h> 3 4 5 int main() 6 { clrscr(); // clear the screen 7 cout << 12.578 << endl; 8 9 cout.setf(ios::fixed); // display floating numbers NO scientific notation 10 cout.setf(ios::showpoint); 11 cout << setprecision(2) << 12.578 << endl; // displays 12.57 12 cout << setprecision(2) << 12.5 << endl; // displays 12.50 13 getch(); 14 return 0; 15

}

D. CBSE Class 11 - Computer Science - Simple C++ Snippets (Part-4)

Sequence & Series Q1: Write a program to to find the sum of series as: 2 2 2 2 S = 1 + 2 + 3 + ... + n Answer:

? // program to find sum of series 1 // S = 1^2 + 3^2 + 5^2 + ... + n^2 2 // 3 #include 4 #include 5 #include <manip.h> 6 7 int main() 8 { 9 clrscr(); // clear the screen 10 unsigned int n; 11 12 unsigned long sum; 13 clrscr(); 14 cout << "Enter range(n) = "; 15 cin >> n; 16 sum = 0; 17 cout << "S = "; 18 for (int i = 1; i <= n; i=i+2) 19 { 20 cout << i << "^" << 2; 21 if (i < n) 22 cout << " + "; 23 sum += i*i; 24 } 25 26 cout << "\nSum = " << sum << endl; 27 getch(); 28 return 0;

} The program will have the following output:

Q2: Write a program to sum the following sequence? 2 3 4 n S = x + x /2 + x /3 + x /4 +... + x /n

Answer:

? // program to sum the following sequence // x + x^2/2 + x^3/3 + x^4/4 + ... + x^n/n // #include #include #include <math.h>

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 int main() 8 { 9 clrscr(); // clear the screen 10 int x,n; 11 12 float sum = 0.0; 13 clrscr(); 14 cout << "Enter the value of x= "; 15 cin >> x; 16 cout << "Enter the value of n= "; 17 cin >> n; 18 19 for (int i = 1; i <=n; ++i) 20 { 21 if (i == 1) 22 { 23 sum = x; 24 continue; 25 } 26 sum += ((float)pow(x,i)/(float)i); 27 } 28 29 cout << "Sum=" << sum; 30 getch(); 31 return 0;

} Q3: Write a program to find the sum of the following sequence: 2 3 4 5 6 S = x - x /2! + x /3! - x /4! +x /5! - x /6! Answer:

? 1 // program to find sum the following sequence 2 // x - x^2/2! + x^3/3! - x^4/4! + x^5/5! - x^6/6! 3 // 4 #include 5 #include 6 #include <math.h> 7 8 int main() 9 10{ // clear the screen 11 clrscr(); 12 int x, k; 13 double sum = 0.0; 14 cout << "Enter the value of x= ";

cin >> x; k = -1;

15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36

for (int i = 1; i <=6; ++i) { k = k * -1; if (i == 1) { sum = x; continue; } // calculate factorial double fact = 1.0; for (int j = 1; j <= i; ++j) { fact *= j; } sum += ((double)pow(x,i)/fact)*k; } cout << "Sum=" << sum; getch(); return 0; }

The program will have the following output:

Q4: Write a program to print first 10 Fibonacci numbers. Answer: ? 1 // program to find sum the following sequence 2 // write a program to print first 10 Fibonacci numbers 3 // 4 #include 5 #include 6 7 int main() 8 { 9 10 int n1, n2, n3; 11 n1 = 0; 12 n2 = 1; 13 // clear screen 14 clrscr();

for (int i = 0; i < 10; ++i) { // print first two fibonacci numbers if (i == 0) cout << n1; else if (i == 1) cout << n2; else { // compute next fibonacci number n3 = n1 + n2; cout << n3; n1 = n2; n2 = n3; } cout << " "; } getch(); return 0;

15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33

} The program will have the following output:

Q5: Write a c++ program to input integers in an array of size 10. Find the sum of even numbers in that array. Answer: ? 1 // wap to input an integer array of size 10 2 // and find the sum of even numbers in an array 3 // 4 #include 5 #include 6 7 int main() 8 { 9 int arr[10]; 10 int i; 11 clrscr(); 12 cout << "Enter 10 integers\n"; 13 14 for (i = 0; i < 10; ++i) 15 { cout << "Enter number [" << i+1 << "]="; 16 cin >> arr[i]; 17 18 } 19 // compute sum of even numbers 20 long sum = 0; 21 int evens = 0;

for (i = 0; i < 10; ++i) { // check if number is even, then add if (arr[i] % 2 == 0) { sum += arr[i]; evens++; } } cout << "There are " << evens << " evens and their sum=" << sum << endl; getch(); return 0;

22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33

} Q6: Write a program to find the sum of digits. e.g. if number entered is 2374, S = 2+3+7+4 = 16 Answer: ? // program to find the sum of a number 1 // e.g. 123, sum = 1 + 2 + 3 2 // 3 #include 4 #include 5 6 int main() 7 { 8 unsigned int num, digit; 9 clrscr(); 10 cout << "Enter an integer number:"; 11 cin >> num; 12 long sum = 0; 13 14 cout << "Sum of digits:" << num << "\n"; 15 while (num > 0) 16 { 17 digit = num % 10; 18 sum = sum + digit; 19 num = num / 10; 20 cout << digit << "+"; 21 } 22 cout << "=" << sum << endl; 23 24 getch(); 25 return 0;

}

E. CBSE Class 11 - Computer Science - Simple C++ Snippets (Part-5) Defined Functions Q1: Write a function to return the largest number among three integers Answer: ? // function to return the largest number among three integers // 1 // function declaration 2 int largest_num(int , int, int); 3 4 #include 5 6 #include 7 8 int main() 9 { clrscr(); // clear the screen 10 11 int x, y, z; 12 cout << "enter 1st no.="; 13 cin >> x; 14 cout << "enter 2nd no.="; 15 cin >> y; 16 cout << "enter 3rd no.="; 17 cin >> z; 18 cout << "largest of three is=" << largest_num(x, y, z); 19 getch(); 20 return 0; 21 22} 23 24// function largest_num 25// input three integers 26// output: returns largest number. 27 int largest_num(int a, int b, int c) 28 { 29 int max; 30 if (a>b) 31 { 32 max = a; 33 } 34 35 else 36 max = b; 37 if (max < c ) 38 { 39 max = c; 40 } 41

return max;

}

Q2:What is function definition? Answer: A function definition describes how the function computes the value it returns. It is a declaration about the function. It is also called function prototype. In general it is defined before using the function, within in the source file or in header (.h/.hpp) files. Q3(Text Book): Write a C++ program that reads a float array having 15 elements. The program uses a function reverse( ) to reverse this array. Make suitable assumptions wherever required. Answer: // // program to reverse an array // 1 2 #include 3 #include 4 5 6 // functions declaration 7 void reverse(float arry[], int size); 8 void display(float arry[], int size); 9 10int main() 11{ 12 clrscr(); // clear the screen 13 float flist[15] = {12.2, 8.1, 6.75, 18.25, 30.18, 12.5, 56.0, 14 78.12, 10.24, 13.12, 34.65, 16.80, 12.23, 15 32.5, 11.25}; 16 display(flist, 15); 17 cout << "\nReversing the Array...\n"; 18 19 reverse(flist, 15); 20 display(flist, 15); 21 getch(); 22 return; 23} 24 25void display(float arry[], int size) 26{ 27 cout << "The list is:\n\t"; 28 for (int i = 0; i < size; ++i) 29 cout << arry[i] << ", "; 30 cout << "\n"; 31 32} 33 34void reverse(float arry[], int size) 35{ 36 float temp; 37 for (int i = 0; i <= size/2; ++i) 38 { 39 temp = arry[i]; 40 arry[i] = arry[size - i -1]; 41 arry[size - i - 1] = temp; 42

}

}

Q4(Text Book): Write a complete C++ program that invokes a function satis( ) to find whether four 3 3 3 3 integer a,b,c,d sent to satis( ) satisfy the equation a + b + c = d or not. The function satis( ) returns 0 if the above equation is satisfied with the given four numbers otherwise it returns -1. Answer: ? // function satis() 1 /* wap to find whether 4 integers a,b,c,d sent to satis() satisfy the eq. a^3 + b^3 + c^3 = d^3*/ 2 // 3 4 5 #include 6 #include <math.h> 7 #include 8 9 // functions declaration 10int satis(int, int, int, int); 11 12 void main() 13 { 14 clrscr(); 15 16 cout << "condition for F(2,3,4,6)="; 17 if (satis(2,3,4,5) == 0 ) 18 cout << "true"; 19 else 20 cout << "false"; 21 cout << "\n\nCondition for F(6,8,10,12)="; 22 if (satis(6,8,10,12) == 0 ) 23 cout << "true"; 24 else 25 cout << "false"; 26 27 28 cout << endl; 29 getch(); 30} 31 32int satis(int a, int b, int c, int d) 33{ 34 if ((pow(a, 3) + pow(b,3) + pow(c,3)) == pow(d,3)) 35 return 0; 36 return -1;

} Q5(Text Book): Write a C++ program that uses following functions: (i) sqlarge( ) that is ed two int arguments by reference and then sets the larger of the two numbers to its square. (ii) sum( ) that is ed an int argument by value and that returns the sum of the individual digits of the ed number. (iii) main( ) that exercises above two functions by getting two integers from the and by printing the sum of the individual digits of the square of the larger number.

Answer: ? 1 // functions 2 /* wap that uses the function sqlarge() that is ed two int arguments by reference & then sets the larger of the two nos.to its square*/ 3 // 4 5 6 #include 7 #include 8 9 // functions declaration 10void sqlarge(int &, int &); 11int sum(int num); 12 13 void main() 14 { 15 16 int first, second, sqnum; 17 clrscr(); 18 cout << "Enter first number: "; 19 cin >> first; 20 cout << "Enter second number: "; 21 cin >> second; 22 sqlarge(first, second); 23 if (first > second) 24 sqnum = first; 25 else 26 sqnum = second; 27 cout << "Square of large number = " << sqnum; 28 cout << "\nSum of digits of square number = " << sum(sqnum); 29 30 31 getch(); 32 33} 34 35void sqlarge(int &a, int &b) 36{ 37 if (a > b) 38 a = a * a; 39 else 40 b = b * b; 41 42} 43 44int sum(int num) 45{ 46 int s = 0; 47 while (num > 0) 48 { 49 s += (num % 10); 50 num = num / 10;

} return s; } Q6: Write a c++ function swap( ) to swap to integers ed to the function. Answer: ? // // function swap() to swap two numbers 1 // 2 3 #include 4 #include 5 6 // functions declaration 7 void swap(int& x, int & y); 8 9 void main() 10{ 11 clrscr(); 12 clrscr(); 13 int a,b; 14 cout << "enter first no.="; 15 cin >> a; 16 cout <<"enter second no.="; 17 cin >> b; 18 19 cout << "1st No. (before swap)=" << a; 20 cout << "\n2nd No. (before swap)=" << b; 21 swap(a, b); 22 cout << "\n1st Number (after swap)="<< a; 23 cout << "\n2nd number (after swap)="<< b; 24 getch(); 25 return 0; 26 } 27 28 29// swap(), arguments ed as call by references. 30void swap(int& x, int & y) 31{ 32 x = x + y; 33 y = x - y; 34 x = x - y;

}

F. CBSE Class 11 - C++ Snippets (Part-6) Graphics in TC Turbo C++ has for various DOS mode graphics (CGA, VGA, SVGA etc.).

Various graphics functions are ed in GRAPHICS.LIB. You need to include file in your code. Following are essential functions to be called to invoke graphics mode: initgraph( ): initializes the application to work in graphics mode. It takes three arguments, DETECT, graphics mode and path of *.BGI files. closegraph( ): closes the graphics mode and switches the application back to test mode.

It s various graphics functions (e.g. circle, setlinestyle, drawpoly, arc, ellipse...) to draw various graphics primitives. You can fill the graphics object with different colour values and can control the color palette.

Q1:Write a sample program to show graphics mode working of TC++ Answer: ? 1 /* Simple example to draw circle */ 2 #include 3 #include 4 #include 5 #include <stdlib.h> 6 7 8 9 void main() 10{

int gd=DETECT,gm; initgraph(&gd, &gm, "c:/tc/bgi "); // initialize graphics mode. /* read result of initialization */ int errorcode = graphresult(); if (errorcode != grOk) /* an error occurred */ { cout << "Graphics error:" << grapherrormsg(errorcode) << "\n"; cout << "Press any key to exit."; getch(); exit(1); /* return with error code */ } // randlomly draw 25 circles int cx, cy, cr, cf, dr, clr; for (int i = 0; i < 25; ++i) { cx = 80 + random(600); // center of circle (x-point) cy = 80 + random(280); // center of circle (y-point) cr = 20 + random(60); // inner radius //cf = 1 + random(10); // color fill value dr = 3 + random(20); // outer radius increment clr = 1 + random(7); // random color circle(cx, cy, cr+dr); // draw outer circle circle(cx, cy, cr); // draw inner circle //floodfill(cx, cy, clr); setfillstyle(1 + random(10), clr); floodfill((cx+cr+2), cy, WHITE); } //circle(330,180,100); getch(); closegraph(); restorecrtmode(); // restore text mode

11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41

}

CBSE - Class XI - Computer Science - UNIT 1 - Computer Fundaments - MCQs Multiple Choice Questions on Computer Fundamentals Q1: ASCII stands for (a) American Standard Currency for International Interchange (b) American Standard Code for Information Interchange (c) American Standard Codecs for Information Interchange (d) American Standard Code for International Interchange

Q2: Which of the following is related to Ist generation computers? (a) Vacuum Tubes (b) Transistors (c) Large Scale Integration

(d) Multi-core processors

Q3:Full form of ALU is ___. (a) Application Logic Unit (b) Array Logic Unit (c) Arithmetic Logic Unit (d) Auxiliary Logic Unit Q4: Antivirus is a type of which software? (a) Application Software (b) Utility Software (c) System Software (d) Firmware Q5: Spreadsheet is an example of _____. (a) Application Software (b) Utility Software (c) System Software (d) Firmware

Q6: ____________ is data that has been organized or presented in a meaningful manner. (a) Process (b) Database (c) Software (d) Information Q7: Compiler is an example _____. (a) Application Software (b) Utility Software (c) System Software (d) Firmware

Q8: Which of the following is not a DBMS?

(a) Oracle (b) MS-Access (c) Excel (d) Foxpro

Q9: An error in a software is often referred as ___. (a) squid (b) leech (c) bug (d) virus

Q10: Personal computers use a number of chips mounted on a main circuit board. This main board is often referred as: (a) Motherboard (b) Breadboard (c) Masterboard (d) Fatherboard Q11: Which one of the following is NOT a computer language? (a) Oracle (b) C++ (c) FORTRAN (d) PASCAL Q12: A computer program that converts an entire program into machine language is called a/an (a) Interpreter (b) Compiler (c) Linker (d) Simulator Q13: Which of the following is a main memory? (a) Hard Disk (b) RAM (c) Optical Disk (d) Floppy Disk Q14: Which of the following is not a multi- operating system? (a) DOS (b) Windows 2003 Server (c) Linux (d) UNIX Q15: CAD stands for ______ (a) Computer Aided Design (b) Complex Algorithm Design (c) Computer Application Design (d) Computer Accessory Design Q16: 4 bits constitute to form ___ (a) A byte (b) A nibble (c) A kilobit (d) Two Bytes Q17: A computer is free from tiredness, monotony etc. reflects which characteristic? (a) High Speed (b) Accurate (c) Versatile (d) Diligence

Q18: Who is known as 'Father of Modern Computers'? (a) Blaise Pascal (b) Charles Babbage (c) Von Leibniz (d) John Neuman Q19: UNIVAC was the first commercial computer designed in USA in 1951. What is the full form of UNIVAC? (a) Universal Array Computer (b) Universal Automatic Computer (c) United Array Computer (d) United Automatic Computer Q20: Who is the developer of C++ language? (a) Van-Neumann (b) Dennis M. Ritchie (c) Donald Kunth (d) Bjarne Stroustrup Q21: Who was the developer of C language? (a) Van-Neumann (b) Dennis M. Ritchie (c) Donald Kunth (d) Bjarne Stroustrup

Q22: Who invented 'Analytical and Difference Engine'? (a) Van-Neumann (b) Charles Babbage (c) Donald Kunth (d) Von Leibniz Q23: Who is known as 'Father of Analysis of Algorithms'? (a) Van-Neumann (b) Dennis M. Ritchie (c) Donald Kunth (d) Bjarne Stroustrup

Q24: MS Excel is a/an ____. (a) word processor software (b) image processing software (c) spreadsheet package (d) multimedia player

Q25: Which one of the following is an impact printer? (a) Inkjet printer (b) Daisy wheel printer (c) Laser printer (d) Thermal image printer (more to come...)

Answers:

1. (b) American Standard Code for Information Interchange 2. (a) Vacuum Tubes 3. (c) Arithmetic Logic Unit 4. (b) Utility Software 5. (a) Application Software 6. (d) Information 7. (c) System Software 8. (c) Excel 9. (c) bug 10. (a) Motherboard 11. (a) Oracle 12. (b) Compiler 13. (b) RAM 14. (a) DOS 15. (a) Computer Aided Design 16 (b) a nibble 17 (d) Diligence 18 (b) Charles Babbage 19 (b) Universal Automatic Computer 20 (d) Bjarne Stroustrup 21 (b) Dennis M. Ritchie 22 (b) Charles Babbage 23 (c) Donald Kunth 24 (c) spreadsheet package 25 (b) Daisy wheel printer

CBSE Class 11/10 - Computers/FIT - Programming Languages

Programming Languages

(Questions & Answers) Q1: What is a computer language? Answer: The instructions are fed into computers in the form of computer programs, follow some semantics (grammar or syntax) collectively is called a programming language. In layman , the

language, which the employs to interact with computer, is known as computer or programming language. Examples are: C/C++, Java, Pascal, COBOL, Python, FORTRAN etc.

Q2: What are different generation of languages? Answer: A good number of languages have been developed so far, therefore all computer languages are divided among different generations of languages: 1. The first generation languages (1GL) are low-level languages that are machine language. 2. The second-generation languages (2GL), ar also low-level languages that consist of assembly language. 3. The third generation languages(3GL) are high-level languages such as C. 4. The fourth generation languages (4GL) are languages that consist of statements similar to statements used in a human language. 5. The fifth generation languages(5GL) are programming language based around solving problems following constraints-driven approach rather using an algorithm-driven approach.A good example of a fifth generation language is PROLOG. Q4: What were different types of problem-solving approaches which led to the basis of computerbased solving and design of computer languages? Answer: Various problem solving approaches which were initially used in computer based solving and design of computer languages are: 1. 2. 3. 4.

Look for similar patterns or situations (Table look up) Divide and Conquer Heuristics (rule of thumb) Algorithms

Machine Code (Hex View of .exe file)

Q5: What is a machine language? Answer: Machine Language was the first generation programming language which is hard wired in processors. It is also referred as machine code or object code. Machine language instructions are built into the hardware of a particular computer. It is a collection of binary digits or bits that the computer reads and interprets. Machine language is the finite number of instructions that only a computer can understand.

Q6: What are the advantages of First Generation Languages? Answer: Advantages are:  

Programs written in machine language execute very fast by the computer. The computer directly understands machine instructions, since no translation of the program is required.

Q7: What are the disadvantages of First Generation Languages? Answer: Disadvantages are: 1. Machine dependent: The processor and machine code are directly integrated the machine language differs from computer (processor) to computer (processor). 2. Difficult to Code: Although, machine language programs are directly executed by the computer, but it is difficult to write program in machine language. 3. Error Prone Coding: a programmer has to the machine codes, and must keep track of the storage locations of data and instruction. So it becomes very difficult to concentrate on the logic of the problem. This frequently results in programming errors. 4. Difficult to understand: It is difficult to correct or modify machine language programs. 5. High Cost of Maintenance: Because of tight integration with processor high chances of error coding, cost of coding and managing programs increase.

Q8: What is an assembly language?

Answer: Assembly language is a second generation programming language. Also referred as low-level programming language, it is designed for specific processors. Assembly language uses structured commands as substitutions called mnemonics. The mnemonics are used for bits used by machine language allowing humans to read the code easier than looking at binary. A system software called assemblers were designed to convert mnemonic codes into machine language instructions. In general assembly mnemonic instruction consist of Opcode (U instruction) and operand (data value). Here is an example of assembly language code. mov ax,2C00h - Move number (2C00H) to AX inc cx - Increment value stored in CX int 20h - Call Interrupt 20H Since mnemonics are one to one related to machine code instructions, assembly language is machine dependent. Q9: What is a computer bug?

debugging credits:openclipart

Answer: A computer bug is a any type of problem, defect or mistake in a program/software or in a hardware. Q10: What is debugging? Answer: The process of identifying and removing a defect in hardware or software is called debugging.

Q11: What are the advantages of assembly language over machine language? Answer: As compared to machine language, assembly language has the following advantages: 1. 2. 3. 4.

Easier to write code. Easier to debug program. Easy to modify program, reduce maintenance cost. Useful for writing small, real time applications for embedded devices.

Q12: What is an assembler?

Answer: Assembler is a system program which translates an assembly language code or program to machine code format. Generally assemblers are written by the manufacturers of processors because assemblers are machine dependent. Q13: What are the limitations of coding in assembly language? Answer: Following are the limitations of coding in assembly language: 1. Machine Dependent: Since mnemonics are processor specific, one needs to port or translate his/her program while switching to another machine (processor model). 2. Hardware knowledge is prerequisite. It because necessary to know about U and its hardware. 3. Increase maintenance cost. Due to above said two factors, it increases the maintenance cost for managing software. Q14: What are high-level languages? Answer: High level languages or 3rd generation languages use English like statements to code computer instructions. These are programmers' friendly since these languages are machine-independent and developers can concentrate on problem solving logic rather than on hardware structure. These languages require system programs called compilers (and interpreters) which translate English-like statements (source code) to machine code. Examples of high level languages are: C, C++, Java, COBOL, BASIC, FORTRAN, Pascal etc. Q15: Write full form of following computer language abbreviations

(i) COBOL (ii) BASIC (iii) FORTRAN (iv) ALGOL (v) LISP Answer: (i) COBOL: Common Business Oriented Language (used for developing for business applications) (ii) BASIC: Beginners All purpose Symbolic Instruction Code (iii) FORTRAN: Formula Translation (for developing scientific applications) (iv) ALGOL: Algorithm Language (v) LISP: List Processor (used for developing artificial language based applications) Q16: What is a compiler? Answer: Compilers are system programs, which translate a source code written in high level language to an object code. When a programmer writes a program code, he runs the compiler program, which translates it into an executable program. Then you run or execute the translated program.

In general compiler works in multiple stages. In the first stage it checks if the code follows the high level language grammar and semantics. If there is any error(s) it aborts the compilation process and reports the errors. If there is no error, it generates intermediate object code. In the second stage, linker which is a system program part of compiler, combines various object code files into a single executable binary file (machine code).

Q17: What is an interpreter? What are advantages and/or disadvantages the interpreter has over compiler? Answer: An interpreter like a compiler is also a system program that translates a high-level language code into a low-level one. But the translation occurs at the moment when the program is run. A developer writes the code using a text editor or something similar, and then calls the interpreter to translate and run the program. Interpreter reads the source code one line at a time and translates each line and then executes it. Then it translates the second line, runs it, and so on. The main advantage of interpreters over compilers is that a syntax error in the source code is detected and is brought to the attention of the programmer as soon as the program statement is interpreted. The main disadvantage of interpreter over compiler is that it is slower than compiler when running a finished program. Also the interpreter's run time environment has to be available in the computer’s memory when the program is executed. GW-BASIC is an interpreter for BASIC language. Visual C++, Turbo Pascal are compilers for C++ and Pascal languages. Now-a-days, modern languages like Java, C# use a mixed model of interpreter and compiler.

Q18: What are the main advantages of High Level Languages? Answer: High Level language have the following advantages over using assembly and machine language: 1. Machine Independent: A high level language written code can easily be ported to another hardware platform. Language instructions do not reply on characteristics of a machine hardware. 2. Easy to Learn: Since the HLL instructions are English like statements, these are easier to learn. 3. Closer to Design Process: The design process is better suited for HLLs as compared to low level languages. Implementing various programming techniques, algorithms and data structures is much easier in HLLs. 4. Few Errors and Easy Debugging: Since the programmer need not worry about hardware instructions, he can concentrate more on developing program logic. 5. Low development Cost: Writing programs in high level languages take less time as compared to coding in low level languages. 6. Low maintenance cost: Programs are easier to manage. One can find errors easily and rectify them thus reducing the maintenance cost. 7. Better Documentation: Since HLLs are English language statements and hence easier to understand. The code is self-explanatory and requires less commenting. Q19: What are the limitations of High level languages? Answer: Although HLLs have numerous advantages over low level languages but it does have certain limitations: 1. Large time to execute: A HLL translated machine code is bigger in size than low level programmed code. Thus HLL translated code takes larger time to execute. 2. Less optimized code: Sometimes it is required to write a small sized efficient programs because of memory and performance constraints (e.g. embedded devices which use Us do not have large memory and need faster response). In this case, coding in assembly is better alternative. 3. Managing Growing complexity is a challenge: As the code size of a software grows, the complexity to manage its code also increases. One needs to apply various disciplinary actions of software engineering and code management to produce a reliable software. This indeed increases the managing cost.

Q20: Who designed 'C' language? Answer: Dennis Ritchie Q21: Who designed 'C++' language? Answer: Bjarne Stroustrup Q22: Who designed BASIC language? Answer: John George Kemeny and Thomas Eugene Kurtz at Dartmouth College Q23: Who developed Visual Basic? Answer: Microsoft Team Q24: Who is known as Father of Computers?

Answer: Charles Babbage Q25: Name the language which was named after a lady who was the daughter of poet Lord Byron. She worked with Charles Babbage to develop plans for the Analytical Engine. Answer: Ada (and the lady was Augusta Ada Byron, countess of Lovelace. Also referred as the first known programmer.) Ada is a object oriented high level language.

Q26: What are fourth generation languages (4GL)? How are 4GLs different from third generation languages? Answer: Fourth generation languages (4GLs) are English like statements commonly used to access databases. These are called command languages or non-procedure languages because these languages help the obtain desired results without writing long program or procedures (as it is done in 3rd generation languages). 4GLs are more oriented towards non-technical s and reduce coding errors. Examples of 4GLs are SQL, DBMS, spreadsheets, FOCUS, report generator etc.

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