Cctv Training Material-2008 705b6p
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Contents Preface SI units of measurement The basic units Derived units Metric Prefixes Basic and Concepts Light Optics in CCTV The very basics of television CCTV Equipment Basics Video collection Signal Transmission Media Video management CCTV Cameras Camera Categories Understanding camera types Understanding camera specifications Camera power supplies LiLin CCTV Cameras LiLin Day/Night Cameras LiLin Dome Cameras LiLin IR Cameras LiLin USA Training
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Contents LiLin PTZ Cameras LiLin IP PTZ Cameras LiLin IP Cameras CCTV Monitors General about Monitors Monitor Sizes Monitor Adjustment Analog & Digital Signal/Device Video Processing equipment Analog switching equipment Video sequential switchers Video matrix switchers(VMSs) Switching and processing equipment Quad compressors Multiplexers (MUX) DVR (Digital Video Recorder) Concept DVR Hardware Layout DVR Storage(HDDs) Analysis Diagram HDD Capacity Formula CCTV System Transmission Media Video Cable Data Cable Power Cable
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Contents
Network concepts and components Network concepts and components Networking software The internet protocol CCTV Accessories Camera housing Pan/Tilt Scanner and Controller Video amplifiers/equalizers Video distribution amplifiers(VDAs) Protocol converter Data Distributor Appendix A RS-232, RS-422 and RS-485 Description Appendix B IP PTZ Camera -PIH-7XXXNLIP Appendix C RS-232/RS-485 Data Converter and 7000SP Protocol Converter Appendix D PIH-804 Diagram
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Contents
Appendix E Star connection with Keyboard Appendix F Lilin PTZ camera works with PE DVR Appendix G PIH-800II connection Appendix H LILin PTZ camera with Converter connection
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Preface
Closed Circuit Television, commonly known as CCTV, is an interesting area of television technology. It is usually used in surveillance systems, but a lot of Components and concepts can be implemented in an industrial production monitoring System, or equally, in a hospital or university environment. This training material is designed to be a valuable tool for security professionals (CCTV sales). For security equipment sales personnel, this training material should provide a better knowledge of the customer’s needs, as well as an understanding of their point of view and requirements. It should also give the security sales the knowledge to discuss the system, features desired, and areas of concern of the customers and service organizations. This training material should help the sales person determine exactly what questions they should be asking the customer and what the responses mean. It should show them what choices to give in order to help ensure that the customer is satisfied with the system and meeting the customer’s specifications.
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SI units of measurement
In physics, which Electronics and Television are a part of, the International System of Units, known as SI (from French Systeme Internationale),is used.
The basic units Unit
Symbol
Measures
Meter Kilogram Second Ampere Kelvin Candela Mole
[M] [kg] [s] [A] [K] [cd] [mol]
length mass time electric current temperature luminous intensity amount of substance
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Derived units
Quantity Area Volume Velocity Acceleration Frequency Density Force Pressure Torque Energy,work Power Electric Charge Electric potential Electric resistance Electric Capacitance Conductance Illumination
Unit
Symbol/Definition
Square meter Cubic meter Meter per second Meter per second per second Hertz Kilograms per cubic meter Newton Pascal Newton meter Joule Watt Coulomb Volt Ohm Farad Siemens Lux
m² m³ m/s m/s² Hz=1/s kg/m³ N= kg.m/s² Pa=kg/m.s² T=N.m J=N.m W=J/s C=A.s V=Ώ/A Ώ=V/A F=C/V S=A/V 1x=1m/m²
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Metric prefixes
Prefix exa petateragigamegakilohectodecaunity decicentimillimicro-
Multiple 10^18 10^ 15 10^ 12 10^9 10^6 10^3 10^2 10 10^0=1 10^ -1 10^ -2 10^-3 10^-6
Symbol E P T G M K h D d c m
A very common unit used these days in CCTV when handling hard disk drives is gigabytes(GB). One gigabyte is equal to thousand of megabytes, or a million of kilobytes. The correct value for binary 1GB megabytes is 1024MB(which is 2^10), and the correct binary value for 1 MB is 1024 KB. So when a 300GB hard disk is installed in a computer, the operating system reports 279GB. This is the real binary value. LiLin USA Training
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Basic and Concepts Light Light is an electromagnetic radiation. Light Units-Lux [lx] Light unit for measuring illumination. It is defined as the illumination of a surface when the luminous flux of 1 lumen falls on an area of 1m². It is also known as lumen per square meter, or meter-candelas. Clear Typical levels of illumination Dark sunny Night Cloudy night
0.0001
Without moon
Young moon
Full Street moon lighting
Home or Office lighting
Overcast sky
0.001
0.01
0.1
100-1000
10010,000
1-10
With some clouds
10,000100,000
sunny
100,000 Lux
Light sources Two major light sources: Primary sources (the sun, street lights, tungsten lights, monitor CRTs Secondary sources (all objects that do not generate light but reflect it) LiLin USA Training 9
Basic and Concepts
Color Temperature Color temperature refers to the temperature to which an imaginary perfectly black body is heated and consequently produces light. Example: 500w tungsten=>3200°K(approximately 27 lumens/watt) 200w tungsten=>2980°K(approximately 17.5 lumens/watt) 75w tungsten=>2820°K(approximately 15.4 lumens/watt) F –Number In lenses with adjustable irises, the maximum iris opening is expressed as a ratio (focal length of the lens)/(maximum diameter of aperture). This maximum iris will be engraved on the front ring of the lens. Example: 1.4;2;2.8;4;5.6;8;ect. Every next higher F-number transmits half the amount of light of the previous F-number. Depth of field Practically, objects slightly in front of and behind the object in focus will also appear sharp. This “extra” depth of sharpness is called Depth of Field. Manual Iris-MI Manual iris lenses adjust the iris manual(that is by hand).
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Basic and Concepts Auto iris-AI Auto iris lenses have electronic circuitry that processes the video signal coming out of the camera and decides on the basis of the video signal level, whether the iris should open or close. Auto iris works as automatic electronic-optical . If video signal is low, the electronics tells the iris to open, and if it is too high, it tells to close. Video- and DC-driven auto lenses Where the electronics are built inside the lens itself and which we call videodriven AI lenses.(since they require a video signal from the camera). the processing electronics are not inside the lens but rather inside the camera, this AI lens can be called DC-driven AI lenses. Angles of view There are some very basic rules to follow when analyzing the angles of view: •The shorter the focal length, the wider the angle of view is. •The longer the focal length , the narrower the angle of view is. •The smaller the CCD chip, the narrower the angle of view(with the same lens) is. •The vertical angle of view can be easily determined if the horizontal is known. Standard lenses for a 30° horizontal angle of view: 1”=25mm 2/3”=16mm 1/2”=12mm 1/3”=8mme 1/4”=6mm LiLin USA Training
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Basic and Concepts Field of View The FOV is the horizontal or vertical scene size at a given length from the camera to the subject. An important aspect that must be considered before choosing a camera lens is the field of view (FOV), or the actual area that the camera is expected to "see." Below is table that shows the width and the height of the FOV on a 1/3” format camera and lens.
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Basic and Concepts
Fixed focal length lenses Fixed focal length lenses are designed with a fixed focal length, that is, giving only one angle of view. Variable focal length lenses Vari-focal lenses can be clasified as manually adjustable fixed focal lenses. Zoom lenses The most popular zoom lenses used in CCTV: 6X six times lenses: with 6-36mm, 8-48mm, 8.5-51mm,and 12.5-75mm. 10X ten times lenses: with 6-60mm, 8-80mm, 10-100mm, 11-110mm. 15X fifteen times lenses: with 6-90mm, 8-120mm. LiLin PTZ cameras 17X seventeen times, with 3.9-66.3mm 22X twenty two times, with 3.9-86mm 25X twenty five times, with 3.8-95mm C-and CS mount C-mount,represented with 17.5mm(more precisely 17.526) CS-mount, represented with 12.5mm.
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Basic and Concepts
The very basics of television PAL- Phase Alternating Line 625 TV-lines NTSC- the National Television Systems Committee 525 TV lines EIA- Electronics Industry Association SECAM- Sequentiel Couleur Avec Memoire Resolution Resolution is the property of a system to display fine detail. Vertical resolution The vertical resolution is defined by the number of vertical elements that can be captured on a camera and reproduced on a monitor screen. Horizontal resolution The horizontal resolution is defined by the number of horizontal elements that can be captured a camera and reproduced on a monitor screen. HDTV HDTV-High-definition television 720i –1280X720 pixels interlaced
1080i-1920X1080 pixels interlaced
720p-1280X720 pixels progressive
1080p -1920X1080 pixels progressive
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CCTV Equipment Basics
Camera systems often appear to be complicated; but in truth, they can be categorized into three groups. Signal Transmission Media: This media will receive the signal from the camera end and send it to the video management end with lowest possible attenuation. This media could be wired or wireless transmission. Video management: This end will receive the signal and process it to be viewed. A video processing unit, recording unit and a monitor construct this end. Video collection: This end collects the image from object and send via the transmission media to the processing end. It is constructed from camera, lens, power and mounting accessories.
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CCTV Cameras Camera A camera is designed to collect the reflected light from objects around them and then to convert them into electronic video signals that measure 1 Vpp (Volt, peak to peak). These signals then are transported by one of many transmission media to the monitor, where these signals are converted back to visible light in a CCTV monitor. Cameras could be divided into 4 categories: Monochrome camera Produce black and white picture Color camera Produce Color picture Day/Night Camera Color picture in a daytime light level Monochrome picture below certain light level, automatically changed IR (Infrared) Cameras Color picture during the day Monochrome picture when used with infrared illuminator Understanding Camera Types Board Cameras- a board camera is small camera consisting of a lens mounted directly to a circuit board or small group of boards. Bullet Cameras-bullet cameras use similar technology to the board cameras with a different configuration. LiLin USA Training
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CCTV Cameras Dome cameras Fixed Domes-a fixed dome camera means that the camera within the dome enclosure remains in one position.
PTZ domes- fully the camera equipped pan/tilt and zoom (PTZ) domes provide the camera system operator with the ability to move the camera left and right(PAN) or up and down (tilt).they also allow the operator to change the view on the camera with a zoom lens, closing in on smaller areas of the subject field.
Full-size cameras- this type of camera is a traditional Box camera.
Network Cameras-Network cameras are the newest type of cameras in the security industry. instead of the traditional video output from the back of camera, this camera connects directly to a computer network.
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CCTV Cameras Understanding Camera specifications Pickup Element-CCD It is the electronic element that captures the image and change to electronic signal. Obviously, the pickup element is one of the major features of the CCTV camera. This element will affect the rest of the features of the camera such as resolution and illumination, electronic shutter, etc There are two basic types of pickup elements in the market, the older CRT (cathode ray tube) type and the more recent CCD (Charged Coupled Discharge), which all CCTV manufacturers use the later.
Illumination Illumination is a standard measurement for light. In CCTV, minimum illumination is the minimum amount of light necessary for the camera to capture an acceptable image. Illumination is usually expression if fc (foot candle) or in Lux. .0929 fc = 1 Lux Or simply 10 Lux = 1 fc
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CCTV Cameras
Synchronization Electronic pluses that are inserted into the video signal in order to assemble the picture correctly. Line Lock The ability to synchronize AC powered cameras to the same line voltage frequency AGC Automatic Gain Control, an electronic circuit that amplifies the video signal when the strength of the signal falls below a given value BLC Back light compensation. A function of the camera that compensates for excessive light directed at the camera causing the video to bloom or causing the images in front of the light to be unusable LiLin USA Training
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CCTV Cameras ES Electronic Shutter. CCD Iris, which eliminates the need for an Auto Iris Lens. The CCD Iris automatically controls the light intensity by adjusting the electronic shutter speed to mimic auto iris control. Aperture Correction Compensation for the loss in sharpness of detail because of the finite dimensions of the image elements or the dot-pitch of the monitor Auto White Balance A feature that allows a color camera to automatically adjust its color to sharpen white areas within the picture SNR Signal-to-noise ratio. The SNR relates how much stronger a signal is than the background noise. Usually expressed in decibels (dB)
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CCTV Cameras
Lenses A basic definition of a lens is "A device that collects light from an environment, narrowly focusing it onto either a cathode ray tube or solidstate target." Without the proper lens, video images cannot be focused onto the lightsensitive target in a video camera to produce a "usable" video signal. Among the many issues that pertain to a CCTV system, the most important that should be considered before buying a lens are: Format Lenses and cameras now come in four formats: 1/3-, 1/2-, 2/3-, and 1-in. Lens format is actually determined by the size of the opening in a camera where the lens attaches. When the diameter of this opening measures 1/3 in., the camera is said to be a 1/3-in. formatted camera. For proper viewing, use only a lens that is formatted the same or higher than the camera used. For example, if the opening in a camera (camera format) is 1/2 in., a 1/2- to 1- in. formatted lens should be used for optimum viewing. Or, if a camera with an opening of 1 in. is used, use a 1-in. formatted lens. To do otherwise will result in the projection of only part of the viewing area onto the target in the camera.
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CCTV Cameras
C and CS Mount C and CS mount camera is the positioning of the pickup element. A Cmount camera sets the lens at a distance of 17.526 mm away from the pickup chip. Whereas, A CS-mount camera sets it at 12.526 mm. So there is a 5 mm difference between the C and CS mount. For instance CS-camera works with CS-lens, C-camera works with C-lens, and CS-camera with C-lens if we add a 5 mm extension ring. Iris The iris is a small aperture through which light must before it can strike the light-sensitive target inside a camera. In low light, for example, the aperture is fully opened and in bright light, it will nearly be closed. Fixed-Iris and Manual-Iris Fixed-iris and manual-iris lenses can be used in situations where the light essentially stays the same all of the time. This type of application is often found inside of buildings where the lights never vary, no matter what time of day it may be. Auto-Iris Lenses A lens with an auto-iris feature should be used in environments where the light intensity can vary from minute by minute, hour by hour, or day by day. This is almost a necessity in outdoor applications and where lights change throughout the day LiLin USA Training
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CCTV Cameras To measure the size of an aperture opening, the lens industry adopted the Fstop measurement. The larger the F-stop number, for example, the smaller the opening. Thus, when a camera is set to an F-stop of f-1.4, the size of the aperture is larger than when the same lens on the same camera is adjusted to f8 or f-22. In a fixed-iris lens, the aperture is set and cannot be changed. In manual- and auto-iris lenses, however, the aperture can be changed to suit the amount of reflective lighting in the environment. Focal Length The Focal Length (FL) of a lens is actually the distance from the center of the lens to the surface of the tube or solid-state target. As the focal length of the lens increases, the area being viewed decreases. Focal length may be fixed (fixed field of view) or variable (variable field of view using a zoom length).
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CCTV Cameras
Camera Power Supplies A typical CCD camera consumes between 3 and 4 W of energy. This means that a 12V DC camera needs no more than 300mAof current supply. A 24 V AC camera needs no more than 200mA. As the technology improves, cameras will consume less current.
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LiLin CCTV Cameras LiLin Day/Night Cameras PIH-8026/8046//8086/8156/8196
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LiLin CCTV Cameras LiLin Day/Night Cameras
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LiLin CCTV Cameras LiLin Day/Night Cameras
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LiLin CCTV Cameras LiLin Dome Cameras PIH-2126XN/2146XN/2422/2442/2522/2542/2622/2642/2226/2246/2326/2346
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LiLin CCTV Cameras LiLin Dome Cameras
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LiLin CCTV Cameras LiLin Dome Cameras
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LiLin CCTV Cameras LiLin Dome Cameras
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LiLin CCTV Cameras LiLin Dome Cameras
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LiLin CCTV Cameras LiLin Dome Cameras
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LiLin CCTV Cameras LiLin IR Cameras PIH-0022/0124/0144/0224/0244/0422/0442/0522/0542/0624/0644
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LiLin CCTV Cameras LiLin IR Cameras
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LiLin CCTV Cameras LiLin IR Cameras
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LiLin CCTV Cameras LiLin IR Cameras
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LiLin CCTV Cameras LiLin IR Cameras
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LiLin CCTV Cameras LiLin IR Cameras
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LiLin CCTV Cameras LiLin IR Cameras
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LiLin CCTV Cameras LiLin PTZ Cameras PIH-7000NL/7600NL/7625NL
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LiLin CCTV Cameras LiLin PTZ Cameras
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LiLin CCTV Cameras LiLin WDR PTZ Cameras PIH-7625DN/7625DWN
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LiLin CCTV Cameras LiLin WDR PTZ Cameras
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LiLin CCTV Cameras LiLin IP PTZ Cameras PIH-7000NlIP/7600NLIP/7625/NLIP
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LiLin CCTV Cameras LiLin IP Cameras PIH-1000SN
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CCTV Monitors
General about Monitors CRT CCTV monitors Cathode Ray Tube technology LCD CCTV monitors Liquid Crystal Display Monitor Sizes Monitors are referred to by their diagonal screen size, Which is usually expressed in inches. Example: 15” CCTV monitor 17” CCTV monitor Monitor Adjustments CCTV monitors usually have four adjustments at the front of the unit: Horizontal hold Vertical hold Contrast Brightness
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Analog signal & Digital Signal Analog Device & Digital Device
-Analog Device processing analog signal (AC or series signal) +5V
+3V
Example: VCR Video Cassette Recorder
-5V
3 V
-5V
-Digital Device processing Digital signal (DC or Logic Pulse)
1
1
1
1
1
Example: DVR Digital Video Recorder
0
0
0
0
0
AC : Alternating Current DC : Direct Current 48
Video Processing equipment
Basic Switcher Concept
The “basic” switcher, as shown above, will select a video signal from any of the inputs and route it to the monitor for display. This can be a manual switch – Callup, or automatically switched – Sequencing.
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Video Processing equipment
Matrix Switcher
General Definition A Matrix Switcher is a video switcher that permits any camera to be displayed on any system monitor and permits a single camera to be displayed on all system monitors simultaneously. This capability is also known as Full Cross point Switching. Example:LiLin Matirx PIH-816II, PIH-832II,PIH-864II LiLin USA Training
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Video Processing equipment Quad
Example:LiLin Quad PIH-4C LiLin USA Training
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Video Processing equipment Multiplexer
Example:LiLin Multiplexer PIH-604, PIH-616,PIH-624 LiLin USA Training
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DVR (Digital Video Recorder) Concept DVR
PC Base DVR
Non PC Base DVR(Standalone DVR) Software (Applications) and Hardware (U& Memory Card & Capture Cards … built in a single Board
Linux(OS) Base DVR
Windows (OS) Base DVR
Example: PDR-3160 PDR-1600 PDR-400IP others
Hardware: U&M/B&DRAM&VGA &Capture Card .. Software: Windows OS & Applications Windows OS & Applications must be loaded into the HDDs
Example: Techsun H.264 DVR Geovision DVR others
Genuine Linux(OS) DVR Hardware: U&M/B&DRAM&VG A&Capture Card .. Software: Linux OS & Applications Linux OS & Applications must be loaded into the HDDs Example: Techsun (Linux OS) H.264 DVR others
Embedded Linux OS DVR Hardware: U&M/B&DRAM&VGA & Capture Card .. Software: Linux OS & Applications Linux OS & Applications Embedded in a DOM
Example: PE Series DVR SE Series DVR LiLin USA Training
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DVR (Digital Video Recorder) Concept
VGA Card: Video Graphics Array Card U: Central Processing Unit OS: Operating Systems HDD: Hard Disk Drive DRAM: Dynamic Random Access Memory M/B: Mother Board NIC: Network Interface Card
Image Compressions Standard In CCTV JPEG a widely spread standard,used DCT type of compression. M-JPEG a variation on JPEG, and not really standard. M-JPEG stand for motion JPEG. (example: PIH-3160 using M-JPEG compression) MPEG-4 Developed as an object-based compression.there are a few version of it. Handles compression of video and audio and a wide variety Of streaming rates. Suitable for anything that uses narrow bandwidths, from mobile phones, internet, to television. H.264 Newest work based on h.263 and MPEG-4(also called AVC), which offers a wide range of video quality, including more efficient coding for HDTV(quoted up to three times more efficient than MPEG-2).
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DVR Hardware Layout (Standard) CCTV Monitor
Camera #16
PC Monitor
Camera #1 -------
Key board
Internet WAN LAN
Mouse
VGA Out TV Out Capture Card 4
Capture Card
1 VGA Card U Processor
Mother Board NIC NIC: Network Interface Card
Primary IDE
Secondary IDE
Floppy Drive
HDD Master
HDD Slave
Memory Card(DDR)
HDD OR DOME
CD Rom
Power Supply
Internal HDDs Up to 500 GB ( 2 HDDs) More than 500GB (Long Time Recording Required), Raid-5 Card & HDDs Storage Must be Added. LiLin USA Training
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DVR Storage(HDDs) Analysis Diagram
Windows OS Base & Genuine Linux OS Base DVR HDD
Embedded Linux DVR HDD &DOM(Chip)
OS & Applications Partition
OS & Swap Partition (Data Buffer) 1-3GB
5-8GB Swap Partition (Data Buffer)
Video Data Partition
Applications
DOM (Chip)
Video Data Partition 117— 119GB
115-112 GB
120GB Hard Disk Drive
120GB Hard Disk Drive
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HDD Capacity Formula
-How Many GBs HDD need for 1 Day & 1 CH & 1 Frame recording (MPEG4 Format)? 1 GB = 1024MB=1024x1024 KB 1000,000 KB (Kilobytes) 1 Frame File size(MPEG4)= 2—25 KB 1 Day=60seconds X 60 Minutes X 24 hours=86400 seconds 1 Day= 86400/1000,000=0.0864 seconds/G Example 1: 1 Frame file size=5 KB & 1 Day & 1 CH
* 1 Frame/sec. & 1 CH & 1 Day= 5 KB x 1CH x 0.0864= 0.432 GB Example 2: 8 frame/sec. (1 Frame =5KB) & 16 CH & 1 Day
* 8 Frame/sec. & 16 CH & 1 Day= 8x5 KB x 16CH x 0.0864 = 0.432x8x16 GB =55.296GB LiLin USA Training
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Video Transmission Media CCTV transmission is mainly related to transmission of video, data and power. The transmission of video and data signals could be done using wires or wireless, whereas, the power signal has to be connected using wires. Video Cable Types There are two main types of cable used for transmitting video signals, which are: Unbalanced (coaxial) and balanced (twisted pair).
Unbalanced (Coaxial) Cables This type of cable is made in many different types of impedance. In this case impedance is measured between the inner conductor and the outer sheath. 75-Ohm impedance cable is the standard used in CCTV systems. Most video equipment is designed to operate at this impedance. Coaxial cables with an impedance of 75 Ohms are available in many different mechanical formats, including single wire armored and irradiated PVC sheathed cable for direct burial. The cables available range in performance from relatively poor to excellent. Performance is normally measured in high frequency loss per 100 meters. The lower this loss figure, the less the distortion to the video signal. Therefore, higher quality cables should be used when transmitting the signal over long distances. Another factor that should be considered carefully when selecting coaxial cables is the quality of the cable screen. This, as its name suggests, provides protection from interference for the centre core, as once interference enters the cable it is almost impossible to remove.
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Video Transmission Media Balanced (Twisted Pair) Cables In a twisted pair each pair of cables is twisted with a slow twist of about one to two twists per meter. These cables are made in many different types of impedance, 100 to 150 Ohms being the most common. Balanced cables have been used for many years in the largest cable networks in the world. Where the circumstances demand, these have advantages over coaxial cables of similar size. Twisted pair cables are frequently used where there would be an unacceptable loss due to a long run of coaxial cable. The main advantages are: 1) The ability to reject unwanted interference. 2) Lower losses at high frequencies per unit length. 3) Smaller size. 4) Availability of multi-pair cables. 5) Lower cost. The advantages must be considered in relation to the cost of the equipment required for this type of transmission. A launch amplifier to convert the video signal is needed at the camera end and an equalizing amplifier to reconstruct the signal at the control end.
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Video Transmission Media Typical Cable Losses A selection of commonly used cable specifications is given below.
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Video Transmission Media Video non-cable type transmission The previous section dealt with the transmission of video signals by various types of cable. There are many instances where it is not possible or desirable to use cable and other methods need to be employed. These can be: •Infrared beams •Microwave •Optical Fiber Cables Infrared Beams With this type of system the video is superimposed onto an infrared beam by a transmitter. The beam is aligned to strike a receiver where the signal is output as a conventional composite video signal. The infrared beam is at a wavelength of 860 nanometers, which is above the visible part of the spectrum. The system may be configured as a full duplex set up. Then it is possible to transmit telemetry control signals in the reverse direction to control pan, tilt units. The system can also carry speech in both directions. The actual configuration must be specified at the time of obtaining quotations or ordering.
Microwave Transmission Microwave links carry the video and telemetry along a link from a transmitter to a receiver. They are capable of much farther transmission distances from 1 kilometer to 50 kilometers. They are largely unaffected by weather conditions. On the other hand they are more expensive than infrared links.
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Video Transmission Media Fiber Optic Transmission Fiber optics is the technology of transmitting data along cables that consist of optical fiber. •Optical fibers are much smaller and lighter than copper, therefore easier and cheaper to install in long runs. •A major advantage of optical fibers is that they can carry far more information than copper. •Optical fibers are completely immune to interference from electromagnetic sources
Power Cable The CCTV cameras usually use 3 different kinds of voltages: 12V DC, 24V AC and 110V AC (220 V AC). Usually 12 VDC cameras come with its power supply pre-wired. When 24 VAC PSU is used, the recommended cables are: UL SPT-1 VW-1 E94163 18AWGx2C UL SPT-2 VW-1 E94163 18AWGx2C UL E115988 SUT 105C VW-1 18AWGx3C LiLin USA Training
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Networking In CCTV Network concepts and components •Network A network is a group of computers connected together in away that allows information to be exchanged between the computers. •Local area Network(LAN) A LAN is work of computers that are in the same general physical location, usually within a building or a campus. If the computers are far apart(such as across town or in different cities), the a Wide Area Network(WAN) is typically used. •Switch A network switch is another”intelligent” data communication device that is more common and a successor to the network bridge. •Router Routers are specialized computers the send message to their destinations along thousands of pathways.
Networking software The internet protocol •T/IP Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol •PPP Point-to-Point Protocol •HTTP Hyper Text Transport Protocol •SMTP Simple Mail Transfer Protocol LiLin USA Training
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CCTV Accessories
Camera housing Box Cameras Housing PTZ cameras Housing Pan/Tilt Scanner and Controller Video amplifiers/equalizers Video distribution amplifiers(VDAs) Protocol converter Data Distributor
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Appendix A
RS-232, RS-422 and RS-485 Description RS-232 A serial format of digital communication where only two wires are required. It is also known as a serial data communication. The RS-232 Standard defines a scheme for asynchronous communications, but it does not define how the bits should represent the data, that is, it does not define the overall message format and protocol. It is often used in CCTV communications between keyboards and matrix switchers or between matrix switchers and PTZ site drivers. The advantage of RS-232 over others is its simplicity and use of only two wires, but it is limited with distance. Typically, maximum 15 meters is recommended.
RS-422 A serial data communication protocol, which specifies 4-wire, full-duplex, differential line, multi-drop communications. It provides for balanced data transmission with unidirectional, nonreversible, terminated or non-terminated transmission lines. This is an advanced format of digital communication when compared to RS-232. The signal transmitted is read at the receiving end as the difference between the two wires without common earth. Therefore, if there is noise induced analog the line, it will be canceled out. The RS-422 can drive lines of 1200 meters in length and distribute data up to 10 receivers, with data rate up to 100kb/s. LiLin USA Training
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Appendix A
RS-232, RS-422 and RS-485 Description
RS-485
This is a more advanced format compared to RS-422. It is an electrical specification of a two-wire, half-duplex, multipoint serial connection. The major improvement is in the number of receivers up to 32 that can be driven with this format. In contrast to RS-422, which has a single driver circuit which cannot be switched off, RS-485 drives need to be put in transmit mode explicitly by asserting a signal to the driver. This allows RS-485 to implement star network topologies using only two lines. RS-485, like RS422, can be made full-duplex by using four wires, however, since RS-485 is a multipoint specification, this is not necessary in many cases.
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Appendix B IP PTZ Camera -PIH-7XXXNLIP The similarity of IP PTZ Camera and Reg. PTZ Camera module & features& functions Camera setup (DIP switch setting) PIH-7625 On Screen setup
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Appendix B IP PTZ Camera -PIH-7XXXNLIP The difference of hardware with Regular LiLin’s PTZ Camera Regular PTZ Camera bottom base Layout
IP PTZ Camera bottom base Layout
Bottom base (Circuit Board) Network card and web server have been built in on the bottom base
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Appendix B IP PTZ Camera -PIH-7XXXNLIP Web server interface has been improved Previous version was designed using Java Script & Flash language Newest version was designed using Macromedia flash 8.0
Flash Language
Java Script Language
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Appendix B IP PTZ Camera -PIH-7XXXNLIP For outdoor installation, IP PTZ camera housing must be required.
Macromedia Flash 8.0
Typical Control
Pointer (XY axis) control LiLin USA Training
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Appendix C RS-232/RS-485 Data Converter and 7000SP Protocol Converter a. RS-232/RS-485 Data Converter The RS-232 to RS- 485 converter module converts RS-232 levels from a DVR (PC base DVR) COM port to RS-485 levels suitable for interfacing with the data control of PTZ camera. (Refer to Figure 1.1)
Figure 1.1
In what condition the RS-232/RS-485 Converter would be required? If you want to use any types of PC base( such as Linux OS, Windows OS) DVRs to control any model of PTZ cameras, The RS-232/RS-485 Converter will be required. The connection of RS-232 to RS-485 converter working with PC base DVR with LiLin’s PTZ protocol built-in. Please refer to Figure 1.2 . The connection of RS-232 to RS-485 converter working with PC base DVR without LiLin’s PTZ protocol built-in. (7000SP Protocol Converter will be required in this case) Please refer to Figure 1.3 .
Figure 1.2
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Appendix C
Figure 1.3
PIH-7000SP Converter
b. 7000SP Protocol Converter 7000SP protocol converter was designed for LiLin’s PTZ camera working with other vender’s DVR/Controller (Refer to figure 2.1).
Figure 2.1
In what condition the 7000SP Converter would be needed? If you want to use any other vender’s DVR/controller (such as Panasonic, Pelco, Sony..) to control LiLin’s PTZ camera, The 7000SP converter must be used. The connection of PIH-7000SP Protocol Converter working with the vender’s DVR/Controller without LiLin’s PTZ Protocol built-in.Please refer to Figure 2.2. Example: DedicatedMicros DVR working with 7000SP Protocol Converter with Pelco P Protocol.
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Appendix C
Figure 2.2
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Appendix D PIH-804 Diagram
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Appendix E
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Appendix F
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Appendix G PIH-800II Connection
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Appendix H
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1
Contents LiLin PTZ Cameras LiLin IP PTZ Cameras LiLin IP Cameras CCTV Monitors General about Monitors Monitor Sizes Monitor Adjustment Analog & Digital Signal/Device Video Processing equipment Analog switching equipment Video sequential switchers Video matrix switchers(VMSs) Switching and processing equipment Quad compressors Multiplexers (MUX) DVR (Digital Video Recorder) Concept DVR Hardware Layout DVR Storage(HDDs) Analysis Diagram HDD Capacity Formula CCTV System Transmission Media Video Cable Data Cable Power Cable
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Contents
Network concepts and components Network concepts and components Networking software The internet protocol CCTV Accessories Camera housing Pan/Tilt Scanner and Controller Video amplifiers/equalizers Video distribution amplifiers(VDAs) Protocol converter Data Distributor Appendix A RS-232, RS-422 and RS-485 Description Appendix B IP PTZ Camera -PIH-7XXXNLIP Appendix C RS-232/RS-485 Data Converter and 7000SP Protocol Converter Appendix D PIH-804 Diagram
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Contents
Appendix E Star connection with Keyboard Appendix F Lilin PTZ camera works with PE DVR Appendix G PIH-800II connection Appendix H LILin PTZ camera with Converter connection
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Preface
Closed Circuit Television, commonly known as CCTV, is an interesting area of television technology. It is usually used in surveillance systems, but a lot of Components and concepts can be implemented in an industrial production monitoring System, or equally, in a hospital or university environment. This training material is designed to be a valuable tool for security professionals (CCTV sales). For security equipment sales personnel, this training material should provide a better knowledge of the customer’s needs, as well as an understanding of their point of view and requirements. It should also give the security sales the knowledge to discuss the system, features desired, and areas of concern of the customers and service organizations. This training material should help the sales person determine exactly what questions they should be asking the customer and what the responses mean. It should show them what choices to give in order to help ensure that the customer is satisfied with the system and meeting the customer’s specifications.
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SI units of measurement
In physics, which Electronics and Television are a part of, the International System of Units, known as SI (from French Systeme Internationale),is used.
The basic units Unit
Symbol
Measures
Meter Kilogram Second Ampere Kelvin Candela Mole
[M] [kg] [s] [A] [K] [cd] [mol]
length mass time electric current temperature luminous intensity amount of substance
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Derived units
Quantity Area Volume Velocity Acceleration Frequency Density Force Pressure Torque Energy,work Power Electric Charge Electric potential Electric resistance Electric Capacitance Conductance Illumination
Unit
Symbol/Definition
Square meter Cubic meter Meter per second Meter per second per second Hertz Kilograms per cubic meter Newton Pascal Newton meter Joule Watt Coulomb Volt Ohm Farad Siemens Lux
m² m³ m/s m/s² Hz=1/s kg/m³ N= kg.m/s² Pa=kg/m.s² T=N.m J=N.m W=J/s C=A.s V=Ώ/A Ώ=V/A F=C/V S=A/V 1x=1m/m²
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Metric prefixes
Prefix exa petateragigamegakilohectodecaunity decicentimillimicro-
Multiple 10^18 10^ 15 10^ 12 10^9 10^6 10^3 10^2 10 10^0=1 10^ -1 10^ -2 10^-3 10^-6
Symbol E P T G M K h D d c m
A very common unit used these days in CCTV when handling hard disk drives is gigabytes(GB). One gigabyte is equal to thousand of megabytes, or a million of kilobytes. The correct value for binary 1GB megabytes is 1024MB(which is 2^10), and the correct binary value for 1 MB is 1024 KB. So when a 300GB hard disk is installed in a computer, the operating system reports 279GB. This is the real binary value. LiLin USA Training
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Basic and Concepts Light Light is an electromagnetic radiation. Light Units-Lux [lx] Light unit for measuring illumination. It is defined as the illumination of a surface when the luminous flux of 1 lumen falls on an area of 1m². It is also known as lumen per square meter, or meter-candelas. Clear Typical levels of illumination Dark sunny Night Cloudy night
0.0001
Without moon
Young moon
Full Street moon lighting
Home or Office lighting
Overcast sky
0.001
0.01
0.1
100-1000
10010,000
1-10
With some clouds
10,000100,000
sunny
100,000 Lux
Light sources Two major light sources: Primary sources (the sun, street lights, tungsten lights, monitor CRTs Secondary sources (all objects that do not generate light but reflect it) LiLin USA Training 9
Basic and Concepts
Color Temperature Color temperature refers to the temperature to which an imaginary perfectly black body is heated and consequently produces light. Example: 500w tungsten=>3200°K(approximately 27 lumens/watt) 200w tungsten=>2980°K(approximately 17.5 lumens/watt) 75w tungsten=>2820°K(approximately 15.4 lumens/watt) F –Number In lenses with adjustable irises, the maximum iris opening is expressed as a ratio (focal length of the lens)/(maximum diameter of aperture). This maximum iris will be engraved on the front ring of the lens. Example: 1.4;2;2.8;4;5.6;8;ect. Every next higher F-number transmits half the amount of light of the previous F-number. Depth of field Practically, objects slightly in front of and behind the object in focus will also appear sharp. This “extra” depth of sharpness is called Depth of Field. Manual Iris-MI Manual iris lenses adjust the iris manual(that is by hand).
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Basic and Concepts Auto iris-AI Auto iris lenses have electronic circuitry that processes the video signal coming out of the camera and decides on the basis of the video signal level, whether the iris should open or close. Auto iris works as automatic electronic-optical . If video signal is low, the electronics tells the iris to open, and if it is too high, it tells to close. Video- and DC-driven auto lenses Where the electronics are built inside the lens itself and which we call videodriven AI lenses.(since they require a video signal from the camera). the processing electronics are not inside the lens but rather inside the camera, this AI lens can be called DC-driven AI lenses. Angles of view There are some very basic rules to follow when analyzing the angles of view: •The shorter the focal length, the wider the angle of view is. •The longer the focal length , the narrower the angle of view is. •The smaller the CCD chip, the narrower the angle of view(with the same lens) is. •The vertical angle of view can be easily determined if the horizontal is known. Standard lenses for a 30° horizontal angle of view: 1”=25mm 2/3”=16mm 1/2”=12mm 1/3”=8mme 1/4”=6mm LiLin USA Training
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Basic and Concepts Field of View The FOV is the horizontal or vertical scene size at a given length from the camera to the subject. An important aspect that must be considered before choosing a camera lens is the field of view (FOV), or the actual area that the camera is expected to "see." Below is table that shows the width and the height of the FOV on a 1/3” format camera and lens.
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Basic and Concepts
Fixed focal length lenses Fixed focal length lenses are designed with a fixed focal length, that is, giving only one angle of view. Variable focal length lenses Vari-focal lenses can be clasified as manually adjustable fixed focal lenses. Zoom lenses The most popular zoom lenses used in CCTV: 6X six times lenses: with 6-36mm, 8-48mm, 8.5-51mm,and 12.5-75mm. 10X ten times lenses: with 6-60mm, 8-80mm, 10-100mm, 11-110mm. 15X fifteen times lenses: with 6-90mm, 8-120mm. LiLin PTZ cameras 17X seventeen times, with 3.9-66.3mm 22X twenty two times, with 3.9-86mm 25X twenty five times, with 3.8-95mm C-and CS mount C-mount,represented with 17.5mm(more precisely 17.526) CS-mount, represented with 12.5mm.
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Basic and Concepts
The very basics of television PAL- Phase Alternating Line 625 TV-lines NTSC- the National Television Systems Committee 525 TV lines EIA- Electronics Industry Association SECAM- Sequentiel Couleur Avec Memoire Resolution Resolution is the property of a system to display fine detail. Vertical resolution The vertical resolution is defined by the number of vertical elements that can be captured on a camera and reproduced on a monitor screen. Horizontal resolution The horizontal resolution is defined by the number of horizontal elements that can be captured a camera and reproduced on a monitor screen. HDTV HDTV-High-definition television 720i –1280X720 pixels interlaced
1080i-1920X1080 pixels interlaced
720p-1280X720 pixels progressive
1080p -1920X1080 pixels progressive
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CCTV Equipment Basics
Camera systems often appear to be complicated; but in truth, they can be categorized into three groups. Signal Transmission Media: This media will receive the signal from the camera end and send it to the video management end with lowest possible attenuation. This media could be wired or wireless transmission. Video management: This end will receive the signal and process it to be viewed. A video processing unit, recording unit and a monitor construct this end. Video collection: This end collects the image from object and send via the transmission media to the processing end. It is constructed from camera, lens, power and mounting accessories.
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CCTV Cameras Camera A camera is designed to collect the reflected light from objects around them and then to convert them into electronic video signals that measure 1 Vpp (Volt, peak to peak). These signals then are transported by one of many transmission media to the monitor, where these signals are converted back to visible light in a CCTV monitor. Cameras could be divided into 4 categories: Monochrome camera Produce black and white picture Color camera Produce Color picture Day/Night Camera Color picture in a daytime light level Monochrome picture below certain light level, automatically changed IR (Infrared) Cameras Color picture during the day Monochrome picture when used with infrared illuminator Understanding Camera Types Board Cameras- a board camera is small camera consisting of a lens mounted directly to a circuit board or small group of boards. Bullet Cameras-bullet cameras use similar technology to the board cameras with a different configuration. LiLin USA Training
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CCTV Cameras Dome cameras Fixed Domes-a fixed dome camera means that the camera within the dome enclosure remains in one position.
PTZ domes- fully the camera equipped pan/tilt and zoom (PTZ) domes provide the camera system operator with the ability to move the camera left and right(PAN) or up and down (tilt).they also allow the operator to change the view on the camera with a zoom lens, closing in on smaller areas of the subject field.
Full-size cameras- this type of camera is a traditional Box camera.
Network Cameras-Network cameras are the newest type of cameras in the security industry. instead of the traditional video output from the back of camera, this camera connects directly to a computer network.
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CCTV Cameras Understanding Camera specifications Pickup Element-CCD It is the electronic element that captures the image and change to electronic signal. Obviously, the pickup element is one of the major features of the CCTV camera. This element will affect the rest of the features of the camera such as resolution and illumination, electronic shutter, etc There are two basic types of pickup elements in the market, the older CRT (cathode ray tube) type and the more recent CCD (Charged Coupled Discharge), which all CCTV manufacturers use the later.
Illumination Illumination is a standard measurement for light. In CCTV, minimum illumination is the minimum amount of light necessary for the camera to capture an acceptable image. Illumination is usually expression if fc (foot candle) or in Lux. .0929 fc = 1 Lux Or simply 10 Lux = 1 fc
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CCTV Cameras
Synchronization Electronic pluses that are inserted into the video signal in order to assemble the picture correctly. Line Lock The ability to synchronize AC powered cameras to the same line voltage frequency AGC Automatic Gain Control, an electronic circuit that amplifies the video signal when the strength of the signal falls below a given value BLC Back light compensation. A function of the camera that compensates for excessive light directed at the camera causing the video to bloom or causing the images in front of the light to be unusable LiLin USA Training
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CCTV Cameras ES Electronic Shutter. CCD Iris, which eliminates the need for an Auto Iris Lens. The CCD Iris automatically controls the light intensity by adjusting the electronic shutter speed to mimic auto iris control. Aperture Correction Compensation for the loss in sharpness of detail because of the finite dimensions of the image elements or the dot-pitch of the monitor Auto White Balance A feature that allows a color camera to automatically adjust its color to sharpen white areas within the picture SNR Signal-to-noise ratio. The SNR relates how much stronger a signal is than the background noise. Usually expressed in decibels (dB)
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CCTV Cameras
Lenses A basic definition of a lens is "A device that collects light from an environment, narrowly focusing it onto either a cathode ray tube or solidstate target." Without the proper lens, video images cannot be focused onto the lightsensitive target in a video camera to produce a "usable" video signal. Among the many issues that pertain to a CCTV system, the most important that should be considered before buying a lens are: Format Lenses and cameras now come in four formats: 1/3-, 1/2-, 2/3-, and 1-in. Lens format is actually determined by the size of the opening in a camera where the lens attaches. When the diameter of this opening measures 1/3 in., the camera is said to be a 1/3-in. formatted camera. For proper viewing, use only a lens that is formatted the same or higher than the camera used. For example, if the opening in a camera (camera format) is 1/2 in., a 1/2- to 1- in. formatted lens should be used for optimum viewing. Or, if a camera with an opening of 1 in. is used, use a 1-in. formatted lens. To do otherwise will result in the projection of only part of the viewing area onto the target in the camera.
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CCTV Cameras
C and CS Mount C and CS mount camera is the positioning of the pickup element. A Cmount camera sets the lens at a distance of 17.526 mm away from the pickup chip. Whereas, A CS-mount camera sets it at 12.526 mm. So there is a 5 mm difference between the C and CS mount. For instance CS-camera works with CS-lens, C-camera works with C-lens, and CS-camera with C-lens if we add a 5 mm extension ring. Iris The iris is a small aperture through which light must before it can strike the light-sensitive target inside a camera. In low light, for example, the aperture is fully opened and in bright light, it will nearly be closed. Fixed-Iris and Manual-Iris Fixed-iris and manual-iris lenses can be used in situations where the light essentially stays the same all of the time. This type of application is often found inside of buildings where the lights never vary, no matter what time of day it may be. Auto-Iris Lenses A lens with an auto-iris feature should be used in environments where the light intensity can vary from minute by minute, hour by hour, or day by day. This is almost a necessity in outdoor applications and where lights change throughout the day LiLin USA Training
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CCTV Cameras To measure the size of an aperture opening, the lens industry adopted the Fstop measurement. The larger the F-stop number, for example, the smaller the opening. Thus, when a camera is set to an F-stop of f-1.4, the size of the aperture is larger than when the same lens on the same camera is adjusted to f8 or f-22. In a fixed-iris lens, the aperture is set and cannot be changed. In manual- and auto-iris lenses, however, the aperture can be changed to suit the amount of reflective lighting in the environment. Focal Length The Focal Length (FL) of a lens is actually the distance from the center of the lens to the surface of the tube or solid-state target. As the focal length of the lens increases, the area being viewed decreases. Focal length may be fixed (fixed field of view) or variable (variable field of view using a zoom length).
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CCTV Cameras
Camera Power Supplies A typical CCD camera consumes between 3 and 4 W of energy. This means that a 12V DC camera needs no more than 300mAof current supply. A 24 V AC camera needs no more than 200mA. As the technology improves, cameras will consume less current.
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LiLin CCTV Cameras LiLin Day/Night Cameras PIH-8026/8046//8086/8156/8196
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LiLin CCTV Cameras LiLin Day/Night Cameras
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LiLin CCTV Cameras LiLin Day/Night Cameras
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LiLin CCTV Cameras LiLin Dome Cameras PIH-2126XN/2146XN/2422/2442/2522/2542/2622/2642/2226/2246/2326/2346
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LiLin CCTV Cameras LiLin Dome Cameras
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LiLin CCTV Cameras LiLin Dome Cameras
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LiLin CCTV Cameras LiLin Dome Cameras
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LiLin CCTV Cameras LiLin Dome Cameras
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LiLin CCTV Cameras LiLin Dome Cameras
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LiLin CCTV Cameras LiLin IR Cameras PIH-0022/0124/0144/0224/0244/0422/0442/0522/0542/0624/0644
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LiLin CCTV Cameras LiLin IR Cameras
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LiLin CCTV Cameras LiLin IR Cameras
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LiLin CCTV Cameras LiLin IR Cameras
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LiLin CCTV Cameras LiLin IR Cameras
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LiLin CCTV Cameras LiLin IR Cameras
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LiLin CCTV Cameras LiLin IR Cameras
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LiLin CCTV Cameras LiLin PTZ Cameras PIH-7000NL/7600NL/7625NL
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LiLin CCTV Cameras LiLin PTZ Cameras
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LiLin CCTV Cameras LiLin WDR PTZ Cameras PIH-7625DN/7625DWN
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LiLin CCTV Cameras LiLin WDR PTZ Cameras
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LiLin CCTV Cameras LiLin IP PTZ Cameras PIH-7000NlIP/7600NLIP/7625/NLIP
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LiLin CCTV Cameras LiLin IP Cameras PIH-1000SN
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CCTV Monitors
General about Monitors CRT CCTV monitors Cathode Ray Tube technology LCD CCTV monitors Liquid Crystal Display Monitor Sizes Monitors are referred to by their diagonal screen size, Which is usually expressed in inches. Example: 15” CCTV monitor 17” CCTV monitor Monitor Adjustments CCTV monitors usually have four adjustments at the front of the unit: Horizontal hold Vertical hold Contrast Brightness
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Analog signal & Digital Signal Analog Device & Digital Device
-Analog Device processing analog signal (AC or series signal) +5V
+3V
Example: VCR Video Cassette Recorder
-5V
3 V
-5V
-Digital Device processing Digital signal (DC or Logic Pulse)
1
1
1
1
1
Example: DVR Digital Video Recorder
0
0
0
0
0
AC : Alternating Current DC : Direct Current 48
Video Processing equipment
Basic Switcher Concept
The “basic” switcher, as shown above, will select a video signal from any of the inputs and route it to the monitor for display. This can be a manual switch – Callup, or automatically switched – Sequencing.
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Video Processing equipment
Matrix Switcher
General Definition A Matrix Switcher is a video switcher that permits any camera to be displayed on any system monitor and permits a single camera to be displayed on all system monitors simultaneously. This capability is also known as Full Cross point Switching. Example:LiLin Matirx PIH-816II, PIH-832II,PIH-864II LiLin USA Training
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Video Processing equipment Quad
Example:LiLin Quad PIH-4C LiLin USA Training
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Video Processing equipment Multiplexer
Example:LiLin Multiplexer PIH-604, PIH-616,PIH-624 LiLin USA Training
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DVR (Digital Video Recorder) Concept DVR
PC Base DVR
Non PC Base DVR(Standalone DVR) Software (Applications) and Hardware (U& Memory Card & Capture Cards … built in a single Board
Linux(OS) Base DVR
Windows (OS) Base DVR
Example: PDR-3160 PDR-1600 PDR-400IP others
Hardware: U&M/B&DRAM&VGA &Capture Card .. Software: Windows OS & Applications Windows OS & Applications must be loaded into the HDDs
Example: Techsun H.264 DVR Geovision DVR others
Genuine Linux(OS) DVR Hardware: U&M/B&DRAM&VG A&Capture Card .. Software: Linux OS & Applications Linux OS & Applications must be loaded into the HDDs Example: Techsun (Linux OS) H.264 DVR others
Embedded Linux OS DVR Hardware: U&M/B&DRAM&VGA & Capture Card .. Software: Linux OS & Applications Linux OS & Applications Embedded in a DOM
Example: PE Series DVR SE Series DVR LiLin USA Training
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DVR (Digital Video Recorder) Concept
VGA Card: Video Graphics Array Card U: Central Processing Unit OS: Operating Systems HDD: Hard Disk Drive DRAM: Dynamic Random Access Memory M/B: Mother Board NIC: Network Interface Card
Image Compressions Standard In CCTV JPEG a widely spread standard,used DCT type of compression. M-JPEG a variation on JPEG, and not really standard. M-JPEG stand for motion JPEG. (example: PIH-3160 using M-JPEG compression) MPEG-4 Developed as an object-based compression.there are a few version of it. Handles compression of video and audio and a wide variety Of streaming rates. Suitable for anything that uses narrow bandwidths, from mobile phones, internet, to television. H.264 Newest work based on h.263 and MPEG-4(also called AVC), which offers a wide range of video quality, including more efficient coding for HDTV(quoted up to three times more efficient than MPEG-2).
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DVR Hardware Layout (Standard) CCTV Monitor
Camera #16
PC Monitor
Camera #1 -------
Key board
Internet WAN LAN
Mouse
VGA Out TV Out Capture Card 4
Capture Card
1 VGA Card U Processor
Mother Board NIC NIC: Network Interface Card
Primary IDE
Secondary IDE
Floppy Drive
HDD Master
HDD Slave
Memory Card(DDR)
HDD OR DOME
CD Rom
Power Supply
Internal HDDs Up to 500 GB ( 2 HDDs) More than 500GB (Long Time Recording Required), Raid-5 Card & HDDs Storage Must be Added. LiLin USA Training
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DVR Storage(HDDs) Analysis Diagram
Windows OS Base & Genuine Linux OS Base DVR HDD
Embedded Linux DVR HDD &DOM(Chip)
OS & Applications Partition
OS & Swap Partition (Data Buffer) 1-3GB
5-8GB Swap Partition (Data Buffer)
Video Data Partition
Applications
DOM (Chip)
Video Data Partition 117— 119GB
115-112 GB
120GB Hard Disk Drive
120GB Hard Disk Drive
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HDD Capacity Formula
-How Many GBs HDD need for 1 Day & 1 CH & 1 Frame recording (MPEG4 Format)? 1 GB = 1024MB=1024x1024 KB 1000,000 KB (Kilobytes) 1 Frame File size(MPEG4)= 2—25 KB 1 Day=60seconds X 60 Minutes X 24 hours=86400 seconds 1 Day= 86400/1000,000=0.0864 seconds/G Example 1: 1 Frame file size=5 KB & 1 Day & 1 CH
* 1 Frame/sec. & 1 CH & 1 Day= 5 KB x 1CH x 0.0864= 0.432 GB Example 2: 8 frame/sec. (1 Frame =5KB) & 16 CH & 1 Day
* 8 Frame/sec. & 16 CH & 1 Day= 8x5 KB x 16CH x 0.0864 = 0.432x8x16 GB =55.296GB LiLin USA Training
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Video Transmission Media CCTV transmission is mainly related to transmission of video, data and power. The transmission of video and data signals could be done using wires or wireless, whereas, the power signal has to be connected using wires. Video Cable Types There are two main types of cable used for transmitting video signals, which are: Unbalanced (coaxial) and balanced (twisted pair).
Unbalanced (Coaxial) Cables This type of cable is made in many different types of impedance. In this case impedance is measured between the inner conductor and the outer sheath. 75-Ohm impedance cable is the standard used in CCTV systems. Most video equipment is designed to operate at this impedance. Coaxial cables with an impedance of 75 Ohms are available in many different mechanical formats, including single wire armored and irradiated PVC sheathed cable for direct burial. The cables available range in performance from relatively poor to excellent. Performance is normally measured in high frequency loss per 100 meters. The lower this loss figure, the less the distortion to the video signal. Therefore, higher quality cables should be used when transmitting the signal over long distances. Another factor that should be considered carefully when selecting coaxial cables is the quality of the cable screen. This, as its name suggests, provides protection from interference for the centre core, as once interference enters the cable it is almost impossible to remove.
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Video Transmission Media Balanced (Twisted Pair) Cables In a twisted pair each pair of cables is twisted with a slow twist of about one to two twists per meter. These cables are made in many different types of impedance, 100 to 150 Ohms being the most common. Balanced cables have been used for many years in the largest cable networks in the world. Where the circumstances demand, these have advantages over coaxial cables of similar size. Twisted pair cables are frequently used where there would be an unacceptable loss due to a long run of coaxial cable. The main advantages are: 1) The ability to reject unwanted interference. 2) Lower losses at high frequencies per unit length. 3) Smaller size. 4) Availability of multi-pair cables. 5) Lower cost. The advantages must be considered in relation to the cost of the equipment required for this type of transmission. A launch amplifier to convert the video signal is needed at the camera end and an equalizing amplifier to reconstruct the signal at the control end.
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Video Transmission Media Typical Cable Losses A selection of commonly used cable specifications is given below.
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Video Transmission Media Video non-cable type transmission The previous section dealt with the transmission of video signals by various types of cable. There are many instances where it is not possible or desirable to use cable and other methods need to be employed. These can be: •Infrared beams •Microwave •Optical Fiber Cables Infrared Beams With this type of system the video is superimposed onto an infrared beam by a transmitter. The beam is aligned to strike a receiver where the signal is output as a conventional composite video signal. The infrared beam is at a wavelength of 860 nanometers, which is above the visible part of the spectrum. The system may be configured as a full duplex set up. Then it is possible to transmit telemetry control signals in the reverse direction to control pan, tilt units. The system can also carry speech in both directions. The actual configuration must be specified at the time of obtaining quotations or ordering.
Microwave Transmission Microwave links carry the video and telemetry along a link from a transmitter to a receiver. They are capable of much farther transmission distances from 1 kilometer to 50 kilometers. They are largely unaffected by weather conditions. On the other hand they are more expensive than infrared links.
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Video Transmission Media Fiber Optic Transmission Fiber optics is the technology of transmitting data along cables that consist of optical fiber. •Optical fibers are much smaller and lighter than copper, therefore easier and cheaper to install in long runs. •A major advantage of optical fibers is that they can carry far more information than copper. •Optical fibers are completely immune to interference from electromagnetic sources
Power Cable The CCTV cameras usually use 3 different kinds of voltages: 12V DC, 24V AC and 110V AC (220 V AC). Usually 12 VDC cameras come with its power supply pre-wired. When 24 VAC PSU is used, the recommended cables are: UL SPT-1 VW-1 E94163 18AWGx2C UL SPT-2 VW-1 E94163 18AWGx2C UL E115988 SUT 105C VW-1 18AWGx3C LiLin USA Training
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Networking In CCTV Network concepts and components •Network A network is a group of computers connected together in away that allows information to be exchanged between the computers. •Local area Network(LAN) A LAN is work of computers that are in the same general physical location, usually within a building or a campus. If the computers are far apart(such as across town or in different cities), the a Wide Area Network(WAN) is typically used. •Switch A network switch is another”intelligent” data communication device that is more common and a successor to the network bridge. •Router Routers are specialized computers the send message to their destinations along thousands of pathways.
Networking software The internet protocol •T/IP Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol •PPP Point-to-Point Protocol •HTTP Hyper Text Transport Protocol •SMTP Simple Mail Transfer Protocol LiLin USA Training
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CCTV Accessories
Camera housing Box Cameras Housing PTZ cameras Housing Pan/Tilt Scanner and Controller Video amplifiers/equalizers Video distribution amplifiers(VDAs) Protocol converter Data Distributor
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Appendix A
RS-232, RS-422 and RS-485 Description RS-232 A serial format of digital communication where only two wires are required. It is also known as a serial data communication. The RS-232 Standard defines a scheme for asynchronous communications, but it does not define how the bits should represent the data, that is, it does not define the overall message format and protocol. It is often used in CCTV communications between keyboards and matrix switchers or between matrix switchers and PTZ site drivers. The advantage of RS-232 over others is its simplicity and use of only two wires, but it is limited with distance. Typically, maximum 15 meters is recommended.
RS-422 A serial data communication protocol, which specifies 4-wire, full-duplex, differential line, multi-drop communications. It provides for balanced data transmission with unidirectional, nonreversible, terminated or non-terminated transmission lines. This is an advanced format of digital communication when compared to RS-232. The signal transmitted is read at the receiving end as the difference between the two wires without common earth. Therefore, if there is noise induced analog the line, it will be canceled out. The RS-422 can drive lines of 1200 meters in length and distribute data up to 10 receivers, with data rate up to 100kb/s. LiLin USA Training
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Appendix A
RS-232, RS-422 and RS-485 Description
RS-485
This is a more advanced format compared to RS-422. It is an electrical specification of a two-wire, half-duplex, multipoint serial connection. The major improvement is in the number of receivers up to 32 that can be driven with this format. In contrast to RS-422, which has a single driver circuit which cannot be switched off, RS-485 drives need to be put in transmit mode explicitly by asserting a signal to the driver. This allows RS-485 to implement star network topologies using only two lines. RS-485, like RS422, can be made full-duplex by using four wires, however, since RS-485 is a multipoint specification, this is not necessary in many cases.
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Appendix B IP PTZ Camera -PIH-7XXXNLIP The similarity of IP PTZ Camera and Reg. PTZ Camera module & features& functions Camera setup (DIP switch setting) PIH-7625 On Screen setup
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Appendix B IP PTZ Camera -PIH-7XXXNLIP The difference of hardware with Regular LiLin’s PTZ Camera Regular PTZ Camera bottom base Layout
IP PTZ Camera bottom base Layout
Bottom base (Circuit Board) Network card and web server have been built in on the bottom base
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Appendix B IP PTZ Camera -PIH-7XXXNLIP Web server interface has been improved Previous version was designed using Java Script & Flash language Newest version was designed using Macromedia flash 8.0
Flash Language
Java Script Language
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Appendix B IP PTZ Camera -PIH-7XXXNLIP For outdoor installation, IP PTZ camera housing must be required.
Macromedia Flash 8.0
Typical Control
Pointer (XY axis) control LiLin USA Training
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Appendix C RS-232/RS-485 Data Converter and 7000SP Protocol Converter a. RS-232/RS-485 Data Converter The RS-232 to RS- 485 converter module converts RS-232 levels from a DVR (PC base DVR) COM port to RS-485 levels suitable for interfacing with the data control of PTZ camera. (Refer to Figure 1.1)
Figure 1.1
In what condition the RS-232/RS-485 Converter would be required? If you want to use any types of PC base( such as Linux OS, Windows OS) DVRs to control any model of PTZ cameras, The RS-232/RS-485 Converter will be required. The connection of RS-232 to RS-485 converter working with PC base DVR with LiLin’s PTZ protocol built-in. Please refer to Figure 1.2 . The connection of RS-232 to RS-485 converter working with PC base DVR without LiLin’s PTZ protocol built-in. (7000SP Protocol Converter will be required in this case) Please refer to Figure 1.3 .
Figure 1.2
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Appendix C
Figure 1.3
PIH-7000SP Converter
b. 7000SP Protocol Converter 7000SP protocol converter was designed for LiLin’s PTZ camera working with other vender’s DVR/Controller (Refer to figure 2.1).
Figure 2.1
In what condition the 7000SP Converter would be needed? If you want to use any other vender’s DVR/controller (such as Panasonic, Pelco, Sony..) to control LiLin’s PTZ camera, The 7000SP converter must be used. The connection of PIH-7000SP Protocol Converter working with the vender’s DVR/Controller without LiLin’s PTZ Protocol built-in.Please refer to Figure 2.2. Example: DedicatedMicros DVR working with 7000SP Protocol Converter with Pelco P Protocol.
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Appendix C
Figure 2.2
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Appendix D PIH-804 Diagram
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Appendix E
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Appendix F
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Appendix G PIH-800II Connection
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Appendix H
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