Characteristics Of Abnormal Behavior 82a3e

Characteristics of Abnormal Behavior

Myths and Misconceptions about Abnormal Behavior

Myths and Misconceptions Myth: Abnormal behavior is always bizarre: Fact: The behavior of many people who are diagnosed as having a mental disorder often cannot be distinguished from that of normal people.

Myths and Misconceptions Myth: Normal and abnormal behavior are different in kind Fact: Few types of abnormal behavior displayed by people with a mental disorder are unique to them

Myths and Misconceptions Myth: Once people have a mental disorder, they will always have it. Fact: Most people can be successfully treated for a mental disorder

Defining abnormal behavior

Definition  Insanity—

a legal term, not a psychological term— as the inability to appreciate the nature and quality or wrongfulness of one’s acts  According to APA, abnormal behavior is a mental illness that affects or is manifested in a person’s brain

Definition  Abnormal

behavior is behavior that

is:  Deviant – different from what is

considered to be normal or morally correct  Maladaptive- inadequate or faulty adaptation  Personal Distress- the low moods or discomfort that results when empathetic people become too deeply involved in others' pain

Theoretical approaches to psychological disorders

Biological Approach  This

attributes psychological disorders to organic, internal causes.  It is evident in the medical model, which describes psychological disorders as medical diseases with a biological origin

Biological Approach  Biological

views on psychological

disorders:  Structural views- abnormalities in the

brain structure cause mental disorders  Biochemical views- imbalances in neurotransmitters or hormones cause mental disorders  Genetic views- disordered genes cause mental disorders

Psychological Approach  Psychodynamic

perspectivePsychological disorders arise from unconscious conflicts that produce anxiety and results in maladaptive behavior  Behavioral and social cognitive perspective- The focus is on the rewards and punishments in the environment that determine abnormal behavior

Psychological Approach  Humanistic

perspective- This emphasizes a capacity for growth, freedom to choose one’s own destiny, and positive personal qualities

Sociocultural Approach  The

sociocultural approach places more emphasis on the larger social contexts in which a person lives  Any number of psychological problems can develop because of power struggles in a family  Individuals from low-income, minority neighborhoods have the highest rates of mental disorders

Sociocultural Approach  Women

are likelier than men to suffer from anxiety disorders and depression  Men are socialized to direct their energy toward the external world, and they more often have externalized disorders that involve aggression and substance abuse  Some disorders are culture related

Sociocultural Approach Disorder

Culture

Description/Charact eristics

Amok

Malaysia, Philippines, Africa

This disorder involves sudden uncontrolled outbursts of anger in which the person may injure or kill someone

Anorexia Nervosa

Western cultures (esp. United States)

This eating disorder involves a relentless pursuit of thinness through starvation and can eventually lead to death

Classifying abnormal behavior

DSM-V Classification System  The Diagnostic

and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) is the 2013 update to the American Psychiatric Association’s (APA) classification and diagnostic tool.

DSM-V Classification System  Section

I: describes DSM-5 chapter organization, its change from the multiaxial system, and Section III's dimensional assessments  Section II: diagnostic criteria and codes  Section III: emerging measures and models

DSM-5: Section II 1. Neurodevelopmental disorders -  are impairments of the growth and development of the brain or central nervous system. A narrower use of the term refers to a disorder of brain function that affects emotion, learning ability, selfcontrol and memory and that unfolds as the individual grows

DSM-5: Section II Includes: ▪ Intellectual disability (ID) ▪ Communication disorders ▪ Autism spectrum disorders ▪ Motor disorders

DSM-5: Section II 2. Schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders - are defined by abnormalities in one or more of the following five domains: delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thinking (speech), grossly disorganized or abnormal motor behavior (including catatonia), and negative symptoms

DSM-5: Section II • Includes:

▪ Schizophrenia ▪ Schizoaffective disorder ▪ Delusional disorder ▪ Catatonia

DSM-5: Section II 3. Bipolar and related disorders – includes: ▪ Bipolar I disorder ▪ Bipolar II disorder ▪ Cyclothymic disorder ▪ Other specified bipolar and related disorder

DSM-5: Section II 4. Depressive disorders- are characterized by sadness severe enough or persistent enough to interfere with function and often by decreased interest or pleasure in activities.

DSM-5: Section II  Includes: • Major depressive disorder (often called major • • • • •

depression) Persistent depressive disorder (dysthymia) Other specified or unspecified depressive disorder Premenstrual dysphoric disorder Depressive disorder due to another medical condition Substance/medication-induced depressive disorder

DSM-5: Section II 5. Anxiety disorders - characterized by feelings of anxiety and fear, where anxiety is a worry about future events and fear is a reaction to current events

DSM-5: Section II  Includes: • Generalized anxiety disorder • Phobias • Panic disorder • Separation anxiety • Social anxiety • Selective mutism

DSM-5: Section II 6. Obsessive-compulsive and related disorders- includes: ▪ obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) ▪ body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) ▪ hoarding disorder ▪ trichotillomania (hair-pulling disorder) ▪ excoriation (skin-picking) disorder

DSM-5: Section II 7. Trauma- and stressor-related disorders- disorders in which exposure to a traumatic or stressful event is listed explicitly as a diagnostic criterion

DSM-5: Section II • includes:

▪ attachment disorder ▪ disinhibited social engagement disorder ▪ posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)  ▪ acute stress disorder ▪ adjustment disorder

DSM-5: Section II 8. Dissociative disorders- involve a sudden loss of memory or change of identity. • Includes: ▪ Dissociative amnesia ▪ Dissociative identity disorder ▪ Depersonalization/derealization disorder

DSM-5: Section II 9. Somatic symptom and related disorders- They occur when psychological symptoms take a physical form even though no physical causes can be found • Includes: ▪ somatic symptom disorder  ▪ illness anxiety disorder  ▪ conversion disorder (functional neurological symptom disorder)  ▪ factitious disorder

DSM-5: Section II 10. Feeding and eating disorderscharacterized by a persistent disturbance of eating or eatingrelated behavior that results in the altered consumption or absorption of food and that significantly impairs physical health or psychosocial functioning

DSM-5: Section II  Includes: • pica  • rumination disorder  • avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder  • anorexia nervosa  • bulimia nervosa • binge-eating disorder

DSM-5: Section II 11. Sleep-wake disordersIndividuals with these disorders typically present with sleep-wake complaints of dissatisfaction regarding the quality, timing, and amount of sleep. Resulting daytime distress and impairment are core features shared by all of these sleepwake disorders.

DSM-5: Section II  Includes: • insomnia disorder • hypersomnolence disorder • Narcolepsy • circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders • nightmare disorder

DSM-5: Section II 12. Sexual dysfunction- difficulty experienced by an individual or a couple during any stage of a normal sexual activity, including physical pleasure, desire,preference, arousal  or orgasm

DSM-5: Section II 13. Gender dysphoria-  describes people who experience significant dysphoria (distress) with the sex and gender they were assigned at birth

DSM-5: Section II 14. Disruptive, impulse-control, and conduct disorders- include conditions involving problems in the self-control of emotions and behaviors. • Includes: ▪ Conduct disorder ▪ Impulse-control disorder ▪ Pyromania ▪ Kleptomania ▪ Intermittent explosive disorder

DSM-5: Section II 15. Substance-related and addictive disorders- encom 10 separate classes of drugs:  alcohol;  caffeine;  cannabis;  hallucinogens (with separate categories

for phencyclidine [or similarly acting arylcyclohexylamines] and other hallucinogens);  inhalants;

DSM-5: Section II  opioids;  sedatives, hypnotics, and anxiolytics;  stimulants (amphetamine-type

substances, cocaine, and other stimulants);  tobacco;  and other (or unknown) substances

DSM-5: Section II 16. Neurocognitive disordersthose in which impaired cognition has not been present since birth or very early life, and thus represents a decline from a previously attained level of functioning  Includes: • Major or mild NCD

DSM-5: Section II 17. Paraphilic disorders- requires both the presence of a paraphilic urges and the existence of distress, dysfunction, and/or acting on the urges (as described in more detail later in this introduction). 

DSM-5: Section II  Includes: • voyeuristic, • exhibitionistic, • frotteuristic, • sexual masochism, • sexual sadism, • pedophilic, • fetishistic, and • transvestic disorders

DSM-5: Section II 18. Personality disorders- are a class of mental disorders characterized by enduring maladaptive patterns of behavior, cognition, and inner experience, exhibited across many contexts and deviating markedly from those accepted by the individual's culture

DSM-5: Section II  Includes: • Paranoid personality disorder • Schizoid personality disorder • Schizotypal personality disorder • Antisocial personality disorder • Borderline personality disorder • Histrionic personality disorder • Narcissistic personality disorder • Avoidant personality disorder • Dependent personality disorder • Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder