Climate Responsive Design 1g4713
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Climate Responsive Design
Why Climate Responsive • Buildings for 40% of the final energy consumption
• More than 60% of the energy used in the building is for heating/cooling and lighting. • Hence it can be reduced by better design using ive techniques. • Correct design and construction can contribute to dramatically decrease energy consumption and CO2 emissions – Example: at average, each ive house consumes 80% less energy for heating than standard house; this translates into annual avoided CO2 emissions of 2.4 tonnes/year for one house
ive Home Training Module for Architects and Planners
ive Systems •
A ive System provides indoor environments with heat, cold, ventilation or light by using and controlling the natural energy flows which surround a building, such as solar radiation and wind
•
There is a range of ive systems and measures, suitable for different climates
•
Examples of ive Systems in traditional architecture: – Painting exterior walls white to keep houses cool in summer – Building thick, heavy walls, namely on brick and mud, both for insulation and regulation of indoor temperature
– Controlling daylight and solar gains by appropriate windows use – Promoting a microclimate near the house by use of water and vegetation
ive Home Training Module for Architects and Planners
ive Systems
White washed houses and narrow streets in the Santa Cruz district of Seville, Spain. Just two of the many different strategies employed by traditional architecture to keep houses cool in summer.
ive Home Training Module for Architects and Planners
ive Design •
The term ive Design has come to indicate buildings which integrate low energy active components such as pumps and fans, with ive Systems
•
The energy consumed by the active component remains significantly lower than the energy content of the natural energy flow which the component controls
•
In many cases the energy demand of the active system is so low that it can be met economically and feasibly by a renewable energy source such as a PV
ive Home Training Module for Architects and Planners
Thermal Comfort •
Discussions on low energy buildings should not neglect that buildings must provide comfortable environments in which to work, relax and play
•
Comfort models describe quantitatively (based on large surveys of people) in what range of conditions people will feel thermally comfortable in buildings
•
Choosing too narrow a range of thermal conditions can lead to unnecessary consumption of energy
•
Comfort models evaluation may be based on a variety of parameters depending on people, such as metabolic rate and clothing, but also on indoor (and outdoor) conditions, such as air temperature and humidity, radiant temperature, air velocity, thermal asymmetries
ive Home Training Module for Architects and Planners
CLIMATE •
India has different climatic conditions ranging from extremely hot conditions to severely cold conditions.
•
Energy availability is scarce and people have to protect themselves from these extremities of the climate in a natural way.
•
Traditional architecture exhibits variety of building design suited to the respective climatic conditions.
•
The month wise climatic data available for 233 stations spread over the whole
•
country has been analysed by the CBRI, Roorkee.
•
The various climatic zones thus determined have been delineated on the map of the country.
•
The various stations have been categorised under one or the other climatic zone if their climate conformed for six or more months, otherwise it is placed under the composite. zone
ive Home Training Module for Architects and Planners
FACTORS AFFECTING CLIMATE
ive Home Training Module for Architects and Planners
Solar radiation • Solar radiation is the radiant energy received from the sun. • It is the intensity of sunrays falling per unit time per unit area and is usually expressed in Watts per square metre (W/m2).
ive Home Training Module for Architects and Planners
Solar radiation
ive Home Training Module for Architects and Planners
Temperature • The temperature of air in a shaded (but well ventilated) enclosure is known as the ambient temperature; it is generally expressed in degree Celsius (ºC). • Temperature at a given site depends on wind as well as local factors such as shading, presence of water body, sunny condition, etc.
ive Home Training Module for Architects and Planners
Air humidity • Air humidity, which represents the amount of moisture present in the air, is usually expressed in of ‘relative humidity’.
• Relative humidity is defined as the ratio of the mass ofwater vapour in a certain volume of moist air at a given temperature, to the mass of water vapour in the same volume of saturated air at the same temperature; it is normally expressed as a percentage.
ive Home Training Module for Architects and Planners
Precipitation • Precipitation includes water in all its forms rain, snow, hail or dew. It is usually measured in millimeters (mm) by using a rain gauge.
ive Home Training Module for Architects and Planners
Wind • Wind is the movement of air due to a difference in atmospheric pressure, caused by differential heating of land and water mass on the earth’s surface by solar radiation and rotation of earth. • Wind speed can be measured by an anemometer and is usually expressed in metres per second (m/s).
ive Home Training Module for Architects and Planners
Wind
ive Home Training Module for Architects and Planners
Classification of Climates
ive Home Training Module for Architects and Planners
Hot and Dry • lies in the western and the central part of India; Jaisalmer, Jodhpur and Sholapur
• flat with sandy or rocky ground conditions water level is very low. • Due to intense solar radiation (values as high as 800-950 W/m2), the ground and the surroundings of this region are heated up very quickly during day time.
• In summer, the maximum ambient temperatures are as high as 40– 45 ºC during the day, and 20–30 ºC at night. In winter, the values are between 5 and 25 ºC during the day and 0 to 10 ºC at night. It may be noted that the diurnal variation in temperature is quite high, that is, more than 10 ºC • relative humidity is generally very low, ranging from 25 to 40 % • the annual precipitation being less than 500 mm
ive Home Training Module for Architects and Planners
Warm and Humid • The warm and humid zone covers the coastal parts of the country. Some cities that fall under this zone are Mumbai, Chennai and Kolkata • In summer, temperatures can reach as high as 30 – 35 ºC during the day, and 25 – 30 ºC at night. • In winter, the maximum temperature is between 25 to 30 ºC during the day and 20 to 25 ºC at night. • the relative humidity, which is generally very high, about 70 – 90 % throughout the year • Precipitation is also high, being about 1200 mm per year, or even more. • The wind is generally from one or two prevailing directions with speeds ranging from extremely low to very high. Wind is desirable in this climate, as it can cause sensible cooling of the body. ive Home Training Module for Architects and Planners
Moderate • Pune and Bangalore are examples of cities that fall under this climatic zone. Areas having a moderate climate are generally located on hilly or high-plateau regions with fairly abundant vegetation • The temperatures are neither too hot nor too cold. In summers, the temperature reaches 30 – 34 ºC during the day and 17 – 24 ºC at night. In winter, the maximum temperature is between 27 to 33 ºC during the day and 16 to 18 ºC at night. • The relative humidity is low in winters and summers, varying from 20 – 55%, and going upto 55 – 90% during monsoons. • The total rainfall usually exceeds 1000 mm per year.
ive Home Training Module for Architects and Planners
Composite • The composite zone covers the central part of India. Some cities that experience this type of climate are New Delhi, Kanpur and Allahabad. • The maximum daytime temperature in summers is in the range of 32 – 43 ºC, and night time values are from 27 to 32 ºC. In winter, the values are between 10 to 25 ºC during the day and 4 to 10 ºC at night. • The relative humidity is about 20 – 25 % in dry periods and 55 – 95 % in wet periods • Precipitation in this zone varies between 500 – 1300 mm per year. • This region receives strong winds during monsoons from the southeast and dry cold winds from the north-east. In summer, the winds are hot and dusty
ive Home Training Module for Architects and Planners
Cold and Wet • Generally, the northern part of India experiences this type of climate. Most cold and cloudy regions are situated at high altitudes. Ootacamund, Shimla, Shillong, Srinagar and Mahabaleshwar. • In summer, the maximum ambient temperature is in the range of 20 – 30 ºC during the day and 17 – 27 ºC at night, making summers quite pleasant. In winter, the values range between 4 and 8 ºC during the day and from -3 to 4 ºC at night, making it quite chilly. • The relative humidity is generally high and ranges from 70 – 80 %. Annual total precipitation is about 1000 mm and is distributed evenly throughout the year. • This region experiences cold winds in the winter season. Hence, protection from winds is essential in this type of climate.
ive Home Training Module for Architects and Planners
Cold and Dry • The cold and sunny type of climate is experienced in Leh (Ladakh). • The solar radiation is generally intense with a very low percentage of diffuse radiation. In summer, the temperature reaches 17 – 24 ºC during the day and 4 – 11 ºC at night. • In winter, the values range from -7 to 8 ºC during the day and -14 to 0 ºC at night. Winters thus, are extremely cold.
• The relative humidity is consistently low ranging from about 10 – 50 % and precipitation is generally less than 200 mm per year. • As this region experiences cold desert climatic conditions, the design criteria are to resist heat loss by insulation and controlling infiltration.
ive Home Training Module for Architects and Planners
IMPLICATIONS OF CLIMATE ON BUILDING DESIGN
ive Home Training Module for Architects and Planners
ive Home Training Module for Architects and Planners
Mahoney Tables –Table-1 Data Input
ive Home Training Module for Architects and Planners
Mahoney Tables –Table-1 Data Input
ive Home Training Module for Architects and Planners
Mahoney Tables –Table-2 Diagnosis
ive Home Training Module for Architects and Planners
Mahoney Tables –Table-3 Recommendations
ive Home Training Module for Architects and Planners
Mahoney Tables –Table-4 Detailed Recommendations
ive Home Training Module for Architects and Planners
Why Climate Responsive • Buildings for 40% of the final energy consumption
• More than 60% of the energy used in the building is for heating/cooling and lighting. • Hence it can be reduced by better design using ive techniques. • Correct design and construction can contribute to dramatically decrease energy consumption and CO2 emissions – Example: at average, each ive house consumes 80% less energy for heating than standard house; this translates into annual avoided CO2 emissions of 2.4 tonnes/year for one house
ive Home Training Module for Architects and Planners
ive Systems •
A ive System provides indoor environments with heat, cold, ventilation or light by using and controlling the natural energy flows which surround a building, such as solar radiation and wind
•
There is a range of ive systems and measures, suitable for different climates
•
Examples of ive Systems in traditional architecture: – Painting exterior walls white to keep houses cool in summer – Building thick, heavy walls, namely on brick and mud, both for insulation and regulation of indoor temperature
– Controlling daylight and solar gains by appropriate windows use – Promoting a microclimate near the house by use of water and vegetation
ive Home Training Module for Architects and Planners
ive Systems
White washed houses and narrow streets in the Santa Cruz district of Seville, Spain. Just two of the many different strategies employed by traditional architecture to keep houses cool in summer.
ive Home Training Module for Architects and Planners
ive Design •
The term ive Design has come to indicate buildings which integrate low energy active components such as pumps and fans, with ive Systems
•
The energy consumed by the active component remains significantly lower than the energy content of the natural energy flow which the component controls
•
In many cases the energy demand of the active system is so low that it can be met economically and feasibly by a renewable energy source such as a PV
ive Home Training Module for Architects and Planners
Thermal Comfort •
Discussions on low energy buildings should not neglect that buildings must provide comfortable environments in which to work, relax and play
•
Comfort models describe quantitatively (based on large surveys of people) in what range of conditions people will feel thermally comfortable in buildings
•
Choosing too narrow a range of thermal conditions can lead to unnecessary consumption of energy
•
Comfort models evaluation may be based on a variety of parameters depending on people, such as metabolic rate and clothing, but also on indoor (and outdoor) conditions, such as air temperature and humidity, radiant temperature, air velocity, thermal asymmetries
ive Home Training Module for Architects and Planners
CLIMATE •
India has different climatic conditions ranging from extremely hot conditions to severely cold conditions.
•
Energy availability is scarce and people have to protect themselves from these extremities of the climate in a natural way.
•
Traditional architecture exhibits variety of building design suited to the respective climatic conditions.
•
The month wise climatic data available for 233 stations spread over the whole
•
country has been analysed by the CBRI, Roorkee.
•
The various climatic zones thus determined have been delineated on the map of the country.
•
The various stations have been categorised under one or the other climatic zone if their climate conformed for six or more months, otherwise it is placed under the composite. zone
ive Home Training Module for Architects and Planners
FACTORS AFFECTING CLIMATE
ive Home Training Module for Architects and Planners
Solar radiation • Solar radiation is the radiant energy received from the sun. • It is the intensity of sunrays falling per unit time per unit area and is usually expressed in Watts per square metre (W/m2).
ive Home Training Module for Architects and Planners
Solar radiation
ive Home Training Module for Architects and Planners
Temperature • The temperature of air in a shaded (but well ventilated) enclosure is known as the ambient temperature; it is generally expressed in degree Celsius (ºC). • Temperature at a given site depends on wind as well as local factors such as shading, presence of water body, sunny condition, etc.
ive Home Training Module for Architects and Planners
Air humidity • Air humidity, which represents the amount of moisture present in the air, is usually expressed in of ‘relative humidity’.
• Relative humidity is defined as the ratio of the mass ofwater vapour in a certain volume of moist air at a given temperature, to the mass of water vapour in the same volume of saturated air at the same temperature; it is normally expressed as a percentage.
ive Home Training Module for Architects and Planners
Precipitation • Precipitation includes water in all its forms rain, snow, hail or dew. It is usually measured in millimeters (mm) by using a rain gauge.
ive Home Training Module for Architects and Planners
Wind • Wind is the movement of air due to a difference in atmospheric pressure, caused by differential heating of land and water mass on the earth’s surface by solar radiation and rotation of earth. • Wind speed can be measured by an anemometer and is usually expressed in metres per second (m/s).
ive Home Training Module for Architects and Planners
Wind
ive Home Training Module for Architects and Planners
Classification of Climates
ive Home Training Module for Architects and Planners
Hot and Dry • lies in the western and the central part of India; Jaisalmer, Jodhpur and Sholapur
• flat with sandy or rocky ground conditions water level is very low. • Due to intense solar radiation (values as high as 800-950 W/m2), the ground and the surroundings of this region are heated up very quickly during day time.
• In summer, the maximum ambient temperatures are as high as 40– 45 ºC during the day, and 20–30 ºC at night. In winter, the values are between 5 and 25 ºC during the day and 0 to 10 ºC at night. It may be noted that the diurnal variation in temperature is quite high, that is, more than 10 ºC • relative humidity is generally very low, ranging from 25 to 40 % • the annual precipitation being less than 500 mm
ive Home Training Module for Architects and Planners
Warm and Humid • The warm and humid zone covers the coastal parts of the country. Some cities that fall under this zone are Mumbai, Chennai and Kolkata • In summer, temperatures can reach as high as 30 – 35 ºC during the day, and 25 – 30 ºC at night. • In winter, the maximum temperature is between 25 to 30 ºC during the day and 20 to 25 ºC at night. • the relative humidity, which is generally very high, about 70 – 90 % throughout the year • Precipitation is also high, being about 1200 mm per year, or even more. • The wind is generally from one or two prevailing directions with speeds ranging from extremely low to very high. Wind is desirable in this climate, as it can cause sensible cooling of the body. ive Home Training Module for Architects and Planners
Moderate • Pune and Bangalore are examples of cities that fall under this climatic zone. Areas having a moderate climate are generally located on hilly or high-plateau regions with fairly abundant vegetation • The temperatures are neither too hot nor too cold. In summers, the temperature reaches 30 – 34 ºC during the day and 17 – 24 ºC at night. In winter, the maximum temperature is between 27 to 33 ºC during the day and 16 to 18 ºC at night. • The relative humidity is low in winters and summers, varying from 20 – 55%, and going upto 55 – 90% during monsoons. • The total rainfall usually exceeds 1000 mm per year.
ive Home Training Module for Architects and Planners
Composite • The composite zone covers the central part of India. Some cities that experience this type of climate are New Delhi, Kanpur and Allahabad. • The maximum daytime temperature in summers is in the range of 32 – 43 ºC, and night time values are from 27 to 32 ºC. In winter, the values are between 10 to 25 ºC during the day and 4 to 10 ºC at night. • The relative humidity is about 20 – 25 % in dry periods and 55 – 95 % in wet periods • Precipitation in this zone varies between 500 – 1300 mm per year. • This region receives strong winds during monsoons from the southeast and dry cold winds from the north-east. In summer, the winds are hot and dusty
ive Home Training Module for Architects and Planners
Cold and Wet • Generally, the northern part of India experiences this type of climate. Most cold and cloudy regions are situated at high altitudes. Ootacamund, Shimla, Shillong, Srinagar and Mahabaleshwar. • In summer, the maximum ambient temperature is in the range of 20 – 30 ºC during the day and 17 – 27 ºC at night, making summers quite pleasant. In winter, the values range between 4 and 8 ºC during the day and from -3 to 4 ºC at night, making it quite chilly. • The relative humidity is generally high and ranges from 70 – 80 %. Annual total precipitation is about 1000 mm and is distributed evenly throughout the year. • This region experiences cold winds in the winter season. Hence, protection from winds is essential in this type of climate.
ive Home Training Module for Architects and Planners
Cold and Dry • The cold and sunny type of climate is experienced in Leh (Ladakh). • The solar radiation is generally intense with a very low percentage of diffuse radiation. In summer, the temperature reaches 17 – 24 ºC during the day and 4 – 11 ºC at night. • In winter, the values range from -7 to 8 ºC during the day and -14 to 0 ºC at night. Winters thus, are extremely cold.
• The relative humidity is consistently low ranging from about 10 – 50 % and precipitation is generally less than 200 mm per year. • As this region experiences cold desert climatic conditions, the design criteria are to resist heat loss by insulation and controlling infiltration.
ive Home Training Module for Architects and Planners
IMPLICATIONS OF CLIMATE ON BUILDING DESIGN
ive Home Training Module for Architects and Planners
ive Home Training Module for Architects and Planners
Mahoney Tables –Table-1 Data Input
ive Home Training Module for Architects and Planners
Mahoney Tables –Table-1 Data Input
ive Home Training Module for Architects and Planners
Mahoney Tables –Table-2 Diagnosis
ive Home Training Module for Architects and Planners
Mahoney Tables –Table-3 Recommendations
ive Home Training Module for Architects and Planners
Mahoney Tables –Table-4 Detailed Recommendations
ive Home Training Module for Architects and Planners
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