Connotations Of Black And White 191l3
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CONNOTATIONS OF
BLACK & WHITE
WHAT IS CONNOTATION? “An idea or feeling which a word invokes for a person in addition to its literal or primary meaning”* “The associated or secondary meaning addition to its explicit or primary meaning”
of
a
word
or
expression
in
“Something suggested or implied by a word or thing, rather than being explicitly named or described” “The set of attributes constituting the meaning of a term and thus determining the range of objects to which that term may be applied; comprehension; intension”
*Source: oxford dictionary,http://www.dictionary.com/browse/connotation
DIMENSIONS OF THE COLOUR
The color black & white are categorized with the extend of lightness and darkness, which one emits or reflects and the other absorbs
Lightness refers to the scale from black to white
Chroma is necessarily zero at maximum and minimum value (white and black respectively), and reaches its maximum range at intermediate value levels
PHOTOGRAPHY Monochromatic views
Black and white images appear to be more timeless than color images
Dramatic effects are bought into audience attention through light and shadow
Tendency to distance the subject matter from reality
Monochrome makes a pause to look closely
PSYCHOLOGY OF BLACK & WHITE
HOW BLACK SPEAKS Black is visually heavy and it tends to convey a very strong message. Power, authority and strength Symbolic for evil & darkness Other associations of black include intelligence Black can direct communication in a powerful way.
HOW WHITE SPEAKS
White is considered to be safe and open Linked with righteous, good and peaceful Projects clarity, cleanliness, purity ,salvation It is said to promote creative thoughts
IN DEG
, it can add depth and timeless elegance to a room. But use of large amount of black can seem oppressive. 2.5.2 White
INTERIOR SPACES
It can instill feelings of youthfulness, faith and innocence White can help smaller spaces appear large It can also make rooms look livelier
It can add depth and timeless elegance to a room But use of large amount of black can seem oppressive and make the space compressive
WHITE AND BLACK ARE PERCEPTUAL SYMBOLS OF MORAL PURITY AND POLLUTION
Physical purity is a metaphor for moral ‘‘purity’’
Evil person’s clothing may be considered physically repulsive One’s moral transgressions can create desires for physical cleansing Ideas of dirtiness and impurity are themselves grounded in the perceptual experience of the color black, which is seen the opposite of white Black as a potent impurity that can contaminate whiteness A white object, conversely, is universally understood to be something that can be stained easily and that must remain unblemished to stay pure
It majorly focuses on negative valence Researches have revealed that children tend to assume that black boxes contain negative objects and white boxes contain positive object Black has negative connotations for many reasons as it is the color of night, uncertainty, and danger Associating sin with blackness reflects, in part, a concern with its polluting powers
SOCIAL EXISTENCE (RESPONSE AROUND THE WORLD)
WHITE IN INDIA • The only colour widows are allowed to wear, disconnecting herself from the pleasures and luxuries • Acceptable colour at funerals • Also widely accepted as the colour of peace and purity
INDIAN FLAG: • Middle part of the Indian flag is white, representing the honesty, purity, peace, cleanliness and knowledge of the nation • It lightens the path of truth to guide the nation
BLACK IN INDIA
• Black has connotations with lack of desirability, evil, negativity, and inertia • It represents anger and darkness • It is used as a representation of evil and is often used to ward off evil (with a little black dot on the chin or under the ear to ward off the evil eye)
WHITE IN ENGLAND • It means innocence, goodness, purity, and peace, honesty, and perfection. • The bride usually wears a white dress to give the impression of purity, happiness, fidelity, and virginity SOME PHRASES AND THEIR MEANINGS: • to be white - being pure and bright in heart and mind • white money - well-gained money that can be used in black, unlucky days • it is a kind of white feather - to give a symbol of cowardice and timid • white flags - way of surrender • white eyes - which conveys the association of sadness and grief
BLACK IN ENGLAND • Black is the sign of darkness, ugliness of the world, bad deeds, devil, evil, pain, misfortune • It has the connotation of death and sadness and is best exposed with dressing black suits and clothes as a sign of death in funeral • But it also has the association of sobriety and elegance. Accordingly, the use of black suit and black dress was their tradition SOME PHRASES AND THEIR MEANINGS: • Black faced - failure or disgrace • Black hearted - unkindness, rudeness, etc. • Black comedy - the comedy that criticizes bad aspects in society • Black magic - evil deeds affecting people • Black list - the list that comprises all the illegal and forbidden items and objects
CHINA • In traditional China, undyed linen clothing is worn at funerals. • White is the colour of reincarnation, showing that death is not a permanent separation from the world • White also symbolizes age, autumn, misfortune, virginity, humility and purity • Black is the colour for young boys. It has other positive connotations, like good health and prosperity YIN - YANG(Taijitu): Two halves that together complete wholeness. Yin – black, night, shady, female Yang – white, day, sunny, male
JAPAN • In Japan, undyed linen white robes are worn by pilgrims for rituals of purification, and bathing in sacred rivers • A white kimono is often placed in the casket with the deceased for the journey to the other world, as white represents death • Condolence gifts, or kooden, are tied with black and white ribbons and wrapped in white paper, protecting the contents from the impurities of the other world • Black symbolizes mystery and feminine energy
SAUDI ARABIA
white colour symbolizes nature(associated with clouds, cotton, crystal, and air) in Jordanian Arabic White means clear, clean, and pure & as it indicates innocent, harmless, and evil-free matters. With this positive assumption, if something is white, it is not stained and therefore clean If a person has a clear or pure mind, this person has a clear tolerance of matters ‘his heart is white’ ‘his face is white’ his hand is white ‘his intention is white’ ‘his page is white’ ‘his eye is white’ ‘a white day’ ‘white like snow’ 'his future is white‘ ' white lie' ‘white death’
BLACK
In Jordanian Arabic, different body parts of people are described black to indicate the negative characteristics f the person being talked about
‘his heart is black’
‘his face is black’
‘makes our faces black’
‘a black list’
‘black history’
'Black luck’
‘black day’
‘black future’
‘a black cloud’ or ‘a black cloud’
‘a black horse’
OTHER COUNTRIES • In Tibet, white robes were reserved for the lama of a monastery • In the French monarchy, white symbolized the King and his power and in contrast black was the colour of the queen which excluded women from the throne and power • In Peru, white is associated with angels, good health, and time • In Africa, black symbolizes age, maturity, and masculinity whereas white symbolizes peace, purity, goodness and good luck
• In Thailand, white elephants are considered auspicious. White symbolizes purity and Black represents unhappiness, bad luck, evil • In Korea, white means purity, innocence, morality, birth and death • In Ireland and many western countries, white has more positive associations. For example, a white dove is often a symbol of peace, and a white flag is used to halt war, whereas black is the colour of death, mourning, evil, bad luck, and unhappiness
RELIGIOUS BELIEFS
JUDAISM
The black and white has a lot of contrast from the history in Judaism It started from the Bereishit chapter: 1, where God created light and separated it from darkness (universe was then in a black colour) and called them as Day and Night respectively
WHITE IN JUDAISM The colour white represents righteousness, peace, purity, light, heavenly Brides wear white dresses in the marriages, as it denotes purity and innocence Religious heads and priests wear white dresses and robes for their rituals
BLACK IN JUDAISM
It represents darkness, evil, disease and sorrow Also most of the Orthodox Jewish men wear Black long overcoats with a black hat, as it indicates lack of concern of colour
CHRISTIANITY
Black and White in Christianity are almost similar from the Judaism, as it all originated from there
WHITE IN CHRISTIANITY
The colour white represents righteousness, purity, light, refinement, unblemished, heavenly It is written that when Jesus returns people will be clothed in white clothes symbolizing righteousness Christians get dressed up in all white for many religious rituals and gatherings, to indicate peace and purity Christian bride also wears the pure white dress in the marriage
BLACK IN CHRISTIANITY
The black colour represents bad, evil, darkness, death, disease, sorrow and all of which are related to sin It is believed that black is the colour of Lucifer (Satan) It is worn in funerals as mourning
WHITE IN ISLAM
It resembles innocence, purity, tenderness and clarity, stability, peace, brotherhood, harmony and optimism Brides wear it at weddings as a symbol of virginity and purity Muslims believe that white colour have generally been accepted as the colour, loved by the God and Prophet Muhammad They commonly wear white clothes during their Friday prayers
BLACK IN ISLAM
It is a symbol of entombment and holiness in Islam Black is associated with the sacred place of the Holy Ka’abah, a place where Muslims go to perform the pilgrimage
WHITE IN HINDUISM White represents purity, cleanliness, peace and knowledge in Hinduism Goddess Saraswati is always shown wearing a white dress, sitting on a white lotus It is also the colour of mourning
BLACK IN HINDUISM Black is believed as the symbol of unhappiness Although, some murtis in temples are black, like that of Shiva This is because Gods and Goddesses are free from happiness and unhappiness
REFERENCES
Rabab'ah 1 Khalid & Al-Saidat Emad, June 26, 2014. Conceptual and Connotative Meanings of Black and White Colours:Examples from Jordanian Arabic.Retrieved on 10 February 2017
Sherman Gary D. and L. Clore Gerald. The Color of Sin.University of Virginia. Retrieved on 15 February 2017
De Bortoli Mario & Maroto Jesús . 2001, University of Paisley. Colours Across Cultures:
Translating Colours in Interactive Marketing Communications. Retrieved on 7 march 2017
Adeeb Riyadh Eman,English Department, College of Education of Human Sciences University of Diyala. Socio-Cultural Associations of White and Black. Retrieved on 8 march 2017
BLACK & WHITE
WHAT IS CONNOTATION? “An idea or feeling which a word invokes for a person in addition to its literal or primary meaning”* “The associated or secondary meaning addition to its explicit or primary meaning”
of
a
word
or
expression
in
“Something suggested or implied by a word or thing, rather than being explicitly named or described” “The set of attributes constituting the meaning of a term and thus determining the range of objects to which that term may be applied; comprehension; intension”
*Source: oxford dictionary,http://www.dictionary.com/browse/connotation
DIMENSIONS OF THE COLOUR
The color black & white are categorized with the extend of lightness and darkness, which one emits or reflects and the other absorbs
Lightness refers to the scale from black to white
Chroma is necessarily zero at maximum and minimum value (white and black respectively), and reaches its maximum range at intermediate value levels
PHOTOGRAPHY Monochromatic views
Black and white images appear to be more timeless than color images
Dramatic effects are bought into audience attention through light and shadow
Tendency to distance the subject matter from reality
Monochrome makes a pause to look closely
PSYCHOLOGY OF BLACK & WHITE
HOW BLACK SPEAKS Black is visually heavy and it tends to convey a very strong message. Power, authority and strength Symbolic for evil & darkness Other associations of black include intelligence Black can direct communication in a powerful way.
HOW WHITE SPEAKS
White is considered to be safe and open Linked with righteous, good and peaceful Projects clarity, cleanliness, purity ,salvation It is said to promote creative thoughts
IN DEG
, it can add depth and timeless elegance to a room. But use of large amount of black can seem oppressive. 2.5.2 White
INTERIOR SPACES
It can instill feelings of youthfulness, faith and innocence White can help smaller spaces appear large It can also make rooms look livelier
It can add depth and timeless elegance to a room But use of large amount of black can seem oppressive and make the space compressive
WHITE AND BLACK ARE PERCEPTUAL SYMBOLS OF MORAL PURITY AND POLLUTION
Physical purity is a metaphor for moral ‘‘purity’’
Evil person’s clothing may be considered physically repulsive One’s moral transgressions can create desires for physical cleansing Ideas of dirtiness and impurity are themselves grounded in the perceptual experience of the color black, which is seen the opposite of white Black as a potent impurity that can contaminate whiteness A white object, conversely, is universally understood to be something that can be stained easily and that must remain unblemished to stay pure
It majorly focuses on negative valence Researches have revealed that children tend to assume that black boxes contain negative objects and white boxes contain positive object Black has negative connotations for many reasons as it is the color of night, uncertainty, and danger Associating sin with blackness reflects, in part, a concern with its polluting powers
SOCIAL EXISTENCE (RESPONSE AROUND THE WORLD)
WHITE IN INDIA • The only colour widows are allowed to wear, disconnecting herself from the pleasures and luxuries • Acceptable colour at funerals • Also widely accepted as the colour of peace and purity
INDIAN FLAG: • Middle part of the Indian flag is white, representing the honesty, purity, peace, cleanliness and knowledge of the nation • It lightens the path of truth to guide the nation
BLACK IN INDIA
• Black has connotations with lack of desirability, evil, negativity, and inertia • It represents anger and darkness • It is used as a representation of evil and is often used to ward off evil (with a little black dot on the chin or under the ear to ward off the evil eye)
WHITE IN ENGLAND • It means innocence, goodness, purity, and peace, honesty, and perfection. • The bride usually wears a white dress to give the impression of purity, happiness, fidelity, and virginity SOME PHRASES AND THEIR MEANINGS: • to be white - being pure and bright in heart and mind • white money - well-gained money that can be used in black, unlucky days • it is a kind of white feather - to give a symbol of cowardice and timid • white flags - way of surrender • white eyes - which conveys the association of sadness and grief
BLACK IN ENGLAND • Black is the sign of darkness, ugliness of the world, bad deeds, devil, evil, pain, misfortune • It has the connotation of death and sadness and is best exposed with dressing black suits and clothes as a sign of death in funeral • But it also has the association of sobriety and elegance. Accordingly, the use of black suit and black dress was their tradition SOME PHRASES AND THEIR MEANINGS: • Black faced - failure or disgrace • Black hearted - unkindness, rudeness, etc. • Black comedy - the comedy that criticizes bad aspects in society • Black magic - evil deeds affecting people • Black list - the list that comprises all the illegal and forbidden items and objects
CHINA • In traditional China, undyed linen clothing is worn at funerals. • White is the colour of reincarnation, showing that death is not a permanent separation from the world • White also symbolizes age, autumn, misfortune, virginity, humility and purity • Black is the colour for young boys. It has other positive connotations, like good health and prosperity YIN - YANG(Taijitu): Two halves that together complete wholeness. Yin – black, night, shady, female Yang – white, day, sunny, male
JAPAN • In Japan, undyed linen white robes are worn by pilgrims for rituals of purification, and bathing in sacred rivers • A white kimono is often placed in the casket with the deceased for the journey to the other world, as white represents death • Condolence gifts, or kooden, are tied with black and white ribbons and wrapped in white paper, protecting the contents from the impurities of the other world • Black symbolizes mystery and feminine energy
SAUDI ARABIA
white colour symbolizes nature(associated with clouds, cotton, crystal, and air) in Jordanian Arabic White means clear, clean, and pure & as it indicates innocent, harmless, and evil-free matters. With this positive assumption, if something is white, it is not stained and therefore clean If a person has a clear or pure mind, this person has a clear tolerance of matters ‘his heart is white’ ‘his face is white’ his hand is white ‘his intention is white’ ‘his page is white’ ‘his eye is white’ ‘a white day’ ‘white like snow’ 'his future is white‘ ' white lie' ‘white death’
BLACK
In Jordanian Arabic, different body parts of people are described black to indicate the negative characteristics f the person being talked about
‘his heart is black’
‘his face is black’
‘makes our faces black’
‘a black list’
‘black history’
'Black luck’
‘black day’
‘black future’
‘a black cloud’ or ‘a black cloud’
‘a black horse’
OTHER COUNTRIES • In Tibet, white robes were reserved for the lama of a monastery • In the French monarchy, white symbolized the King and his power and in contrast black was the colour of the queen which excluded women from the throne and power • In Peru, white is associated with angels, good health, and time • In Africa, black symbolizes age, maturity, and masculinity whereas white symbolizes peace, purity, goodness and good luck
• In Thailand, white elephants are considered auspicious. White symbolizes purity and Black represents unhappiness, bad luck, evil • In Korea, white means purity, innocence, morality, birth and death • In Ireland and many western countries, white has more positive associations. For example, a white dove is often a symbol of peace, and a white flag is used to halt war, whereas black is the colour of death, mourning, evil, bad luck, and unhappiness
RELIGIOUS BELIEFS
JUDAISM
The black and white has a lot of contrast from the history in Judaism It started from the Bereishit chapter: 1, where God created light and separated it from darkness (universe was then in a black colour) and called them as Day and Night respectively
WHITE IN JUDAISM The colour white represents righteousness, peace, purity, light, heavenly Brides wear white dresses in the marriages, as it denotes purity and innocence Religious heads and priests wear white dresses and robes for their rituals
BLACK IN JUDAISM
It represents darkness, evil, disease and sorrow Also most of the Orthodox Jewish men wear Black long overcoats with a black hat, as it indicates lack of concern of colour
CHRISTIANITY
Black and White in Christianity are almost similar from the Judaism, as it all originated from there
WHITE IN CHRISTIANITY
The colour white represents righteousness, purity, light, refinement, unblemished, heavenly It is written that when Jesus returns people will be clothed in white clothes symbolizing righteousness Christians get dressed up in all white for many religious rituals and gatherings, to indicate peace and purity Christian bride also wears the pure white dress in the marriage
BLACK IN CHRISTIANITY
The black colour represents bad, evil, darkness, death, disease, sorrow and all of which are related to sin It is believed that black is the colour of Lucifer (Satan) It is worn in funerals as mourning
WHITE IN ISLAM
It resembles innocence, purity, tenderness and clarity, stability, peace, brotherhood, harmony and optimism Brides wear it at weddings as a symbol of virginity and purity Muslims believe that white colour have generally been accepted as the colour, loved by the God and Prophet Muhammad They commonly wear white clothes during their Friday prayers
BLACK IN ISLAM
It is a symbol of entombment and holiness in Islam Black is associated with the sacred place of the Holy Ka’abah, a place where Muslims go to perform the pilgrimage
WHITE IN HINDUISM White represents purity, cleanliness, peace and knowledge in Hinduism Goddess Saraswati is always shown wearing a white dress, sitting on a white lotus It is also the colour of mourning
BLACK IN HINDUISM Black is believed as the symbol of unhappiness Although, some murtis in temples are black, like that of Shiva This is because Gods and Goddesses are free from happiness and unhappiness
REFERENCES
Rabab'ah 1 Khalid & Al-Saidat Emad, June 26, 2014. Conceptual and Connotative Meanings of Black and White Colours:Examples from Jordanian Arabic.Retrieved on 10 February 2017
Sherman Gary D. and L. Clore Gerald. The Color of Sin.University of Virginia. Retrieved on 15 February 2017
De Bortoli Mario & Maroto Jesús . 2001, University of Paisley. Colours Across Cultures:
Translating Colours in Interactive Marketing Communications. Retrieved on 7 march 2017
Adeeb Riyadh Eman,English Department, College of Education of Human Sciences University of Diyala. Socio-Cultural Associations of White and Black. Retrieved on 8 march 2017
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