Cut And Fill Presentation 143fr

CUT AND FILL PRESENTATION Group :

ADI HASSAN BIN ABDUL RAHMAN JACKLINE MEDAN SYAMIM ADILA BT ZAIDI WALVIRUS JOSEPH WAN MUHAMMAD AZFAR BIN WAN AZMI ALVIN DAVID NOR ZALINA BT ZAKARIA ZAHIRALI JOOMUN 1

OBJECTIVES OF TACHEOMETRY • Is a branch of surveying works which is used to determine for example the area, volume and etc. of soil. • To make surveying works easier (elimination of chains or tapes). • To gain knowledge on how to use theodolite in tacheometric.

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DEFINITION OF CUT AND FILL • Basically, cut and fill is a condition where the amount of material (in of volume) from cuts roughly matches the amount of fill needed. • The material from cuts will be used to fill the void to minimizing amount of construction labor. • This was done until we have suitable area to build buildings, roadways and etc. 3

• CUT A "Cut" volume is defined as the volume of material which is excavated below existing site levels.

• FILL "Fill" volume is the volume of material which is mounded above existing site levels. Cut and fill volumes are expressed in metres cubed (m³). 4

Example of project that use cut & fill • • • • • • • • • • •

Major Roadwork and Bridgeworks Rail infrastructure Urban Landscaping Wetland Construction Waterway Remediation Service Infrastructure and Relocations Wastewater treatment facilities Land remediation Access roads and ramps Road safety construction (noise walls, wire rope) Traffic Management 5

The importance of land preparations •Leveling the field surface is as important to the surface system. •Process to ensure that the depths and discharge variations over the field are relatively uniform.

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There are two land leveling philosophies: – to provide a slope which fits a water supply – to level the field to its best condition with minimal earth movement and then vary the water supply for the field condition.

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CALCULATION OF AREA 88

Chain survey/simple triangle

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Coordinates

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CALCULATION OF VOLUME PYRAMID FRUSTUM FORMULA CROSS-SECTION METHOD BORROW-PIT METHOD CONTOUR AREA METHOD

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Pyramid frustum formula

#PF formula is more accurate because the volumes formed in the transition areas are frustum.

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Cross Section Method • The cross section method is employed almost exclusively for computing volumes on linear construction projects such as highways, railroads, and canals. • Cut slopes of 1:1 ( 1 horizontal to 1 vertical ) and fill slope of 1-1/2:1 satisfactory for ordinary loam soil. 19

VOLUME MEASUREMENT

The volume between two stations then equal to : Ve = (A1+A2)L 2

where Ve = volume A1= area of one base A2 = area of the other base L = the perpendicular distance between bases 20

CALCULATING VOLUMES Unit area/Borrow-pit method The Grid Method (also known as the Borrow Pit Method) extends DAM to an excavation of

varying depths. Borrow-pit levelling calculates the excavation volume by applying a grid to the excavation area. The grids can be staked to squares of 10, 20, 50, 100, or more feet depending on the project size and the accuracy desired. For each grid square, final elevations are established for each corner of every grid square. These are subtracted from the existing elevations at the same location to determine the depth of cut or height of fill at each corner. For each grid square an average of the depths/heights of the four corners is multiplied by the area of the square to determine the volume of earthwork associated with the grid area. The total earthwork volume for the project is calculated by adding the volumes of each grid square in the excavation area. Volumes are calculated as follows: V = ((D1 + D2 + D3 + D4) / 4) * A * (1/27) Where, V = volume (cubic yards) A = area of the grid square (square feet) D = depth of cut/fill at each grid corner (feet)

The Contour Area Method (CAM) •

The Contour Area Method (CAM) uses the area of the excavation elevation contour lines to determine volumes. From a topographic map of the site, the areas enclosed by regular contour intervals are measured. This area measurement can be done by hand with a planimeter, electronically by a digitizer, or directly with a CADD program. If the horizontal areas enclosed by each contour line are large relative to the elevation difference between the two contour elevations, averaging the two areas and multiplying the average by the height difference can determine volumes. However, for relatively small earthworks (like spoil piles and borrow areas), volumes can be calculated based on the formula for the volume of a truncated pyramid:

V = (h / 3) * (B1 + B2 + sqrt[B1* B2] ) * (1/27) Where, V = volume (cubic yards)

B1, B2 = areas of the contour elevation lines (square feet) H = elevation difference between the contour elevations (feet)

THAT’S ALL..

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