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Katie Risolo EDU 509 DBQ Assessment Civil Rights Movement DOCUMENT-BASED QUESTION This question is based on the accompanying documents. It is designed to test your ability to work with historical documents. Some of these documents have been edited for the purposes of the question. As you analyze the documents, take into the source of each document and any point of view that may be presented in the document. Historical Context: The Civil Rights Movement (1954-1968) is understood as the collected efforts of many different groups and individuals fought to achieve justice and equal treatment for all African-Americans. Several events shaped the time period, particularly those that either showed the extent of injustice and unfair or violent treatment, as well as took direct action against injustice. Additionally, significant events were those where Civil Rights leaders could celebrate a concrete victory, such as a court decision or a change in law. Task: Using information from the documents and your knowledge of social studies, answer the questions that follow each document. ● Describe the hardships African-Americans in the United States faced before and during the Civil Rights Movement. ● Discuss actions taken by the government, groups, and/or individuals to make a change during this period.

Document 1: Woolworth’s Department Store Counter - Greensboro, North Carolina (February 1, 1960) Four A&T State University freshmen students, Ezell Blair, Jr.,, Franklin McCain, Joseph McNeil & David Richmond walked downtown and sat down at the whites-only lunch counter at Woolworth's. They refused to leave when denied service and stayed until the store closed.

Question 1: Why weren’t these four college students served at the lunch counter? _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ Question 2: What is the advantage of protesting nonviolently instead of using force? _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________

Document 2: School Integration in the American South, 1960 The massive effort to desegregate public schools across the United States was a major goal of the Civil Rights Movement. Brown v. Board of Education (1954), now acknowledged as one of the greatest Supreme Court decisions of the 20th century, unanimously held that the racial segregation of children in public schools violated the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. State

Total Black Enrollment Integrated with "Whites"

Alabama

267,259

0

Arkansas

104,205

98

Delaware

14,063

6,196

District of Columbia

89,451

73,290

Florida

201,091

512

Georgia

306,158

0

Kentucky

42,778

12,000

Louisiana

261,491

0

Maryland

130,076

28,072

Mississippi

271,761

0

Missouri

82,000

35,000

North Carolina

302,060

34

Oklahoma

39,405

10,246

South Carolina

255,616

0

Tennessee

146,700

169

Texas

279,374

3,300

Virginia

203,229

103

West Virginia

24,010

12,000

Total

3,020,727

181,020

(Source: Current, Richard D., Harry Williams, and Frank Freidel, American History: A Survey, 1961)

Question 3: Which states seemed to be more successful in integrating black and white students? _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________ Question 4: Which states had no school's integrated with whites? Why is this so? _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________

Document 3: Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. - Letter from a Birmingham Jail (April 16, 1963) Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. came to national prominence in 1955 as the leader of a boycott of the city-owned bus line in protest of its discrimination against African-American riders. From this time on, until he was murdered in 1968, Dr. King remained the most prominent AfricanAmerican civil rights leader. King’s leadership of demonstrations and open defiance of racist laws led police to arrest him a number of times. While in the Birmingham, Alabama, jail in the spring of 1963, King wrote an eloquent defense of his belief in nonviolent resistance. This excerpt comes from that essay: My Dear Fellow Clergymen:

I…indicate why I am here in Birmingham…I have the honor of serving as president of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, an organization operating in every southern state, with headquarters in Atlanta, Georgia....

Several months ago the …in Birmingham asked us to…engage in a non-violent…action program if…deemed necessary. We… consented, and when the hour came we lived up to our promise. So I, along with several of my staff, am here because I was invited here. I am here because I…organizational ties here.

But more basically, I am in Birmingham because injustice is here. Just as the prophets of the eighth century B.C. left their villages and carried their "thus saith the Lord" far beyond the boundaries of their home towns, and just as the Apostle Paul left his village of Tarsus and carried the gospel of Jesus Christ to the far corners of the Greco-Roman world, so I am compelled to carry the gospel of freedom beyond my own home town. Like Paul, I must constantly respond to the Macedonian call for aid.

Moreover, I am cognizant of the interrelatedness of all communities and states. I cannot sit idly by in Atlanta and not be concerned about what happens in Birmingham. Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere. We are caught in an inescapable network of mutuality, tied in a single garment of destiny. Whatever affects one directly, affects all indirectly. Never again can we afford to live with the narrow, provincial "outside agitator" idea. Anyone who lives inside the United States can never be considered an outsider anywhere within its bounds.

Question 5: How does Dr. King react to accusations that his actions were “unwise and untimely?” _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ Question 6: According to Dr. King, what does segregation do to the segregator? What does segregation do to the segregated? _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

Document 4: March on Washington Flier (August 28, 1963) Civil rights organizations demanded the right to vote, full access to jobs and education, and an end to segregated public accommodations. These demands were met with strong resistance and violence from local governments. On August 28, 1963, work in the nation’s capital came to a halt as thousands of demonstrators made their way to Washington, DC to participate in the largest demonstration up to that time in the city’s history. By the end of the day, an estimated 250,000 people participated in the march to demand social justice.

Question 7: What were the goals of the march? _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________

Document 5: Police Response to Non-violent Civil Rights Demonstrations in Birmingham, Alabama (1963)

Question 8: How did the police respond to people involved in non-violent demonstrations? _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ Question 9: Why did police officers react to non-violent protests in such a way?

_____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________

Document 6: Migration Map

Question 10: Which area of the United States faced a large population loss? Which area of the United States faced a large population gain? _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ Question 11: What are some causes as to why African-Americans migrated? _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________