Deep And Surface Grammar 36275g

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DEEP GRAMMAR AND SURFACE GRAMMAR

NAME: IRAM SHEHZADI

ROLL NO: 12081502-005

 Systemic functional linguistics • Systemic functional linguistics (SFL) is an approach to linguistics that considers language as a social semiotic system. It was developed by Michael Halliday, who took the notion of system from his teacher, J. R. Firth. • SFL is a theory of language centered around the notion of language function. (what language does ,and how it does it) Words can be arranged in many ways as there are many ways to arrange words.

Introduction of transformational generative grammar In linguistics, a transformational grammar, or transformational-generative grammar (TGG), is a generative grammar, especially of a natural language, that has been developed in a Chomsky tradition. Additionally, transformational grammar is the Chomsky tradition that gives rise to specific transformational grammars. Much current research in transformational grammar is inspired by Chomsky’s. In 1957 Chomsky developed transformational generative grammar to replace linear finite state grammar (left to right grammar).A system of language analysis that recognizes the relationship among the various elements of a sentence and among the possible sentences of a language and uses processes or rules to express this relationship. Transformational grammar or transformational generative grammar, a generative grammar, especially of a natural language, that has been developed in the Chomsky a tradition of phrase structure grammars. Chomsky grammar is a generative grammar of the transformational type. He means that among the rule s are those for transforming one type of sentence into another” (affirmative into negative, simple into compound or complex, and so forth).

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DEEP GRAMMAR AND SURFACE GRAMMAR

 TRANSFORMATIONAL GENERATIVE GRAMMAR PHARASE STRUCTURE

Lexical component Deep structure

Transformations

Surface structure Morphological rules

Sentence

It is a theory of grammar that s for the construction of a language by linguistics transformations and phrase structure.in transformational grammar, the term rule is used not for a precept set down by an external authority but for a principle that is unconsciously yet regularly followed in the production and interpretation of sentences. A rule is a direction for forming a sentence or a part of a sentence, which has been internalized by the native speaker.  Halliday concepts Systemic functional grammar (SF grammar) or systemic functional linguistics (SFL) is a grammatical description developed by M. A. K. Halliday (1925 - ). It was developed as the result of inheritance and borrowing of predecessors‟ achievements, such as Saussure, Malinowski, J.R. Firth and the American anthropological linguists Boas, Sapir and Whorf. Systemic functional grammar is

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DEEP GRAMMAR AND SURFACE GRAMMAR

concerned with how people use language and how language is structured for use. That is to say, functional grammar is based on a view of how language functions as a system of human communication, but not as rules. It sets out to investigate what the range of relevant choices are, both in the kinds of meaning that we want to express (or functions that we might want to perform) and in the kinds of wordings that we can use to express these meanings; and to match these two sets of choices.

NAME: FATIMA IQBAL

ROLL NO: 12081502-015

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DEEP GRAMMAR AND SURFACE GRAMMAR

 Introduction of Deep grammar and surface grammar Deep structure and surface structure are concepts used in linguistics, specifically in the study of syntax in the Chomskyian tradition of transformational generative grammar. The deep structure of a linguistic expression is a theoretical construct that seeks to unify several related structures. For example, the sentences "Pat loves Chris" and "Chris is loved by Pat" mean roughly the same thing and use similar words. Some linguists, Chomsky in particular, have tried to for this similarity by positing that these two sentences are distinct surface forms that derive from a common deep structure. In 1957, Noam Chomsky published Syntactic Structures, in which he developed the idea that each sentence in a language has two levels of representation — a structure and a structure. The deep structure represented the core semantic relations of a sentence, and was mapped on to the surface structure (which followed the phonological form of the sentence very closely) via transformations. Chomsky believed that there would be considerable similarities between languages' deep structures, and that these structures would reveal properties, common to all languages, which were concealed by their surface structures.  Deep and surface structure  D-structure is an abstract representation of a sentence.It can represented in the form of a hierarchical tree diagram, or phrase structure tree, depicting the abstract grammatical relationships between the words and the phrases within a sentence.  S-structure corresponds to the version of a sentence that can be spoken and heard. Surface structure are derived from deep structures by a series of transformations Example:  The dog bit the cat. (D-structure)  The cat was bitten by the dog. (S-structure) Where an optional transformation called “ive" had applied

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DEEP GRAMMAR AND SURFACE GRAMMAR

In TGG, sentences are generated by a (subconscious) set of procedures.it is part of the mind ability. The goal is ……To figure out what we (subconsciously) know…..A theory of the linguistic intuition (unconscious knowledge) of a native speaker. The ‘rules’ in TG do not tell us how to produce language > they tell us the ‘ORDER’ in which to put words and phrases. TGG allows us to generate an infinite number of sentences via transformations.

NAME: ASNA ZAFAR

ROLL NO: 12081502-013

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DEEP GRAMMAR AND SURFACE GRAMMAR

 Difference between deep and surface grammar Syntactic structure Deep structure and Surface structure  Deep structure Ds is the basic structure of sentences.it is specified by the phrase structure rules.it create the initial syntactic trees. PS: S – N VP VP- V NP NP-DET N E.g of deep structure S NP JOHN

VP V

NP

LOVES MARY

 TRANSFORMATIONAL RULES TR is a syntactic rule that applies to an underlying phrase structure tree of sentence. It derives a new structure by moving or inserting elements. It is a way to capture the relationship between a declaration and question.  Surface structure Surface structure is actual form a sentence.it is a form of sentences resulted from modification / transformation. Surface structure is form of language that is based on deep structure. Examples

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DEEP GRAMMAR AND SURFACE GRAMMAR

Same deep structure and different surface structure  you push the chair (active sentence)  The chair is pushed by you.(ive sentence)  Push the chair.(imperative sentence)  Structural vs. lexical ambiguities  John is sitting near the bank. Meaning 1: bank=financial institution Meaning 2: bank=slope at the side of a river It has two meaning, which appear to be reducible to the two meaning of the word ‘bank’.  TRANSOMATIONS ive agent deletion • [Someone] ate the cake. When the subject agent is not identified. We use an indefinite pronoun to fill the slot where it would appear in the deep structure.  The cake was eaten. In many instances. We delete the agent in ive sentences.  The cake was eaten [by someone]. T-G grammar proposes a deletion rule that eliminates the prepositional phrase containing the subject agent. We can say, therefore, that sentence has undergone two transformations, ive and ive agent deletion.

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DEEP GRAMMAR AND SURFACE GRAMMAR

NAME: HAJRA NAZAM

ROLL NO: 12081502-010

 Extrapositon • A construction (or transformation) in which a clause that acts as a subject is moved to the end of the sentence and replaced by it in the initial position. • Example: it’s no use crying over spilt milk rather then crying over spilt milk is no use. ‘It’ has a grammatical meaning but no lexical meaning.  End-focus • It is the principle that state that the most important information in a clause or sentence is placed at the end. • To be technically accurate, End focus is given to the last open class item or proper noun in a clause. • Example: in a sentence, Sean Connery was born in Scotland, 'the last open class item is the noun Scotland .by default, and it is the focus, the new piece of information in this sentence.  Reversed wh-clefts • Reversed wh clefts have the main focus at the beginning of the first units not at the end after be, as in regular wh clefts. Some combinations (that’s what/why/how/the way) are stereotyped. • Example: All you need is LOVE (regular wh cleft) • LOVE is all you need.(reserved wh-cleft)  Wh-movement • S-Structure • Who will john see? •

D-Structure

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DEEP GRAMMAR AND SURFACE GRAMMAR

•

John will see who.

 Sentence transformation • Grammaticality-correctness in of grammar. It is possible for a sentence to be both grammatical and meaningless Colorless green ideas sleep furiously (Chomsky) Man the bit sandwich the. The meaning of which is fairly clear. But no native speaker would accept as well formed.

Chomsky is clear that a generative grammar models only the knowledge that underlies the human ability to speak and understand.  Conclusion We can conclude that systematic functional linguistics the approach of language teaching consists of two grammars. There are systematic grammar and functional grammar in systematic grammar. Language is a part of a system of society. We cannot separate between language and society. D-structure is an abstract representation of a sentence.It can represented in the form of a hierarchical tree diagram, or phrase structure tree, depicting the abstract grammatical relationships between the words and the phrases within a sentence.S-structure corresponds to the version of a sentence that can be spoken and heard.

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REFERENCES

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http://awinlanguage.blogspot.com/ http://www.britannica.com/ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systemic_functional_linguistics www.isfla.org/Systemics/Bibliographies/HallidayBibilography.d http://www.slideshare.net/