Digital Electronics Lab Manual 4f722u

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS LAB MANUAL

List Of Experiments DIGITAL ELECTRONICS LAB PRACTICE &eCAD TOOLS LAB PRACTICE

Subject Title

:

Subject Code : Periods/Week : Periods/Semester :

Digital Electronics &eCAD Tools Lab Practice EC-309 06 90

Rationale: This is a core lab .student is expected to understand and demonstrate practical skills in handling , identify and using different instruments and various Digital ICs with ease .Emphasis is laid on imparting practical skills useful in the industry. CAD tools part is also included to enable the students learn latest software tools used in the industry .

S. No.

Major Topics

No. of Perio ds

I.

Basic Gates and Logic Families

12

II.

Realization of Boolean Functions using Gates Realization of Boolean Functions using Multiplexers and DeMultiplexers Flip Flops & Timing Circuits

12

III. IV. V. VI

Counters & Shift s Digital Circuit simulation using eCAD tools

12 12 12 30 90

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS

I. Basic Gates and Logic Families 1. Identify Digital ICs and noting down pin details from data sheets a) Identify the given digital ICs and draw the pin diagrams. ( use TTL and CMOS ICs of AND, OR,NOT, NAND, NOR and XOR gates with two and three inputs) b) Realize basic gate functions using toggle switches and a bulb

2. the truth tables of AND, OR,NOT, NAND, NOR Gates a) Measure threshold voltages resulting in change of a state of a NAND gate b) the truth table of 7403 IC (open collector quad 2input NAND gate). c) the Truth table of 4073 IC 3. Realize AND, OR, NOT, functions using 2 input NAND and NOR TTL Gates a) Implement Wire AND & Wire OR circuit and the truth table b) From the data sheets find out CMOS Equivalent of above ICs II. Realizing Boolean Functions 4. Implement XOR Logic using 2 input Nand Gates and NOR Gates and the truth table a) Implement a 4bit complement generator using 7486 quad XOR IC b) Realize a simple comparator using XOR Gate c) Realize a NOT gate using XOR gate 5. a) Implement the given logic function with 3 variables using 2 input CMOS NAND Gates only b)Implement given logic function with 3 variables using 2 Input CMOS NOR Gates only. 6. Implement Half adder and full adder circuits using TTL/CMOS gates and the truth tables. a) the truth table of BCD to 7 segment Decoder 7448 IC 7. a) the Truth table of Decoder and Explore the Features of 74138 Decoder IC b) Combine two 3 to 8 decoder to realize a 4 to 16 Decoder 8 . the Truth table of 74148 Encoder IC a) the function of 74148 Encoder and write the truth table b) Combine two 74148 Encoder and the truth table III. Realization of Boolean Functions using Multiplexers and Demultiplexers 9. the Truth table and Function of Multiplexer IC 74153 a) the truth table of IC 74153 b) Combine two 74153 Multiplexers ICs to realize 8:1 multiplexer c) Implement the given function using IC 74150 16:1 line multiplexer 10. the Truth table and Functions of De multiplexers (Using IC 74154)

11. the function of 4-bit magnitude comparator 7485IC. a) the effect of giving different logic inputs to pins 2,3,4 of IC b) Realize a simple 2bit comparator using XOR Gate IV. Flip Flops & Timing Circuits 12. Construct and the truth tables of NAND & NOR latches a) Realize a Bistable element with two NOT gates and a Resistor b) Implement a bounce Elimination switch using the above Gates c) Realize a clock circuit using 4093 CMOS NandGate , Resistor and capacitor and observe the waveform on CRO 13. Construct clocked RS FF using NAND gates and its truth table. a) the truth table of CD 4013 Dual D flip Flop b) the functionality and truth table of 74L71 RS flip flop with Preset and Clear c) the Truth table of JK FF using 7476 IC. d) Construct D and T flip flops using 7476 and the truth tables. V . Counters and Shift s 14. Construct and the function of decade counter using 7490 ICs. a) change the modulus of the counter b)Cascade two 7490 decade counter ICs to count up to 99 or any other modulus c) Display decimal number using 7447 d) Cascade two 7447 ICs to count up to 99 15. the function of up/down counter using 74190, 74193 a) change the modulus of the counter and b) the Functionality of CD4029 up/down counter c) Load the Preset inputs of CD4029 Counter with a binary number 16. the function of shift (ICs like 7495, 74194 etc.) 17. the function of Johnson counter using CD 4017 IC a) Change the modulus of the counter b) Design a Frequency divider circuit using 4017 IC c) Implement running LED circuit with 4017 IC 18. Identify Various Memory ICs and Note their pin Configuration from the datasheets a) RAM b) ROM c) EPROM d) EEPROM Part 2:eCAD TOOLS LAB PRACTICE ( 30 Periods)

19.Familiarization of usage of ORCAD suite of tools for the design and layout of printed circuit boards (PCBs).(3) 20.Simulate a 4 bit full adder /subtractor and test. 21.Design and simulate code converters using logic gates (i) BCD to excess-3 code and vice versa (ii) Binary to gray and vice-versa 22.Design and simulate 16 bit odd/even parity checker /generator using IC74180 23.Design and Simulate 4 bit ripple counter with Mod-10 and Mod- 12 24. Produce PCB layouts for above circuits 25. Design a PCB for the DAC80 circuit

The Breadboard The breadboard consists of two terminal strips and two bus strips (often broken in the centre). Each bus strip has two rows of s. Each of the two rows of s are a node. That is, each along a row on a bus strip is connected together (inside the breadboard). Bus strips are used primarily for power supply connections, but are also used for any node requiring a large number of connections. Each terminal strip has 60 rows and 5 columns of s on each side of the centre gap. Each row of 5 s is a node. You will build your circuits on the terminal strips by inserting the leads of circuit components into the receptacles and making connections with 22-26 gauge wire. There are wire cutter/strippers and a spool of wire in the lab. It is a good practice to wire +5V and 0V power supply connections to separate bus strips.

Fig 1. The breadboard. The lines indicate connected holes.

The 5V supply MUST NOT BE EXCEEDED since this will damage the ICs (Integrated circuits) used during the experiments. Incorrect connection

of power to the ICs could result in them exploding or becoming very hot with the possible serious injury occurring to the people working on the experiment! Ensure that the power supply polarity and all components and connections are correct before switching on power .

Building the Circuit Throughout these experiments we will use TTL chips to build circuits. The steps for wiring a circuit should be completed in the order described below: 1. Turn the power (Trainer Kit) off before you build anything! 2. Make sure the power is off before you build anything! 3. Connect the +5V and ground (GND) leads of the power supply to the power and ground bus strips on your breadboard. 4. Plug the chips you will be using into the breadboard. Point all the chips in the same direction with pin 1 at the upper-left corner. (Pin 1 is often identified by a dot or a notch next to it on the chip package) 5. Connect +5V and GND pins of each chip to the power and ground bus strips on the breadboard. 6. Select a connection on your schematic and place a piece of hookup wire between corresponding pins of the chips on your breadboard. It is better to make the short connections before the longer ones. Mark each connection on your schematic as you go, so as not to try to make the same connection again at a later stage. 7. Get one of your group to check the connections, before you turn the power on. 8. If an error is made and is not spotted before you turn the power on. Turn the power off immediately before you begin to rewire the circuit. 9. At the end of the laboratory session, collect you hook-up wires, chips and all equipment and return them to the demonstrator. 10.Tidy the area that you were working in and leave it in the same condition as it was before you started.

Common Causes of Problems 1. Not connecting the ground and/or power pins for all chips. 2. Not turning on the power supply before checking the operation of the circuit. 3. Leaving out wires. 4. Plugging wires into the wrong holes. 5. Driving a single gate input with the outputs of two or more gates 6. Modifying the circuit with the power on. In all experiments, you will be expected to obtain all instruments, leads, components at the start of the experiment and return them to their proper place after you have finished the experiment. Please inform the demonstrator or technician if you locate faulty equipment. If you damage a chip, inform a demonstrator, don't put it back in the box of chips for somebody else to use. Example Implementation of a Logic Circuit Build a circuit to implement the Boolean function F = /(/A./B), please note that the notation /A refers to . You should use that notation during the write-up of your laboratory experiments.

Quad 2 Input 7400

Hex 7404 Inverter

Fig 2. The complete designed and connected circuit Sometimes the chip manufacturer may denote the first pin by a small indented circle above the first pin of the chip. Place your chips in the same direction, to save confusion at a later stage. that you must connect power to the chips to get them to work.

Useful IC Pin details 7400(NAND)

7402(NOR)

7404(NOT)

7408(AND)

7411(3-i/p AND)

7432(OR)

7486(EX-OR)

7410(3-i/p NAND)

7420(4-i/p NAND)

HALF/FULL ADDER

Aim: - To realize half/full adder Apparatus Required: IC 7486, IC 7432, IC 7408, IC 7400, etc. Procedure: 1.

the gates.

2.

Make the connections as per the circuit diagram.

3.

Switch on VCC and apply various combinations of input according to truth table.

4.

Note down the output readings for half/full adder and half/full subtractor sum/difference and the carry/borrow bit for different combinations of inputs.

Circuit Diagram:-

MUX/DEMUX USING 74153 & 74139

Aim: - To the truth table of MUX and DEMUX . Apparatus Required: IC 74153, IC 74139 etc.

Procedure: - (IC 74153) 1. The Pin [16] is connected to + Vcc. 2. Pin [8] is connected to ground. 3. The inputs are applied either to ‘A’ input or ‘B’ input. 4. If MUX ‘A’ has to be initialized, Ea is made low and if MUX ‘B’ has to be initialized, Eb is made low. 5. Based on the selection lines one of the inputs will be selected at the output and thus the truth table Procedure: - (IC 74139) 1. The inputs are applied to either ‘a’ input or ‘b’ input 2. The demux is activated by making Ea low and Eb low. 3. the truth table .

BINARY TO GRAY AND GRAY TO BINARY CONVERSION Aim: - To convert given binary numbers to gray codes. Apparatus Required: IC 7486, etc Procedure: 1.

The circuit connections are made as shown in fig.

2.

Pin (14) is connected to +Vcc and Pin (7) to ground.

3.

In the case of binary to gray conversion, the inputs B0, B1, B2 and

B3 are given at respective pins and outputs G0, G1, G2,

G3 are taken for all the 16 combinations of the input. 4.

In the case of gray to binary conversion, the inputs G0, G1, G2 and G3 are given at respective pins and outputs B0, B1, B2, and B3 are taken for all the 16 combinations of inputs.

5.

The values of the outputs are tabulated.

COMPARATORS Aim: - To the truth table of one bit and four bit comparators using logic Gates and IC 7485 Apparatus Required: IC 7486, IC 7404, IC 7408, IC 7485etc. Procedure: 1.

the gates.

2.

Make the connections as per the circuit diagram.

3.

Switch on Vcc.

4.

Applying i/p and Check for the outputs.

5.

The readings of outputs should be tabulated .

Circuit diagram& truth tables:-

Tabular column :-

SHIFT Aim:- To study shift using IC 7495 in all its modes i.e. SIPO/SISO, PISO/PIPO. Apparatus Required: IC 7495, etc. Procedure:Serial In Parallel Out(SIPO):1. Connections are made as per circuit diagram. 2. Apply the data at serial i/p 3. Apply one clock pulse at clock 1 (Right Shift) observe this data at QA. 4. Apply the next data at serial i/p. 5. Apply one clock pulse at clock 2, observe that the data on QA will shift to QB and the new data applied will appear at QA. 6. Repeat steps 2 and 3 till all the 4 bits data are entered one by one into the shift . Serial In Serial Out(SISO):1. Connections are made as per circuit diagram. 2. Load the shift with 4 bits of data one by one serially. 3. At the end of 4th clock pulse the first data ‘d0’ appears at QD. 4. Apply another clock pulse; the second data ‘d1’ appears at QD. 5. Apply another clock pulse; the third data appears at QD. 6. Application of next clock pulse will enable the 4th data ‘d3’ to appear at QD. Thus the data applied serially at the input comes out serially at QD Parallel In Serial Out (PISO):-

1. Connections are made as per circuit diagram. 2. Apply the desired 4 bit data at A, B, C and D. 3. Keeping the mode control M=1 apply one clock pulse. The data applied at A, B, C and D will appear at QA, QB, QC and QD respectively. 4. Now mode control M=0. Apply clock pulses one by one and observe the Data coming out serially at QD Parallel In Parallel Out (PIPO):1. Connections are made as per circuit diagram. 2. Apply the 4 bit data at A, B, C and D. 3. Apply one clock pulse at Clock 2 (Note: Mode control M=1). 4. The 4 bit data at A, B, C and D appears at QA, QB, QC and QD respectively.

Circuit diagram :-

PISO:-

ASYNCHRONOUS COUNTER DESIGN AND MOD-N COUNTER Aim: - Realization of 3-bit Asynchronous counter and Mod-N counter design . . Apparatus Required: IC 7408, IC 7476, IC 7400, IC 7432 etc. Procedure: 1. Connections are made as per circuit diagram. 2. Clock pulses are applied one by one at the clock I/P and the O/P is observed at QA, QB & QC for IC 7476. 3. the Truth table .

Circuit Diagram:

SYNCHRONOUS COUNTER DESIGN Aim: - Realization of 3-bit synchronous counter design. . Apparatus Required: IC 7408, IC 7476, IC 7400, IC 7432 etc. Procedure: 1. Connections are made as per circuit diagram. 2. Clock pulses are applied one by one at the clock I/P and the O/P is observed at QA, QB & QC for IC 7476. 3. the Truth table .

Circuit Diagram& Truth table:

Truth table :-

FLIP-FLOP Aim:- Truth table verification of Flip-Flops: (i) RS-Type (ii) D- Type (iii) T- Type. (iv)JK-Type Apparatus Required: IC 7400,IC 7404 etc. Procedure: 1. Connections are made as per circuit diagram. 2. the truth table for various combinations of inputs. Circuit Diagram& Truth table: i)RS Flip-Flop

Q / Qn+ / RS n Qn 1 Qn+1 0 1 00 1 0 00 0 1 01 1 0 01 0 1 10 1 0 10 0 1 11 1 0 11

ii) D Flip-Flop

iii) T Flip-flop