Durgapur Project Ltd. Training Report b3869

ffi PROJECT LIMITED DURGAPUR (A GOVERNMENT OF WEST BENGAL TJNDERTAKING)

SUMMER TRAININGREPORT TO20/0712010 DURATIQN: 21106/2010

SI]BMITTED BY.

SANJIV SHOME.

U.ROLL

07 1230116020

STREAM

ENGG. ELECTRICAL

SEM

.TH o.

ID

EE/07 /37

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING.

OFENGINEERING,KALYANI. JISCOLLEGE

,!

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT THISISA REPORT ONTHEVOCATIONAL TRAINING ON DURGAPUR PROJECTS LIMITED. DURING THISREPORT ICANNOT HARDLY FORGET MR.ANUPGHOSAT {ASSISTANT MANAGER OFTRAINING DEPT.DPL), MR. A.K BHATTACHARYA ANDI AM GREATFUL TOTHEMFORPERMITTING ME UNDERTAKE TRAINING IN HIS REPUTED CONCERN FORA PERIOD OF4 WEEKS. I ALSOPAYMY GRATITUDE TO THEHEADSAND EMPLOYEES OFALL DEPATMENTS FORGIVINGTHEIRVALUABLE TIMEANDCORPORATION WHICHHELPED A LOTIN CLARIFYING OURDOUBTS.

3'oyearElectrical Engineering JISCOLLEGE OFENGINEERING, KALYANI.

of electricityis so muchthat it In this modernworld the dependence useof electric hasbecomea part of life.Therehasbeeneverincreasing Thisis powerfor domestic,commercialand industrialpurposes. achievedwith the helpof suitablepowerproducingunits,knownds power plantor electriowergeneratingstation.Thedesignof power plantshouldincorporatetwo importantaspects. powergenerating Firstlythe selectionand placingof necessary equipmentshouldbe suchso that a maximumreturnwill resultfrom a the minimumof expenditureoverworkingof life of plant.Secondly operationof the plantshouldbe suchto providecheapreliableand continuousservice.

wasestablished in the year 1950.lt has LIMITED" PROJECT "DURGAPUR one powerplant,water worksand cokeovenplant.Our interestis regardingthe powerplant.lt has6 runningunitsof total 671 MW +77+77+L10=67 (300+30+77 1) generation capacities.

DPL OVERVIEW

Formation: The Durgapur Project Limited is a govemrnent organization incorporated on 6th September,I 96 I consisting of coke oven batteries, by-product plant, gas-gnd projec! thermal power plant and water works . It is under the istrative control of the departmentof Power, Govt. of

w.B.

Location: Theorganization-plants andistrativeofficesarelocatedwithin 3 km. from Ddrgapur RailwayStationand 1 km from G.T. Road. Business: TheDurgapurProjectsLimited is the first undertaking ofthe Stategovt. which hasbeen engagedin developmentof infrastructurefor industriesandwasgivent}testatureofan "Industry for Induskies".It hashelpedin developmentofvarious large,mediumandsmallscale industries in andaroundDurgapurandotherplaceswithin the state. Activities: 1. Gederationof Powerand its distributionat l1 kV in its licensedareain Durgapurand transmissionof supplypowerto WBSEB. 2. Productionof metallurgicalcokeof Blast fumace,foundries,etc.,cokeovengasas industrialfuel andcrudecoaltar availablefrom its recoverytypesof cokeovenbatteries. 3. Treatmentant anddistributionof waterfor drinking andindustrialuse. Infrastructure: Land- l9l0 acrescomprisingof 1060acresfor plantand850acresfor township. RailwayNetwork- Separaterailway exchangeyard,@COPsiding)with railway maintained Wieghbridgefacility.

o )

Powerplant3 Theorganizationis generalingpowerfrom its sevenpowerunits with an aggregate capacityof 701M.W.anddistributingto its consumersat variouscategorieslocatedin its comrnand areasat Durgapurandthe receivedpoweris transmittedtbroughthe WestBengalStateElectricity Board Grid. Thecompanyensuressteady andunintemrptedsupplyofpower to its consumers. More facts: DurgapurProjectsLimited'stotal powergenerationcapacityafterthe recentrenovation andupgradation,todaystandsat 401 megawatt(MW). It is qngagedin all the three functionalareasof a powerutility -Generation,TransmissionandDistribution.It generates anddistributespowerin an unintemrptedmodeat grid frequency.It hasa clusterof six generationunits of differentcapacities.The largestrmit is of I I 0 MW capacityfollowedby threeof 77 MW eachandtwo of 30 MW each.Two boilersareof B&W, UK make,n'voof B&W, USA make.Theremainingtwo boilersareof Mitsubishi andABL. Exceptoneof BIIEL make,all otherfive generatorsaresuppliedby Siemens. The coal input for all t}e six unitstakentogetheris 6669tonnesper day.The powertariff it offersto all its ends,is reasonablycheaperthanmanyotherpowerutilities in the country. The growthin powerin the DPL commandareais aroundi0% per annum,the current demandbeingaround120MW which is about30%of the total powergeneration capacityofthe utility. It meetslocal demandthroughits captivekansmissionand distributionnetworks. DPL's unit wise power platrt capacity,Coal input and Availability

:CoalInput MT/D

Bdw, inaw,

BoilerMake iGeneratorMake

Availability(%)

Siemens Siemens Siemens Siemens lSiemens

100

100

'.1

More aboutDPL

Durgapur Projects Ltd continuously strives at not only maintaining but improving the quality of its productsfurther. Water,air and noisepollution is controlledby sophisticatedequipmentand monitoredclosely.The processcontrol laboratoriesare fully equippedwith sophisticatedand computerizedequipmentssuchCSR , CRI , Gas Chromatographand SpectraPhotometer. The EnvironmentLaboratoryhasstate-of+he-artinstrumentssuchas Bacteriological testing kits, Ambient air quality testing instruments , Stack monitoring instrument , Gas analyzers, Noisemeterand Noise SurreySystems.

Durgapurtoday assumesa significantposition in the industrialmap of West Bengal.It hasa whole gamut of manufacturingunits - fiom steelto power and from cementto

miningmachinery.In the growthandexpansionofthis industrialbase,Durgapurprojects Ltd, the multi-utility company,wholly ownedby the WestBengalGovernment,hasbeen playinga pivotalrole sinceearly60s.DPL-setup in 1961-isprimarilya powerutility organizationbut it hasalreadymadea mark in the marketalsoasa manufacturerof world standardcokefor variousmetallurgicalapplications.It alsoproducescokeovengas, which is beingsuppliedto the neighbouringdistrict of Kolkata.It producesanotherbyproduc! namely,crudecoaltar. It's rich humanresourcesof450 highly skilled engineers andprofessionals besidesaround5000-trained work force.A ll-memberBoardof Directorsactsasa watchdogofthe organization. DPL todayis a renovatedandupgradedpowerutility. A total of six units of different capacitieshavean aggregate4 I O-megawatt of installedcapacity.After fulfilting total requirementof its commandareacustomers,DPL surpluspowergoesto the WestBengal StateElectricityBoard(WBSEB).DPL is the only powersupplierwithin Durgapur. One ofthe biggest advantagesfor DPL to serve its clients is its production facilities being logistically linked with all the t}ree major modes of transportation- rail, road and sea.Besides,Kolkata and Haldia in the qrst, ports like Vishirkhapatnam, Chennai in the south and Mumbai in the west also handle DPL products. Cutting acrossthe statesfrom eastto west and south to north- DPL is also

gearingup to spreadits marketingwings abroad.Theproposedlist ofcountriesincludes Sri Lank4 Bhutan,DhakaandQuilon. To ensurequality in everyiep ofthe productprocessing,DpL hasa well equipped laboratoryhavingsophisticatedandcomputerizedinstrumentssuchasGSR,CRI, Gas Cbromatograph, Spectrophotometeretc.Environmentis a key concernto the DpL authorities.TheEnvironmentlaboratoryis equippedwith bacteriologicaltestingkits, ambientair qualitytestinginstrunients,stack monitoringinstruments,gasanalyzersetc. The sprawlingtownshipwith adequate infrastlucturefacilities speaksfor bpl,'s concem for its mostvaluableresources-its emolovees. Besidesadequate accommodation facilities,the companyrunsa hospitalandaneducational institutionto takecareof its emolovees.

6

THER n*IAL PO }VER S.f A"TIO N In thermal power stations. mechanicai power is produced by a heat engine that transtorms therrnal energy, often irom c(lnrbustion of a fuer, into rotatiol'lal energy. Most tnermal p'lwer stations produce steam. and these are sDmetirnes callect steam gower stations. Not all th€nnal energy can Ile transfornred into mechanical power, according to me secon'f law 6f thermodynamics.Therefore.there is always heat tost to the environment. lf this loss is employed as useful neat, for industrial processes or cistric{ neafir'rg.d]e power piant is referred to as a cogeneration power plant or cHP (cornbined heat-and-power) plant. In countries where district heating is cornrnon,there are dedicated heat plants called neat-only lloiier stations,An iinpodant tlass of power statiol'lsin the Middie East uses by-productheat fDr the desalinationof warer A steam power statlon worl{s on tne Rankin cycle, stearn is proctucedIn the boiler hy utilizing the heat of coal cornilustion that is then expanded in the prime mover {i_8.steam turoiney ano is condensed to he fed Into the boiler again. The steam turbine drivds the alternator which c'Jnvens meci'ianicaily energiyof turlline int6 eiec-rricenergy. This type of power' stauon is suitahle where coal ancl water are avail3ble in abundance ancl a large amount of electric power is to be genefated.

Thermal pourer plant I Coal conwaytr Z Stoker 3 Pulveri?er 4 Boiler 5 Coal Ash 6 Air praheater 7 Eleclr'oElalic precipitater B Smok*slack 3 Turbine L0 Candenrer 11 Trsnsforrneys l? Cooling toweru !3 General+r 14 HiEh-vdltsge powar linas

In a thermal power plant. steam is produced and used to spin a turbine that operates a generator.Shown here is a diagram of a conventionaltl'lertTtalpowerpiani.whicn uses coal, oii. ol'natural gas as fuel to boil waterto produce the sieam. The eiectricitygenerated atthe plant is sent to cor)sumersthrougn high-voltage p'lwer tines.

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Powat ttatlon tans DEHNAnON: A fan can bc dafttpd as a volum*ftc machrna whrch fika Fumo quanddas o, alr & gas trom ona ptaco b arrofil'.t. tn doing so k ovarco;&'lCEtan"i now by supplylng the nud wnh enctgy n rcssary fot c-orrtatncC mot on. ',le

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FANS USED IN POWER PLANT Fo/R Bo.'LER HOUSE: t: Fo-read Ora{t,Fan (F.D fan):- To-tak._air from atmosphGr. at ambirnt tlinparatur. to rupply .''.ndalty at| tt.c combqstion atr can lattrrr ba 5t2.d to ov.rcom. rt't tnr lofloi losras {pra3surtz.C syst ml orjust put tfi. air In firmrcG (balanccd draft unlt3). 2. In-ducGd Drart Fan (t.D fan):- urcd ohry in barancad drart unal' to suck ttra ga5.5 .rJt of th. tr|mrc. A throlr, 1tt.m int? th. fiy ash tad.n gas.i at ta;p.ratur. of 126-2txt c.g c. sp.cd r.ldom exc..d,:ta9!!-Hrndt.s tooor.p.m. 3. Primary Atr Fan (p-A fanl:- Us.d for putv.riz.d to hlghar prossurc.

systam. Urualy

3tz.d ,or ISOO r,p.m du.

4. Saar Alr Fan:-t sed to s.al m||r baarings, coar ta.dars and coar pip.s In casa of prassura typ. mill. Sp..d d€p.nds on th. typr ot arrangcmrnts ot tan. 6-. Itnitor air Fan: - urcd to provrd. nlc._3sary combusdon alr to ttrc rgnitor. A control damp.r ls provld.d on lhe dlacharg€ wrrlcn mdauliioi-to ii.tt t.ltt a conliini crirr-ri'nttai pr.33ur. labout 75mm ot w.ct acros3 tgntto, wh,r arry lgnitor ls h ;;t;;itt;;i;;; t460r.p.m. 6. Scannar Atr Fan:{rscd sp.sd 3O(Xrr.p.m. RldrnaradvG

to provlda n.cqs3ary

cooling alr to t'ra ,tama scannaf3. Typlcal

tcad haatino svstam

ECONOIdTCS OF FEED HEAnN6: _ t, s'E,am is btcd from a turbina ancr E mada up tE talent and any supe ?€at Is may pos.s.ss tp e trcatgr, !trr, systlz, is caltaat fegancfa,vQ, -ui bcc.rBa tt'c ftuid (s|r,am) grvq t|f,at whtch wo.rtd dJimJiwsc waspc to ''rrGoNDENSATE SyStE/tt A typical cond.nsat

syst$

conslgts 0f tha following:-

1. Condenser (lnctudinghot_well) 2. Condensatepumps 3. Air Extracton 4. Gland cooters & L.p.heaters system 5. Deaerator

co roE rsER The functions of condenser are:a) To provrde rowest economic heat rejection temperature tor the steam Thus savrng on steam requtred per unit of electticlty. b) To convert exhaust steam td water reuse thus saving on feed warer requlrement. c) Oeaera6onof make-up water introducingthe condenser.

e

di To form a convenientpoint for introducingmake-up wate.

Coal tji Electricitv

ft

Trcat

m.nt

Plrnt

-a.r

Tne above crlagramasnamed and pointed as below : 1 . Chimn ey . 2. lD Fan. 3 . ESP. 4. FO Fan. 6. PA Fan. 6. SCAPH. 7- Air Pre Heater. 8. Ecsnomlzer. 9, Feed Water Llne. to. Primary SH(LTSri). 11 - Fina l SH 12. Platent Stt. 13. Extended Steam Watl 14. Reheater. 15 . Su pe r Heat ed St eam . 16. Cold Reheat Line. 17 . Hot Reheat Une. 18. Boiter Drum -

19. Down Comrller. 20. BR Header 2t. Fumace. Z2.Bumer zil. \l/ind Box. 24. ]{ot PA Header. 25. Cotd PA Heacter. 2€. Coal Milt. 2'I . Caal Crusher. 28. Seal Air Fan, 29- RC Burner. 30. PC Pipes_ 31 . Water Platent31. HP Turblne. 33- lP Turhine. 34. LP Turbine35. Condenser. 3€- Ejector.

3T.CondensatePump. 39. Gland Steam Coolers. 39. LP Heaters. 40. Deareator. 41. B ol l er Feed P umo. 42.H P H eaters. 43. Makeup Fump. 44. Circulating Water P ump. 45. Water Treatrnent plant. 46. Confot Structure. 47. Generator_ 44. Hydrogen Plant 49. Main Transformer 50, Aux. Transformer 51. A l r C i rcui tB reaker. 52. Cooling Towers. 53. C T P ump.

I

Essential

Equipmerrts

in poril,er Generation

Tulbihe The conversion ts generaily accomplasheclby ing tne fiuad through a system of stationafy ages or vanes that alternate with ages cDnsistingof finlike b'iades ittacneo to a rotor. By arranging tne flow. so tnat a tangentiai force, or torqu-, is exerted on the rotor btades, tne rotor turns. and work is Bxtracted. A steam turlrine coniists of a-rotor resting on bearings and enclosed in a cylandricalcasing. The rotor is tumecl by steam impinging agairist auainto or blades on which it exerts a force in the tangentlal direction. inus a steam turbane vanes coutctbe yjeweg as a complex series of windmill-iike arrangements, alt assemblect on the same snaft. Here three types of turbines are used(i)HighPressure TurbtneiHpt, (ii)lntermediate PressureTurbine(tp). (iiilLovy Pressure Turhine{LF, G€ncrator G.e-neJatorsdriven hy high-speed steam turbines are almDst always constructed shafts. The rotor diameter is usuatly limiterl to a maximum of aglut one meter wiul horizontai hlgh centrifugal forces produced- HigrFspeed generators areiniroieo within a because of the ctosed cytinclrlcai stator houslng illat extends between tne bearings at the two enos. gas circulating witrtin the housing and also rrequentty through cluctsTney arJ .ooiio ny-dyorogrn within veqy',large generators are cooled by circulating waier tnroirgn tne stator the stator conduerors. and rotor conductors. This is a synchronous generatofTransformer Device that tEnsfers electric energy from one altemating-cuffent clrcuit to one or more otner clrcults, elther increasing.{stepping up) or reducing clown) change voltage through etectromagneticinductioruJf {step-ping;ifletc the vonage. Transformers tines of ,orce (flux unes) *-*:. builrJup and collapse with the cn-nges in current pdssing tnrouln tne primiryioil,'lune.rt i, induced in anouler coil, called.the seConoary. uonaiu is calcutated hy multiptying -Ih-1:econgiiv voltage hy the ratio of the number or turns rn ine ieTondary coit to the number ot :19-q113.y tums in the primary coit, a quantity caflectthe turn's ratio. Circuat braaFer A clrcult breaker is an automaticallFoperated electrical swltch clesigned protect to an eiectricat circu.itfrom damage caused oy ovlrtdao or short circuit. rts nJs'i function is to detect a rautt conditlon and, by Interrupting continuity,to immediately discontinue electrical flow. unlike a fuse, which operates once and then has to tie reptaced, a circuit nreaxJi can be reset (either manualy or automaticallyJto resume normal operation. circuit breakers are made in varyangsizes, from small devlces that protect an inc,ivicluitnousehoto apprraniJuplo-trrg" switcng';Jide;rjnea to protect high vottage cifcuits feeding an ertife city_ TYPES OF CIRCUIT BREAKER lvlany different classifications of circuit breakers can be made, hased on thelr features such as voltage class, constructiontype, interupting type, and structuraifeatures. 1, Alr CircultBrcaker 2. Alr btast Circuit Breaker 3, Tank type Butk Oit CircuitBreaker

rn

4. 5, 6, 7,

M i n i m u m O i t C i rc u i tB re a k e r Sulphur Hexaftuoricte{SF6} Circuit Breai<er Vacuum Circuit Brealcer. Low Voltage European Circuit Breaker

Coofno Tow€rs: Ail tfiermal power piants produce waste neat as a byproduct of the usetut electricat energy producecl. Natural dr_^ajt wgt,gooling towers at nuctear power plants anct at some large fosiil fuel power plants_use lalge hypErtrotic cnimney-lii(e structures (as seen in the tmage at -fired the left) that release the waste ne# to the ambienf atmosphere oy'ure evaporation of water iiovter left image). However, the mechanical Induced-draft or force+draft wit cooling rowers ias s"-en in tl|e lmage to the right) in many large.tnermal power ptants. {nuclear power ptants. fossii fired power piants. petroleum refineries, petrocnemiial plants, geotrrermir,'lriomass ano waste to energy plants use fans to provicte air movernent upward thiough do,r/ncoming water ancl are nol hype.boljc chiftney-like sffuctures- The inducect or rorce+orEft io6ting rowers ara typically rectangular. box-like structures filled with a material that enhances the coniacting of the upflowing air and fl1e downflowing datef. In areas witn restricted water uie a dry cooling tower or radlator. dlrecfly air cooled. may be necessaly' since the cost or environrnental consequences of ontaining make-up water for evaporative cooling woulcl he prohibitive. These have lower efficiencf inc nifnur energl/ consumption in fans than a wet. evapo(ative cooiing tou/erwhere- economicalfy and environmentalty possibte. etectric companies prerer to use coogng water from the ocean, or a iake rrr rivef, or._a cooling pond, instead of ; looring iewer. This type of coollng can save the cost of a cooting towei bno may nave lorrver ene-rgy costs for pumping cDoiing water through fte planfs heat exchangers. Hcwever, tne wasie heat can cause-the temperature of the water to rise. cletectably. P*orryerptants ustng natural bodies of water for cooling must be designed to prevent intake of brganisms into the cofiting itiie. Generator Transform€r Regarding to physical size of national power systerns, rate 6f power excnange and transmission lines capacity are increased. oy usJhg or voitage G[nnorogy. step up or generator transformers incrsase the produce,: vditage of-6ign piwer gerGrator! in griAi powlJr pilnts. Tnerefore it seems the unique tunction of these traniformers is the increasing-of generatoi voltage equat to voltage of nationat grid. But as you know. in small and individual pow€r systems (e.g. industrial power ptant and related power distribution system) the generator transiormers'are used as thd electromagnetc Intefface stage between g.enerator ano powe_rclistribution system- tn this mentioned system the transrnission anci distriilut,on voltage is'rfiedium voitage, ttiererore output of generator may be used directy in distribution system Coal mlll I A pulverized coaLfired boiler is an inclustrial or.utillty boller fl'lat generates thermal energy by h.uming putverized coal (also known as po\fldereo coat or coat dust) This type of boiler dominates tne electric power industry. providing steam to ctrive targe turbines, pulverized coal provides the thermal energy which produces about 5oo/oof ffre worlo'i elecfric supply. Raw coal is fed througn a lentral ioat inlet at fte top or tne pulJerizer andfalls by gravriy to the rBtating grincting table, mixing with classifier rejects returneb for re-grinding. centrifugat action forces the coal outward tlle. grinding ring wnere it is putverized h;twee; the nng and three grinding rollers- Grinding lo load. trinsmitieo rrom the tensioh rods through the lo;dlng irame to the roller assemtllles, nolds the rollers in _wimme grinding nng The roilers adjustverticalry as the depth of tfie coal loacl increases or decreases. A noz]zle ring on the outside perimeter of the grinding ring feeds prirnary airto the putverizer pyritei-Jno trarnp rnetat fa1 through the nozzle ring openlngs to be scraped into a re1ectsnoppjr. A sveam of low-veiociry atr carrtes

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The steamgeneratingplant consistsof boiler for productionof steamand otherauxiliary equipmentfor the utilization of fuel gases. . BOILER A boiler is an indispensabie part of a thermalpowerplant. In a boiler, we burn the coal to produceheatenergy.This heatenergy will makethe waterto superheated steam. Thenthis steamis usedto rotatethe turbinJiotor into ve.y trigrrspeed.From boiler, steamesthrough superheater,economizer, and air pre-lreaterand then esthrough chimneyto atmosphere.

I.nDyepur ProjectLimited,therearesix boilers. Hereis theunitwlse boiler descrintionnDuonDescription Unit I Unit 2 Unit 3 Bolier Babcock Babcock Babcock Make & Wilcox, & Wilcox, 9, UK UK Wilcox, UK Coal 504 504 t'260 E

(Mr/D)

Unit 4 Babcock

&

Unit 5 Unit 6 Ir4itsubishi ABL

Wilcox, UK

t260

1293

1848

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SUPERHEATER rnt tGutn p,oGd in the utiter is wet and is ed througha superheater where it is divided and superheated by the flue gaseson_theiiway to chimney.Superheater providestwo principal benefitsfirstly, the overalleffrciencyis increased.s"rorrJiy too much condensation in the last stagesis avoided.The superheater steamis fed to tr-ubine through the main valve. . ECONOMISEB it is basicallya heatchangerby which the temperature of feedwater,coming from high pressureheateris increasedtothe saturatioi temferature or slightly lessthan the saturationtemperatue.correspondingto the drum pressure.The fed water is fed to economizerbeforesupplyingto the boilir. The economizer extractsa part of heatof flue gasto increasethe feed water temperature.

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AIRPREHEATER t An air preheater increases thetemperature of theair suppliedfor coalburningby derivingheatfrom flue gasses. Air is or?v1nfrom the ut-orpt by a forcedraught andis ed throughairpreheater "r.The preheater fan supplyirlgto boilernrmJce. air exracts tie.at the temperature of air usedfor coalcombustion.The {rgmnut gut.i andincreases principlebenefitsof heatingtheair increaJed thermalefficiencyandincreasedsteam capacitypersq.meterof boilersurface. o STEAM TURBINE

t:tffXY}:.:^:4i]yv

of ttr; steam is firstconverred intokineticenergy is

velo citysteam failsontrre.-ilffi ffi; n,..j'"-Jj "..r, :::'l:: :: ?lg: tf :"q1 rujerr, universally usedasprimemovers in all steampowerplants. o ALTtrRNATQR

3

t3

i^ The steamturbineis coupledt. an altcrnat.r.'[-healternatorcon'crts mechanicar of turbineinto electricdtncrgy. 'ttrc energy clectricotoutpuirr-o'i the alternators is cielivercd the bus bar throughtransfornilr to circuit Lreakersand isorators. D' ELECTRO.ITATIC. prrECrprT.{TOR " (ESp) There is variou gat tl"*[iiui."r. a.i]iililem pratetvpe of erecrrosraric precipitatoris very usefuras it gau."99y",efficien;;."n;tn"ipr. components of an electrostatic precipitatoraretrvoset.s of electroderinrluiu,lJfrom each orher.The firsrset ts composedof rowsof electricallvgrounded carteacollecringerectrodes betweenwhich aredustladengas i" n"*r.'n. ".;;;i;i;il ...oni ,.iJf er.ctroaescoisistsof wires, calledthe dischargeor emitrin! erectrodes rhar.are eachpair pararel particlesare coil"tt"J in rtrecotte.,irrg.r.rirodes ".";;;;i"cked and ger..;up;rared *i?#:.ash from SPECIFICATION OF E.S.P. IN EACH SERIES

NOOr'etrarrren pr-are

vtl

NOOFTBANSpOnrvfEn TRAFORECTIFIER sET D C V O[-T(K V CURRENT(AI\4pS l, pH,q.S H o,

voL17m

4*6 6* I

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360,157 4 9 . 4 5 ,l. 1 4 8

HINLANDM .

BOILER FEEDptjt\tP

PowER(K B4_IED

REVOLUTIONPERMIN U T E _ .- * UENCY(HZ P H A S E( STATOR INSULATION-CLASS

RO'foR EFFIC IE NCYh% POWERFACTOR(COS TOTAL WEIGHT (KC

MANUFACTURED Bi

4, 6600v,400A RRELCAGE

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INDUCE D DRA UGHT FA N I

RATEDPOWER REVOLUTIONPERMINUTE FREQUENqY(HZ),Pr{ASE(0) RATEDVOLTAGE(VOLT) RATEDCURRENT(AMP) RATTNG

671.4KW / 900HP 740 -50,03 6600 1A ,a

INSULATION CLASS

MCR F

DU'1'Y

st, cD (MOTOR)

ALT

1000M

AMBIENTTEMPERATURE MANUF

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CTIJRE DB Y

CI{OIviF'|ONGREAVES

FORCEDDRAUGHTFAN:

RATEDCURRENT(AMP RATEDPOWER,PHASE(6) REVOLUI'ION PERMINUTE POWERFAC'|OR MANUFAC']-I.JRED BY r

.+) ^a

6600 375KW / 5m HP.03

-

988

0.8 BHEt,

EI-ECTRIC OIL HEATER:

TYPE SERIALNO NO OF ELEMENTS

POWER(Kw)

BATEDVOLTAGE(voLr)

lFrArE (0)

MANUFAC'ruRED BY

INDIREC'T t -84.6C1-0S I ti0

60 440

03 PENNWALT INDOAT LIMI'TED

I

\>

ALTERNATOR A'c' generatorsare usuallyca'ed alternators .lhey are also calledsynchronous generators,Rotating machinesthat rotatesat a speedfixed by the supply frequencyand the numberof polesare calledsynchronous machines.

:. goNSrRUCrIoN

similar to the other rotating machines, an alternatorconsistsof fwo main parts namely'the statorand rotor' The sltor is the stationu.yport orthe machine. It carriesthe armaturewindins in which the voltage is generated.rire butput of the machine is taken rheiotorir tr'..olutinJi;;

ortn. il.,oro,produces rhemain -*rri,,*

fr:,T;rfi*.

l.wucrroN Thevariouspattt oFth"Gl*clude the frame,statorcore,statorwi'dings and coolingarrangemen!. Theframernuyu. or castiron for'small sizemachinesandwelded steeltypefor largesizemachines.In order to.reducehysieresisandeddycrurent thestatorcoreis assembred witrrhilrr giadesilicon.on*ni *."r laminations. losses

2. tgro4 coNsrRACrroN "r,,"*HTl,T#:

tvpts.Ft6Gristructionnamelv, thesalient poretypeand

ThealGntil )olesnroiecrino nrr+ffJ::::lfc

or projecting'Thus,a salientpolerotor consists .f

:tJiffiffi:" :.*::**':,9,-",::3:T3;'y".i;"d;#."J:b;;*fi ;ff;"':::,ff;,orpores

andoperate and operate at lower at lower speed,o sneerl sn it ir ariu"n dri'o- L' r,,^+^- !--L: d;Jilffi; mes

generators. lindrical rotor

called hydro alternatorsor hydro

A cylindricalrotormachineis alsocalled a nonsalientpore.rotor machine.It hasits rotor constructed thatit formsa cylinder. Thecylindi.ui roto, lmooth lvpe alternatorhasrwo or four poleson therotor.cylindricalrotor typeaiternatorsaredrivenby steamor gas turbine'cylindricalrotor fypealternators aracalledturboalternator or turbogenerator. Themachines arebu't in iit"*u.i from to Mv,ito over 1500MVA. In thisplantcylindricalrotor typ. uri..nrors "ii^ringsa{eused for generation. *

Excitation *"*ip-tffii

by ing

curent in thefield winding.In this plant there are two types of systemused for excitation. r) D.C. SYSTEM Direct currentis required to excite the field_windingon the rotor of the synchronous machine'D'c' is suppliedto the rotor field uy u o"!"n"raiol cdteo exciter. Ths exciteris suppliedcurrentby a smallerD.c. generator caltedlilot exciter.The main and pilot excitersare mountedon the main siaft of ,fr" alternator.

2) A.C.SYSTEM

+ Thereare two types of ac excitation system. Rotating system:this is a high frequency excitation system'pennanentmagnetpilot exciter and uncontrolledrectifier. static excitationis generatorfed staticexcitation systemwith controlledrectifier and rectifier transformer.

* coqLING SYSTEM In this plantcoolingis donein unit 1 and2 by air. Theclosedcircuit air closed generator hasshaftmountedfansfor circulationunaiori"ontur watercooledair coolers aremountedin thehot duct.rn caseof unit3,4,5 hy;;;;;;';oo[ng is done.Four horizontalhydrogengascoolersareaxially*o*t"j'on ti;i;p half of the generator casing.

\6

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SPECIFICATIONOF ALTERNATORS r

UNIT NO 1&2 ALTERNATER

RATEDVOLTAGE RATEDCURRENT BASEMVA PFIASE SPEED FREQTJENCY POWERFACTOR

r 1000v+-7.5%V 3440A 37.5MVA I

J

3000R.P.M 5OHz

0.8 205VOLT! ,408Amp YY

EXCITATION

CONNECTION MANUFACTUREDBY .

bNUHLISHELECTRIC

UNIT NO 3&4&5 ALTERNATER

RATEDVOLTAGE RATEDCURRENT BASEMVA

11000V+ - 75%V 4650t4600t4330/3940A

88.sI 81.5t82.5/7s.0MVA 3000R.P.M

POWERFACTOR EXCITATION

0.87l0.88/0.8/0.9 381/3721384/366Volts,665 I 650I670I 640

FORF]2COOLING MANUFACTUREDBY

1.05/1 .05/0.5/0.065 KG/CM

e

UNIT NO 6 ALTERNATER

.I'\TDtr L

LL

L

RATiNG HYDROGENPRESSUREE(AlI\d)

APARENT O/P(KVA)

ACTTVE o1P(Kw)

t

TGP234260t2H UUN I INIOUS

2 137.500 I IU,UUU

POWERFACTOR(COSd) RATEp VOLTAGE(VOLT) RATEDCURRENT(AMPS) REVOLUTIONPERMTNUTE FREQUENCY(HZ) PHASECONNECTION GENERATEI{TERMINAL

0.8LAG I 1000

MANUFACTURED BY

SIMENS

220 3000 50 YY o

t8

'l TRANSFORITER r

INTRODUCTION: A transformer is a staticdevicewhichconsists of two or morestationary electric circuits'Interlinked by a commonmagnetic circuitfor thepurpose of transferring electrical energybetween them.Thetransfers of energyfromonecircuitto anothertakesplacewithouta changein frequency. r

CORB The transformer coreis a closedmagneticcircuitthroughthemutualflux i.e,theflux whichlinkswith boththervindinges. Thecorematerialandconstruction shouldbesuch thatboththemagnetizing currentandthecoretosseb areminimum.Thecoresof transformers arelaminated in orderto reduceeddycurrentlosses. Thelaminations aregenerally madeup of 0.33-0.5 mm thick.Theselaminations aremadeof theso calledtransformirgradesteel containing 3-5%silicon.Thesteelusedfor transformers aregenerally hotroilerjor coldrolled. But in recentyearscoldrolledsteelis preferred overhotrolledasit allowsmuchmorEflux densities up to about1.8wb/mz. .

BUSHINGS Transformers areconnected to higltvoltagelines,and,therefore,caremustbetakento preventflashoverfrom thehighvoltageconnection to theearlhedbanks.The bushingconsists of a currertcanyingpartin the form of a conductingrod,busor cable,a porcelain cftinO.1. installedin a holein thetransforrner coverandusedfor isolatingthe curint carryingpart.The simplestbushingis a molded,high qualityglazedporcelaininsulatorwith a.onju.ioi rhrough its centre.This bushingis used{or voltagesupto33 KV.The bushingsusedfor transformers havingvoltagesabove36 KV areeitheroil filled or capacitorfype. .

TAP CI{ANGER The voltageof power-networks suppliedby transformers canbe controlledby changing theratioof transformation of thetransformers. Thechangein ratioof transformation canbe affectedby providingtappingson thetransformer windings.Ihetappingsareconnections providedat differentplacesin thewindingsandtherefore, thenumberof tumsincludedin the circuitat onetap is differentfrom thenumberof turnsat anothertap.Thetappingsmaybe changedwhenthe transformer is disconnected from thesupply.This is calledofi-circuittap changing. The off-circuittap changingis usedfor occasion;ladjustments, as in distribution transformers. Thetappingscanalsobe.changedwhile thetransiormeris energized or on load. This is knownas on loadtapchanger.FERRANTI TAP CHANGER GEAR: NO, OF POSITION RESISTOERVALUE SUPPLYTO MOTOR OIL QUANTITY: SWITCHCOMPONENT GEARBOX WEIGHT(EMPTY) TOTAI.,WEIGHT MANUFACTURED BY

T7 .

0.855c2 2 3 0V . 382LTR, (330KG) 1 3 7L T R,(l lS K G ) 7 1 5K C ll6 3 K G SIEMENS

t0 o COOLING th" ttansflo.mer is a staticdevicewhichconvertsenergyat onevoltagelevelto another voltagelevel'Duringthis processof energytransfer.lossesoccurin the windinesandcore of thetransformer. Theselossesappearasheat.The heatdeveloped in thetrans-formers is dissipated to thesurroundings. Forthisemission of heat,coolingbecomes necessary in transformers. The differenttypesof coolinginvolvedin transformers are: l. Oil naturalair natural. 2. Oil naturalair forced. 3. Oil naturalwaterforced. 4. Forcedcirculation of oil. a) Oil forcedAir natural. b) Oil forcedAir forced. c) Oil forcedWaterforced. .

WINDTNGS The anangement aswell asconstruction of transformers variesin shellandcoretype transformers. Shelltypetransformers usesandwichtypeof windingwith coilsshapedin pancakes. In thatcaseL.V. andH.V. windingsaresplitup intoa numberof coils.h,achhigh voltagecoil is placedbetween two low voltagecoils.Thissubdivision of H.V andL.V coil givesa benercouplingbetweenthetwo windings.Concentric type of windingsis prefenedfor coretypeof transformers. Eachlimb is woundwith a groupof coilsconsisting of bothprimary andsecondary windingswhichareconcentricto eachother.

tq

ll

19

It

r

GENERATINGTRANSFOBJVIER FOR UNIT(l&2)

KVA RATING(KVA) RATEDVOLTAGE(ATNO LOAD)KV) HV SIDE LV SIDE IMPEDANCEVOLTAGEAT 75"C

37s00

CONNECTION SYMBOL

Yndl

FREQUENCY

50Hz

WEIGHT OF CORE & WINDING(tones) TOTAL WEIGHT (tones)

r32 f,v

6r v

I I .I O%AT ABOVERATING

JJ

66 4048 QUANTITY OF Oll(gallons) MANUFACTUREDBY ENGLISHELECTRICCO LTD. Thereis a reactorthatlimitsthefaultcunent.Theratingof thereactoris 6.6KV. It is usedfor feeding6.6KV for theplant. . GENERATINGTRANSFORMERFOR UNIT(3&5) a

MVA RATING (MVA) RATEDVOLTAGE(ATNO LOAD)KV) TIV SIDE LV SIDE

42.559.585

lcv

t32

II KV

LINE CURRENT(Amns)

HV SIDE LV SIDE CONNECTION SYMBOL FREOUENCY TYPEOF COOLING TEMPARATURERiSEOiL("C) TEMPARATURERISEWINDINGfl C) MANUFACTUREDBY r

372.22 4679.3 Yndl

5OHz ONAN.ONAF.OFAF 40 55 B.I{.E.L.

GENERATING TRANSFONMN,N FOR UNIT 4

KVA RATING KVA) RATEDVOLTAGE(ATNO LOADXKV)

85000

HV SIDE LV SIDE

t an

LINE CURRENT(Amos)

L)Z

Kv

:'

FIVSIDE LV SIDE

372 4680

CONNECTIONSYMBOL FREOUENCY, TYPEOI"-COOLING

Yndl 5}Hz

oFw

ll K V

2l t1,

EARTHING TRANSFSRMER RATEDVOLTAGE (V) FREQUENCY (HZ) NO OF PHASE (0) CONNECTION ON SYIV{BOLS TYPE OF COOLING

TOTAL MASS(KG) VOLUMEOF INSULATINGOIL (LTR) INSULATIONLAVEL RATEDSHORTTIME CURRENT& DURATION(AMPS,SEC) ZEROSEQUENCEIMPEDENCE MANUFACTUREDBY

33000 50 03 Z ONAN, I 980

s50 CLASSA 287,30 209,9 TRUVOLTENGG.CO.PVT. LIMITED (KOLKATA)

EARTHING TRANSFORMER (CONNECTION DIAGRAM)

2 U 2 V 2 WN

ELECTRIC OIL HEATER:

SERIALNO NO OF ELEMENTS POV/ER(K

r-84-60-09 I

RATEDVo.TAGE_ryoL MANUFACTUREDB'

PENNWALTM

lapggEp DRAUGHTFAN:

VITED POWER

REVOL Ufi O-NPERM INL]TE FREQUENCY (U.),PHASE RATEDVOLTAGECVOL

6 7 1 . 4K W / 9 0 0HP

RATEDCURRTNTAMP TNSULATiONTLASS

sI, cD (MOTOR AMBIENT TEMPMTURE MANUFACTUREDBY

CROMPTONGREAVES

FORCEDDNEUGHT FAN: RATED CUNNEIVTG RATEDVOI-AGE CVOL

RATED POWsuHase

REVOLUTIONPERMTNdiE POWERFACTOR MANUFACTUNTOET

3?5KW / 500HP,03

FERRANTI TAP CHANGERGEAR:

NO. OF POSITION

RESISTOER VALUE

qulll.Y ro MOroR OIL QUANTITY:

swrTCHqOMPONENT

382LTR,(330KG

llzlTR, (l tsKG

TOTAL WEIGHT MANUFACTUREDBV

715KG 1163KG

AIR BREAKERISOLATOR:

RATEDVOLTAGEryOL RATEDCURRETTGMPS SHORTCIRCUITTTME (^-il4PS VOLTAGE II\4IlLSE MANUFACTURED BY

r050KV 1000Kc/A S&SPOWERGean r-ilr,rlTeD

2-3

l+ T SILTCON RECTIFIER POWER UNIT: TRANSFORMER RECTIFIER VOLT AMPS RATING 16 CONNECTION (KVA)

TREQUENCY(HZ) PHASE(d)

low voLTAcESrDE(V)

CURRENT(AMPS) HIGH VOLTAGESrDE(-V) CURRENT(AMPS) % IMPEDENCE WEIGHTOF THE TRANSFORMER (KG) . BOILER FEED PUMP

SINGLE PHASE OPEN BRIDGE CONNECTION

50

PEAKDC VOLTAGEry)

0l 380

AVARAGEDC cuRRENr (l'vrps] AMBIENT TEMPERATURE

600

0 .3

rorAi, WETGHT (KG)

s.79

MANUFACTUREDBY

580 1550

1

53 3 0 0 WETGHTOF THE OIL (LTR)

BHEL

430

B4TEDPowER(Kw)

4000 2986 50,03 A 4 6600V,400 B SQURRELCAGE 96.6 0.914 rgTAL WETGHT (KG) 22000 MANUFACTUREDBY BHEL ?_!!{D UCTI VE VOL TAGE TRANSF o RMER: VOLTS BURDEN (VA)

A.N

15000/{3

ia - ln

r00/{3 300 05

ACCURACY CLASS

HIGHESTSYSTEMVOLTAGE(KV) THERMAL LIMITING O/? CVA) VOLTAGEFACTOR INSULATIONLAVEL (KV) TOTAL WETGHT(KG)

170

1500 1.2CONT/1.5-3.00 SEC 325I 750

575xt}%

V/ELGHT OFOrL(Kc)

100r 10% CROMPTONGREAVES :CAPACITO R VOLTAGE TRANSF ORMER FREQUENCY(HZ) ' 50 MANUFACTUREDBY

TNSULATIONLAVEL (KV) EQUIL CAPACITANCE(pF)

cAP OrL (KG) EMUOrL(KG)

LlU

325 I 750 4400+ 10Vo-5oA 3 5 + r0 0 A

TOTAL WETGHT(KG)

65 + ljyo 450 + Ijyo

VF

1.2CONS/ i,5 - 30 sEC A.N

VOLTS BURDEN (VA) ACCURACYCLASS MANUT.AC|URED BY

6OUC

wErcHTOFCASEA Flrrnqc Kcl

A1

REVOLUTIONPERMINUTE FREQUENCY (HZ),PHASE(d) STATOR INSULATIONCLASS ROTOR EFFICIENCY(n%) POWERFACTOR(COS0)

Hsv(KV)

70000 0.23

1s000/{3

la- ln

100/!3 200

1.0 CROMPTON GREAVES

t\

.

L4

PROTECTIVE RELAYS:

it detectsthe fault and initiates the operationof the circuit breakerto isolatethe defectiveelementfrom the rest of the system.Therelaysdetectthe abnormalcbnditionsby measuringthe electricalquantitiesrvhich are differentunder normal and fault condition. A fypical relay circuit hasthreeparts- (1) the primary winding of a current transformer(C.T.) connectedin serieswith the line to be protected.(2) Secondpart consists of secondarywinding of C.T. and relay operatingcoil. (3) It hasa sourceof supply,the trip coil of the circuit breakerand the relay stationaryco?tacts.With a shortcircuit currentin the line increasesenonnouslyand a healrycurrentflow throughthe relay coil causesthe relay to operateby closingits sand it closesthe trip circuit of the breakermaking the circuit breakeropen and isolatingthe faulty sectionfrom the rest ofthe system

(1)Selectivity (2) Speed (3) Sensitivity (4) Reliability (5) Simpticity (6) Economy. o Basic relays: Theseoperatewith the current or voltage suppliedby transformers connectedin many combinationsto the systemelementto be protected.The two main operatingprinciplesare Electromagneticattractionand Electromagneticinduction. o Distance or impedancerelays: Here the operationis governedby the ratio of appliedvoltageto currentin the protectedcircuit. The torqueproducedby a currentelementus opposedbythe torqueproducedby a voltageelement.The relay will operatewhen the ratio VA is lessthan a pre-setvalue .In operation,the voltage elementof the relay is excited through a potential transformer(P.T.) form the line to be protected.'Thecurrent elementof the relay is excited from a current transformer(C.T.) in serieswith the line. . Translav relay: Here the balanceor oppositionis betweenvoltagesinducedin the secondary coils wound on the magnetsand not betweenthe secondaryvoltagesof the line current transformers.SinceC.T. usedwith translayschemehaveonly two suppliesto a relay coil, they can be madeof normal designswith out any air gaps.It permitsthis schemeto be usedfor feedersofany voltage. r' r Bucholz Relav It is a gas-actuated relay installedin oil-immersedtransformerto protectagainst faults. Construction: I A domedvesselis placedin the connectingpipe betweenthe main tank and the conservatorwith two elementsthe upper elementhas a mercury type switch attached to a flsat. The lower elementhas anothermercury type switch fixed on a hinged type flap located in the direct path of the flow of oil from the transformerto the conservator.The upper elementclosesan alarm circuit during incipient faults but the lower elementtrips the circuit breakerfor severeinternalfaults.

lr tt)

* BUSBABUATEruAT FleremostlyAluminiumpipesconfirmingto IS-5032areusedto anange the rigid bus connection.The size of the conductordependson the voltagelike:1 . 40 mm 2. 65 mm 3. 80 mm 4. 100mm The materialscommonlyusedfor the bus bar and connectionof straintype areACSR and AAAC.Bundled conductorsare also usedbut with higherrating or to reducecoronalosses. The bus bar materialand size of it shouldbe ableenoughfor the electrical andmechanicalrequirementsof the applicationfor which they are chosen.

When a numberof lines operatingat a samevoltagehaveto be directly electricallyconnected. e

Bus bar arrangsment a) Singlebus bar arrangement.

b) Singlebus bar systemwith sectionalisation. c) Double bus bar anansement. The bus bars and the connectionare edon pedestalinsulators.As the bus bar is rigid, clearanceis remaining constant.The distancebetweenbus bar and groundis not very large so maintenanceis easy.Now due to the large diameterof the pipesthe coronaiossesare considerablyless.The systernis more stablethen the strain types.

*

CIRCUIT BR.EAKER

A circuit breaker is a piece of equipments which can:i) Make or break a circuit either manually or by the remote control under normal condition. ii) Break a circuit automatically under fault condition. iii) Make a circuit either manually or,by remote control under fault condition. A circuit breaker is consists of fixed and moving s remain closed and not open automatically, until the system became faulty. When fauit occurs then the trip coils of the breaker get energized and moving s are pulied upuri, thus the opening the circuits under fault condition when two s are separatedthen in that small space between two electrodes a high voltage is

L{

I

L\.

t+

.

of circuit brc:rkr:rs CLissification a) Bulk oil circuitbreaker' b) Minimumoil circuitbrcaker' c) Self blastoil cirdfrtbriaker. d) Forcedblastoil circuit breaker' e) Axial blastair circtritbreaker' D Crossblastair circuitbreaker' circuitbreaker' B) SulphurHexa Fluride(SF6) h) Vacuumcircuit breakerIVCB)'

aremostlyused' now vAccUM and SFocircuitbreakers Llorvever, circuitbreakcrs The The circuitbreakersarenormallymountedon individualstructures' scction havefixed locationsand the stationla;'outis ii',sucha \\'aythatadequatc from the live parts. is al..va)'s clearance MINIMUM OIL CIRC UI T B RE A K E R (MO CB )

.

9 5 4 5 l, 5 2 .I A S ME S I rCV I I I DI V l

DESIGNCORE CAPACITY(LTIT)

(KG/CM') wonrctNRESSURE E G/C M T E S TP R E S S U R(K M A NUFA CTURE DB Y

.

SFoCIRCUITBREAKER;

RATEDVOLTACE(KV)

NOnunl cuRRENr(AM!!) D D ENI

( H7 \

Itr NT T \/

NETEN LIGHTING IMPULSE WITI{S'I AN I-) \ tTvsr ^ I T ^ T -:tr PtrA..-K { KV \ ".

ffinreclqL DU R S' | IO N

"rr

_

145 3150 50 650 1.5 40

Oh SH U K I U II(\,U I T

St-tonrctncutr enEnruNccuRRsry! SYMMETRICAL(KA) ' ASYMMETRICAI.(KA) * -- -SHOPRTCIREUITMAKINC CURP.ENT PEAK(KA) ouT oF PHASEBREAKiNCcu4BsNT'154) AT 20"C' lOlJ llpa SFr,OAS PRESSTJRE

roTAt-MAssoi' sFoGAs(KG) T OT A LWE IGI.II'(K G)

40 44-8

r 00 10

0-0.3s-co-3MIN-CO 6.4 BAR l')

I 402

td la

ISOLATOR By isolatorrvcdisconnecI a part of the system for generalmaintenance and repairi n.t purpose.Isolatorare t\\'o types i) I'lorizontally. ii) V ertically. Horizontalryisoratorstakesmorespacethan the verticaill,isorators. In a substationhorizontatyisoratorsar6preferred ;.;-;;i,. tr tot ma-ximurn influenceor substationlayout. ", r

A IR B RE A K E R IS oLAT o R:

L4TEDVOLI'AGrIryoL

RATEDCURRENT(AMPS

f |rN,,r:A MI' S lll9gT crRCUr IMPULSEVOLTT\C,I

WEIGHT MANUFACTURED BY

r600 76.24

r 0 5 0K V 1000KG/A S&SPOW ER GEARLIM III.D

2g

, lt CURREI{T TRANSFORMER This is a stepdown transformerwhich stepsdown the currentinto a known ratio. Currenttransformermainly two types: i) BUSHTNG TYPE This type of currenttransformeris usednormally within the transformerbusing.

iD

woulYp IYPE

Theseare simply mounted current transformer,normally backboneof the substation.The completelayout of the substationwith piotection is very much dependedon the .urr.ni transforrner.The locationof current transformermust proportional with the location of the circuit breaker. This is a stepdown transformerwhich stepdown the current in known ratio.

RATIO VA 600-30060 150/5A 600-30060 i50/5A 600-30060 150/5A INSULATIONLEVEL STR MANUFACTUREDBY

CLASS

ISF

5P

10

VK 200

5P

10

200

0.5

ALF

1.5

6501275KV 26KAl3SEC TARIT APPLIANCES& EQUIPMENTPVT. LTD.

L) {ro

{. POTENTIALTRANSFORMER This is a stepdowntransformerwhichstepdownthevoltage .

m Knownratlo. They aretwo types: Electromagnetictype. D ii) Capacitortype. capacitor type potentialtransformersarecheaperthan electromagnetic type. Electromagnetictype potentialtransformersare usedwhere higheraccuracyneeded.ln normalapplicationcapacitorfypepotential transformerare usedfor highervoltagedue to lower cost. For synchronizationpurpose,anothertype potentialtransformer is used'Potentialtransformersare also connectedon ihe feederside of circuit breaker.

o INDUCTIVE TYPE POTENTIAL TRANSFORMER:

BURDENryA ACCURACYCLASS HIGHESTSYSTEMVOLTAGE(KV THERMAL LIMITING O/P ffA VOLTAGE FACTOR

1.2CONT/1.5-3.00 sEC

INSULATION LAVEL IOTAL WETGHT(KG

325/ 7s0 575tIj% 100r 10% CROMPTONGREAVES

xiElcHT oF OrL (KG) MANUFACTUREDBY r

CAPACITIVE TYPE POTENTIAL TRANSFoRMER

FREQUENCY(HZ) HSV (KV) fNSULATIONLAVEL (KV) EQUILCAPACITANCE(pF)

50 T70

cAPOrL (KG)

35!. r0%

EMUorl ({c)

IqrAr wErcHr(KG) VF

VOLTS BURDEN (VA) ACCURACYCLASS MANUI.-ACUREDBY

325I 7s0 4400+ t0% -5% I

65 ! 10V, 450+ 19o7"

1.2.CONS/ 1.s-30 sEc A -N 15000/a/3

1n 100/{3 200 1,0 CROMPTON GREAVES la

2b

1r

cLl

O IIIGHTNING ARRESTER l

A Substationhasto be shieldedagainstdirect lightning strokeseither by provisionof overheadearthwires or spikes.The choicesbetweenthe two methods dependon severalfactors,economybeingthe most importantconsiderationamongthem. Generallyspike method involves structuresthan the alternativeof using earth wires. Sometime separatinglightning wastesare used on the sub stationon basisof the sub station areaand height of the bus bars.Generally an angle of shield of about 450for the areaconsidered-ailequate-fo} the designof lightiringprotectionarrangement. Without direct strokes,the sub stationdeviceshaveto be protected againsttravelingwavesdue to the lightning strokeson the line enteringthe sub station and for this purposelightning arresteris used.In a sub station the most important equipmentsare transformersso, lightning arresterare situatedneartransformers.There is a insulation co-ordinationwith the lightning arresterswith eachequipmentspresentin the sub station.As the focal point of the investigation.The power frequencyand over voltage exceedingthe rating on the arrestershould be calculated. Classificationof lightning arresteris: i) Rod gap arrester. ii) Hom gap arrester. iii) Multigap arrester. iv) Expulsiontype lightning arrester v) Valve type lightning arrester. .

SPECIFICATION OF LIGHTNING ARRESTER

RATEDVOLTAGE(KV) RATED CURRENTKA). uS SHORTCIRCUITCURRENTfi(A). uS RESIDUALDISCHARGEVOLTAGE (KV)

110 10,10/20 100,5/10 73.24

ISL (AMPS)

400 SIMEANS-SCHEKERTWERKE

MANUFACTUREDBY

z1

Max steam Pressure

=721
Feecttank temperature 1 1't extracflonbteam quantity =15 ton/hr =215'c F.W. outlettemPerature = ! 3-7 kg/cm2 2ndextraction pi:essut-e

2ndextraction steam temP- =3O4'c i"o extractlon steam quantity =16-9 ton/hr =158'c F.W. temperature =3-31 t(g/Cm2 4s exsaction pressure 4tr extractionbteam temP. =168'c S extracuon steam quantity =15'4 ton/hr =88 '2'c F .W. tem P in VAC heat condensate temp- in hot-well =45'c

THE 7jh ullr:r

1. Fumace ddails i)Furnace Volume iiltvtax net neat input per unit plan area iiiltvtax bumer zone heat release rate

QF -DqL

=9 3 5 8 c u . m =<4 . 6 5 2 M Wm ^ 2 | =<'l . 5 8 2 M Wm " 2

2. SH/RH/Economtz€r tub€ Piching detalls = 1 l4mm Primary Heater =6 1 m m Divlsion superheater =64mm (outermost space l s 67mm) Piaten SuPerneater

3L

Final Superheater walt Reheater Medium Reheater Final Reheater Economizer

= 102mm = 50-8m = 70mm = 120mm = 102mm

3. Mllls i)Total no. Of Mltts !i) ry" of miils required with worst coat ilr) No. of mllfs requlred wlth design coaf

=6 mins =S mifts =4 miils

4. IDiFDIPA fans

on Frow(%)(Basedon 50%BMCRfrow)

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R E LAYS The main furrctionof a protectiverelay is to detectancjto measureabnornral condition& isolatethe faufVsectionfrom the circuitby closingthe sin the trippingcircuit.The faultedsignalachievedby cornparingtwo quantitieseitherin amplitudeor in phase. Signalrelaysfunctionto the operationof some relay by flag indicalion. Accordingto the natureof actuatingquantify to which the relay responds cunent, impedanrei frequenoyand directionchange they voltage.power. i:eactance, respondto. Relaywhich respondto the actuatingquantitywhen it exceed a predeternrined valuesare over relays and if they operatewhen the value actuatingquantitydrops belowa predeterminedvaluethey are known as under

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33

Electricity distribution Electricity distribution is the final stagein the delivery (before retail) of elecfricity to end s.A distribution system'snetwork carrieselectricity from the transmissionsystemand delivers it to consumels.Typically, the network would include medium-voltage(lessthan 50 kV) power lines, electrical substationsand pole-rlourted transforners, low-voltage (lessthan I kV) distribution wiring and sometimeselectricity meters

Power Distribution at DPL Unlike many other places,a major incentive for any entrepreneurto set up industrial units, to expandexisting units in Durgapur is the gteadyand unintemrptedavailability of power. Durgapur ProjectsLtd is the sole supplier of polver (at I IKV) within Durgapur. It offers an attrastive power supply packageto industry: To maintain the qualrty of the product, stablepower supply is one of the most important ingredients.The industrial units in Durgapur unlike many other industrial zonesin the country, ertjoy this enviablepower situation. Even the prospectiveinvestorscan feel huppy and comfortablewhile consideringnew projects in Durgapur industrial belt as DPL has surpluspower and offers a number of incentivesto set up units there.

DPL assures: Continuousavailability of power Quick responsefor Electricity connection Tariff concessionsto all Industries(11 KV) link to Time-of-theDay (ToD) metering. Further incentivesoffered to new industries,industrial expansionprojects and Rehabilitationof sick units as approvedby the regulatoryCommission.

34

Transmission & Distribution The transmissionand distribution systemof DPL with jurisdiction of an areaof about 60 sq kilometersincludesthe following :a) 132 KV transmission line measuring 19 cirsuit kilometers servedthrough three substations of 180MVA oapacrty. b) 1l KV transmission/distributionline measuring393 circuit kilometers c) LT distribution line network measuring4250.5circuit kilometers.

Distribution network configurations Distribution networksare typically oftwo types,radial or interconnected.A radial network leaves . the station and esthrough the network areawith no normal connection to hny other supply. This is typical of long rural lines with isolatedload areas.An interconnectednetwork is generally found in more urban areasand will have multiple connections to other points of supply. These points of connectionare normally openbut allow various configurationsby the operating utility by closing and opening switches.Operationof theseswitchesmay be by remotecontrol from a control centre or by a lineman. The benefit of the interconnectedmodel is that in the event ofa fault or required maintenancea small areaof network can be isolated and the remainder kept on supply Within thesenetworks there may be a mix of overheadline construction utilizing traditional utility poles and wires and, increasingly,undergroundconstructionwith cablesand iqdoor or cabinet substations.HoweVer, underground distribution is significantly more expensivethan overhead constructiort.In part to reducethis cost,undergroundpower lines are sometimescolocatedwith other irtility lines in what are called Commonutitity ducts. Distribution feeders emanatingfrom a substationare generallycontrolled by a circuit breakerwhich will openwhen a fault is detected. Automatic Circuit Reclosersmay be installed to further segregatethe feeder thus minimizing the

?{

impact of faults. Long feedersexperiencevoltage drop requiring capacitorsor voltage regulators to be installed. Characteristicsof the supply given to customersare generally mandatedby contract betweenthe supplier and custolner. Variables of the supply include ' AC or DC - Virtually all public electricity suppliesare AC today. sof large amountsof DC power such as some glectric railways, telephone exchangesand industrial prooesses such as aluminium smelting usually either operatetheir own or have adjacent dedicated generatingequipment, or use rectifiers to derive DC from the public AC supply. . Voltage, including tolerance(usually +10 or -15 percentage) ' Frequency,commonly 50 & 60 Hz,l6.6Hzfor somerailways and, in a few older industrial and mining locations,25H2, 'Phase configuration (single phase,polyphase including two phaseand three phase) 'Manimum demand(usually measuredas thelargest amountofpower deliveredwithin a l5 or 30 minute period during a billing period) ' Load Factor, expressedas a ratio of averageload to peak load over a period of time. Load factor indicates the degreeof effective utilization of equipment (and capital invesfinent) of distribution line or system. . Power factor of connectedload.

38

Location and Capacity of three l32lll l.- -".*--

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KV Grid Sub-stations

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3l'txL+Lo+tu 31.5MVA

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40 MVA

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3 KM from G T Roadand3 KM from DurgapurRailwayStation : l 3 2 KV / l l K V C -Z o n e

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Under commissioningphase

i

4T

CO NCL US I O N one of the blggest aclvanhges for DPL to serve its clier*s ls its production lacllifies belng loglstically linked wifi all the three major modes of transportafion. rall, roao and sea- Besides: Kolkata and Halctla ln the east, ports like vishakhapatnam, chennal In the south ancl Mumhai In the west also handle DPL products. cutting across the states - from east to west and south to north- DPL is also gearing up to spread lts marketing wlngs abroad. The proposect ilst of countriesincludes srl Lanka, Bhutan, Dhaka and Quiton. To ensure quality in every step of the procluct processing. DPL has a weil equlpped laboratory haying sophisticated and computerized instruments such as GSR, CRi ,'Gas chromatograph, Spectro photometerEtc. Envlronmefit is a key concem to the DpL authortties. The Environment laboratory is equipped wlth bacteriologicaf testing klts, ambieril air quality testlng instrurnents, stack monitorlng instruments, gas anatlaers etc. The sprawling township wift adequate lnfrastructure facillties speaks for Dpus concern for its most valuable resources-lts employees. Besides adequate accommodation faciliiles. the company rulns a hospital and an educatonal instituflon to take eare of its emptoyees. Evel. investors can Jeel happy and comfoftabte white consldering new projects Yte_Prospective in Durgapur industrial belt as DPL has surplus power and offers a number of lficentlves to set up units there. DP L as s u re s : '' Continuous availabillty of power '' Quick response for Electicity connection " Tariff concessionsto alt Industies (1 I KV) linkto Time-of-theDay (ToD) metering. ' Further incentives offered to ney/ industries, industrial expansion projects and ' Rehabilitauonof sicl( units as approvectby the regulatory commission_