Effects Of Negative Moral Values 5sk1u

TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgement......................................................................................................................... i Dedicatory Page............................................................................................................................. ii Abstract……………………………………………………………………………..................... iii Table of Contents........................................................................................................................... iv CHAPTER I The Problem and the Background................................................................................... 1 Introduction............................................................................................................................. 1 Statement of the Problem or Thesis Statement....................................................................... 1 Scope and Delimitation........................................................................................................... 2 Significance of the Study........................................................................................................ 2 Definition of ................................................................................................................. 3 Framework / Outline............................................................................................................... 4 Theoretical/Conceptual Framework...................................................................................... 6 CHAPTER II Review of Related Literature of Studies.......................................................................... 7 Local............................................................................................................................................... 7 Foreign........................................................................................................................................... 16 Global............................................................................................................................................. 18 CHAPTER III Methodology.................................................................................................................... 23 Methods and Procedure................................................................................................................. 23 Data Gathering............................................................................................................................... 23 CHAPTER IV Analysis and Findings...................................................................................................... 24 Summary of Analysis and Findings............................................................................................... 24 Conclusion..................................................................................................................................... 26 Recommendation........................................................................................................................... 26 Bibliography................................................................................................................................... 26 Appendix........................................................................................................................................ 28 Questionnaire................................................................................................................................. 28

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The Effects of Negative Moral Values on Deterioration of Natural Resources in the Philippines

A Research Paper Presented to Dr. Lolita Geronaga Nabuslot National High School

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for English IV

By: Charito M. Molato Fourth Year – SSC November 2, 2005

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The researcher would like to express her gratitude to the following persons who gave their unending while working with the project. To her parents who gave her a continuous moral, spiritual and financial . To Dr. Lolita Geronaga, her research teacher who helped her a lot in making her project; moreover, for giving her all the informations she needed for giving her best while completing the project. To Mr. Roni Malabay, who gave her all the she needed while working with the project. To her respondents who honestly answered the questions that were needed for the tabulation and analysis of data. Above all, to our one and only Creator, Jesus Christ, for the unlimited blessings He gives us everyday; for giving all the persons mentioned above who taught her how to use her skills in constructing useful research works that may help other people and the researcher.

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DEDICATION

This research paper is truly dedicated to her parents, Judge Irineo B. Molato and Mrs. Nilalina M. Molato, for their moral and financial ; to her two brothers and three sisters; to all her friends who gave their untiring to this research and most of all, she sincerely dedicate this to our Almighty God who gave her knowledge, strength and guidance.

C.M.M

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ABSTRACT

This study aimed to determine the effect of negative moral values on deterioration of natural resources in the Philippines. It aimed to give people knowledge on reasons why these natural resources were destroyed and became very limited for them. It is of great significance on the benefits of the country because this study gives guidelines on how these negative moral values be controlled. In this study, the researcher employed the descriptive research design which involves the description, recording, analysis and interpretation of data. Ten respondents, who are teachers from different schools, were asked to answer honestly the prepared questionnaire by the researcher. The statistical data obtained from survey, interviews and library research were arranged based on the sequence of the study and were analyzed and interpreted by the used of tables and graphs. The researcher concluded that being ungodly, one of the negative moral values of the people, it can greatly affect the natural resources in the Philippines. However, if all the negative moral values will be tolerated these natural resources will be destroyed and landslide is possible to occur, like what had happened in the Real, Quezon Province. Some organizations were built to recover these values.

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CHAPTER I THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND Introduction The study of geography and environment inevitably focuses on natural resources. In a political sense, when one speaks of a country, reference is made of the land and its natural environmental setting. The other element is the social dimension – its people. Te land and people; this defines the nation, Philippines. Natural resources are the wealth of the country or its way of producing wealth; however, these have long been deteriorated. It became steadily worse through improper actions of the people. Since the world is transforming due to modern technology, many things have changed from time to time. Even the wealth of the country has transformed into non-sense gift because people haven’t give any importance on it. Though they give good things on people and in their country, we must clever enough to know the effects of bad behavior and characters of treating natural resources on their rapid deterioration.

Statement of the Problem or Thesis Statement The main problem of the study will be to determine the effect of negative moral values on the rapid deterioration of natural resources in the Philippines. Specifically, it will seek to answer the following questions? 1. On what grounds can we help to conserve these resources? 2. What are the different organizations that help us to recover these important values? 3. Is there any significant relationship between the negative moral values in of unGodly, impatience, lack of concern, undedicated, harmful, disobedience, disrespectful and lack of dignity in the rapid deterioration of natural resources?

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Scope and Delimitation This study will be limited only to the effects of negative moral values on the deterioration of natural resources, the factors that make the resources being deteriorated and informations on how to lessen such problems which occur in our country. It will involve 10 respondents who are teachers from different schools who can help to answer the problems met by the Philippines. Data gathering will employ the questionnaire which the proponent its has the limitation of bias. Hence, the questionnaire will be supplemented by observation, interview, and the analysis of directives including journals, articles, books published and dissertations as bases for formulating the questionnaire. The study will focus attention only on the effect of negative moral values on the deterioration of natural resources in the Philippines. Findings of the study will therefore, be true only for the natural resources concerned, although these will be used as bases for similar studies that will be conducted to determine the effects of negative moral values.

Significance of the Study This study covers the issues about the influence of moral values on the deterioration of natural resources in the Philippines. This study is of great significance on the benefits of the country through keen investigation and analization of the causes why these natural resources in the Philippines are being deteriorated. To understand more how these moral values can affect the natural resources sought to answer by this study. Furthermore, it gives guidelines on how we can uplift these moral values. Natural resources are important to one’s country; however, some of theses natural resources have been deteriorated through improper actions of people. This study sought to determine if these negative moral values really a factor which lessen the number of these resources.

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Definition of Key deterioration – deals with becoming steadily worse of the natural resources in the Philippines. disobedience – deals with having no submission of one’s own will to the will and not tending to obey and love these natural resources. disrespectful – deals with having high regard or consideration. harmful – refers to the character of people which damage and destroy natural resources in the Philippines. impatience – refers to the inability to put up with delay or opposition calmly and without anger. lack of concern – deals with having lack of curiosity and care for the natural resources. lack of dignity – the condition of not showing one’s pride and worthiness in a confident manner. natural resources – all economically useful objects and forces that are supplied by nature. Many other things in nature may be natural resources. negative moral values – refers to bad behavior and character of people toward natural resources. undedicated – deals with having no great focus on a purpose or goal. - to set apart for a special purpose or use. Ungodly – refers to the character of people which is against or without God in their doings.

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Framework/Outline Topic: The Development of Philippine Natural Resources Thesis Statement: Instead of damaging Philippine natural resources, people must protect and care for it. I. Natural Resources A. Land Resources a. volcanoes b. field c. hills d. mountains e. valleys B. Forest land resources a. animals b. plants C. Fresh water resources a. falls b. swampland c. river d. lakes e. ocean f. gulf g. dam h. channels D. Mineral resources a. metallic minerals a.1. gold a.2. iron a.3. nickel 9

a.4. bronze b. non-metallic minerals b.1. marmol b.2. salt b.3. sulfur b.4. asbestos E. Human resources a. population b. birth rate c. death rate d. emigration e. immigration F. Energy resources a. nonrenewable energy a.1. fossil fuels b. renewable energy b.1. solar energy b.2. wind energy b.3. water energy b.4. geothermal energy b.5. hydroelectrical energy

II. Advantages and Disadvantages of Natural Resources A. Advantages a.

in economy

b.

development of every person

B. Disadvantages a.

in economy

b.

development of every person 10

III. Manifestation of Natural Resources A. students B. family C. organizations D. government IV. Protecting the Natural Resources A. People that can help a.

students

b.

employed people

c.

unemployed people

d.

organizations

e.

government

B. Ways to help a.

protect and care for it

b.

enrich the Philippine Natural Resources

V. Conclusion A. Philippines is abundant in natural resources. B. It must be protected and cared.

Theoretical/Conceptual Framework Negative Moral Values unGodly impatience lack of concern undedicated harmful disobedience disrespectful lack of dignity

Effects on Deterioration of Natural Resources in the Philippines

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CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE OF STUDIES Local Land Resources The study of geography and environment inevitably focuses on natural resources. They are naturally occurring materials that are useful to m an o r could be useful under certain conceivable technological, economic, or social circumstances. What we consider to be natural resources depends upon present or foreseen technologies and economic conditions. Philippines has many landforms, some of these are plains, mountains, hills and valleys. Products coming from these resources are called land resources. Rich and abundant soils in the country are good for planting rice, sugarcane, coconut, abaca and different fruit bearing trees and leafy vegetables. Central Luzon, Iloilo and Cotabato are great rice producing provinces because of their wide plains. The uncountable importance of rice among Filipinos is not common due to the fact that this is the primary food of Filipinos. The wide plains on Negros, Laguna, Tarlac and Pampanga are good for planting sugarcane which is the source of Philippine sugar. The mountainous part of Quezon, Mindoro, Samar, Leyte and Zamboanga provinces are rich in coconut oil, husk scrub, bag and many others. Primary exporting products are commonly coming from coconut. Cagayan valley and Ilocos Region were known as giant producers of tobacco, which was one of the developed industries in the country. The volcanic soil of Bicol region was best for abaca production although it was gradually changed for the production coconut and rice, because of the unstoppable used of synthetic materials and plastics. Started from Luzon up to the point of Mindanao fruits and vegetables were grown abundantly. The valley of La Trinidad in Cordillera region, provinces of Bulacan, Laguna, Cavite and Batangas were rich in vegetables due to favorable weather and soil condition. They were the producers of vegetables in Manila and the nearby provinces. The province of Bukidnon and North Cotabato were big producers of pineapple financed by Del Monte and Dole Philippines. The Philippine Islands were the tops of underwater 12

mountains formed by outpourings of molten materials from the earth’s interior. Consequently, igneous rock appears throughout most of the archipelago. Submerge of the entire area, after formation of these mountains, resulted in the deposit of various marine sediments over the lava underlay. The process of mountain forming has not stopped, as was indicated by recurring earth tremors and volcanic action. Palawan is that splay of land jutting out from the westernmost shoulder of the Philippine archipelago, forming the link between the Philippine and two island groups significant in Philippine history, Borneo and the East Indies. The main mass of the province covers 650 kilometers. Palawan the Philippine’s largest province, was distinguished by its primeval beauty as well as its significant geographic location and unique environment. Active volcanism along the Bicol and Leyte volcano chains also originates from the subduction of the Philippine Sea Plate beneath the archipelago. Most active volcanoes in the country occur near or parallel to trenches, with volcanic chains occurring some 120 – 120 kilometers away. The repetition of this pattern on the Western side of the Philippines and in other places of the world where there were oceanic trenches proved that subduction gave birth to volcanoes, which were proof that the earth does indeed recycle. Land resources were also used in livestock industry. Some of the provinces having this were Masbate, Bukidnon and Abra. Fresh Water Resources Philippines is an archipelago. Most of its territory is body of water. It is rich in body of salt water, lakes, gulf, rivers, streams, springs, waterfalls and swamps. The location drove most the Filipinos to engage in fishing industry. The Philippine’s freshwater ecoregion contains many species of fish that can’t be found anywhere else in the world. The ecoregion is unique in Asia because of the large number of fish species that have evolved from a few ancestral species to fill new habitats and new conditions over time. Rivers and streams are bodies of water that flow through long ages called channels. River water is collected in many springs and tributaries on mountain tops or the slopes along the banks of meandering rivers. The volume of water in a river or stream and

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its rate of flow depend on the size of the watershed, the surrounding vegetation, the intensity of rainfall, the season, and the slope of the riverbed. Water runs faster down steeper slopes and its force can be destructive especially if the river bed is not solid rock. During the rainy season the river water may turn brown due to soil erosion of the slopes. Soil erosion not only strips the uplands of topsoil and nutrients, it also clogs rivers and buries corals. Freshwater flows from the Northern Cordillera Central Mountains to the southernmost island of Mindanao. Some rivers, such as the Cotabato, Gata and Agusan, rush for long distances. Streams and small rivers run slowly through plains and form swamps. Rivers are important sources of freshwater. Especially during the rainy season, rivers cascade into the sea often causing destruction. Dams are especially helpful in countries like the Philippines where rainfall distribution is extremely uneven between seasons or among neighboring areas and where land slope is so steep that little natural impounding takes place because run – off leads directly to the sea. The major dams contain as much water as larger lakes. They include Angat, Magat, Pantabangan, Ambuklao, and Binga. Lakes are formed in various ways. Some were caused by erosion due to the melting of ice glaciers millions of years ago. Others are water – filled depressions created by huge meteors that crashed into the surface of the earth. Some, such as Taal Lake in Southern Luzon, were formed by volcanic eruption. There are more than 50 lakes in the Philippines totaling more than 2,000 square kilometers. The ten biggest lakes are Laguna (89,076 hectares), Lanao (34,000 hectares), Taal (24,356 hectares), Mainit (17,430 hectares), Naujan (7,899 hectares), Buluan (6, 134 hectares), Bato (3,792 hectares), Pagusi (2,532 hectares), Labas (2,141 hectares), and Lumao (1,686 hectares). Groundwater is rainwater that has seeped down beneath the surface of the ground; it is stored in aquifers and extracted from springs or wells. Groundwater tends to flow along permeable layers from areas of higher to lower gradient. Its availability generally depends on climate, geology and vegetation. The safe yield or the amount of groundwater available for abstraction without resorting to groundwater mining is estimated at 31,354 mcm per annum. Areas with very high groundwater potential are Regions II (Cagayan Valley), IV (Souther Tagalog), VIII (Eastern Visayas), XI (Southern Mindanao), and XII (Central Mindanao). A watershed is a mountainous area, typically a wedge – shaped gradient consisting of one or more valleys, drained by tributaries, creeks

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or streams, where surface runoff converges in a major river. A proclaimed watershed is one that has been officially proclaimed and reserved for conservation. Of the Philippines’ total land area, about 70 percent is considered watershed. It is found in some 419 river basins throughout the archipelago and is the major freshwater source besides lakes. There are 343 independent principal river basins with areas of at least 40 sq. km or 66 percent of the country’s total land area. Of these, 20 rivers basins covering at least 990 sq. km are considered major river basins. They are Laoag, Cagayan, Pampanga, Agno, Abra, Pasig – Laguna de Bay, Bicol, and Abulong river basins in Luzon; Mindanao, Agusan, TagumLibuganon, Tagoloan, Agus, Davao, Cagayan de Oro, and Buayan – Malagum river basins in Mindanao; Panay and Jalaur river basins on Panay island; Amnay – Patrick in Mindoro; and Ilog – Hilabangan river basin on Negros island. Their total ares is 111,269 sq. km or 37 percent of the country. They are sustained by more than 400 watersheds, of which 117 are proclaimed watersheds and 17 are considered critical. These watersheds are also often forest resources protected for their ecological value; some are part of declared integrated protected areas. A critical watershed is a watershed or river system ing an existing or proposed major electric, irrigation or domestic supply project. The 17 critical watersheds are Santo Tomas, Busol, Lonoy, Angat, Marikina, Kaliwa, Umiray, Maasin, Mananga, Kotkot – Lusaran, Binahaan, and Lake Lanao. Another type of water resource is falls which the water comes from a high place or high mountain. Maria Cristina Falls, Pagsanjan Falls and Mayugda Falls are some of the beautiful fall of the country. The Philippine sea are rich in shrimps, crabs, squids, sea shells and variety of first class fishes like asohos, labahita, tamban, bisugo, ayungin, dalagang – bukid, lapu – lapu, galunggong, sapsap, and many other. They were also rich in first class pearl and other ornamentals like corals. The Sulo sea between the provinces of Mindanao and Palawan are known for they are rich in water resources. Fishing industry has great help to sustain the basic needs of Filipinos most especially in food. Canning and preserving of fishes are other sources of income coming from fishing industry. Forest Land Resources Forest are probably more critical to the Philippine environment than other countries because the country’s archipelagic configuration features closed, fragmented,

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diverse ecosystems that are constantly aggravated by the effects of a tropical climate. Poor economic conditions and environmentally incompatible economic policies drove both rich investors and poor communities alike the ravage the forest – rich uplands to a point where now, the lush forest cover of the country has dwindled to less than six million hectares comprising roughly 20 percent of the country’s total land area. The forestry office had authority over cutting trees, extracting timber, resins, and other miforest products, opening of virgin lands, awarding concessions, and the conduct of all business concerning mountain land and forests. It also gathered statistical information on state, church, and private forestland to determine how forest resources were to be used by both civilians and the military and to prevent the illegal cutting of timber. In 1874, the government authorized the free use of timber under a gratuitous license. It also banned kaingin in general and commercial logging in Cebu and Bohol. In 1894, a royal decree prohibited the selling to public land unless it was surveyed and declared by the Inspeccion General de Montes as alienable and disposable. The Spanish Ministry of Foreign Affairs recommended that a separate decree define how Philippine forestry would be regulated.When the Americans took over the Philippines, the U.S. Military issued General Order No. 50 on April 14, 1900, creating the Forestry Bureau, with Captain George P. Ahern as its first director. Since then, and especially when the Philippine government took over the management of natural resources, the conversion of forestland into farmland and the extraction of forest resources became major economic policies. During the third quarter of the century the Philippines became known as the world’s largest exporter of timber. Its fame did not result in fortune for most Filipinos; logging was a privilege reserved for a few well-connected individuals. Deforestation is the permanent scar left by badly managed forestry programs. In the 1990s, the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) completely banned logging in old-growth forests. It is phasing out logging concessions under the timber license agreement or TLA system while making more equitable the access and use of forest resources. Environmentally sustainable management of forestland has become the government’s guiding policy.

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Forestland is an area classified for forestry purposes, usually with a slope of more than 18 percent. It is legal and technical land category and, like alienable or disposable land, it may not actually have forest cover. In the Philippines, forests are especially important as the country consists of thousands of islands, each a diverse, fragile ecosystem regularly buffeted by destructive typhoons and erosive monsoon rains. Unfortunately, communication and mobility – the two basic requirements for effective management of forests – are severely restricted. Only about 1.8 million hectares of second – growth forest can remain in the timber production system for long – term sustained production, and about 1 million hectares can be placed immediately under community forest management. Some 200,000 hectares are so degraded that they are best converted into forest plantations of rubber, rattan, and bamboo. About 400,000 hectares of second – growth forest and the remaining 800,000 hectares of old-growth forests are best set aside for biological diversity conservation and environmental protection. Ideally, all forests should be under sustainable management in keeping with international practices and with the treaties and covenants signed by the Philippine government. Sustainable forest management in the Philippines consists of these simple actions: protecting and conserving the remaining forests; rehabilitating denuded and degraded forests; and managing other production areas so that they remain sustainable. The goal of forest management is to make the dipterocarp forests sustainable while achieving

environmental

stability in ways

that are economically beneficial,

environmentally sound, and politically, socially, and culturally acceptable.Philippine forests are rich with endemic flora. There are more than 3,000 different species of forest trees catalogued so far; not to mention thousands of species of gymnosperms, palms, woody and non-woody vines, ferns, bamboo, grasses, mosses, and other vascular and non-vascular plant species. The major vegetational formations can be grouped into two forest formations. Lowland rain forests and lower montane forest. At about 1,000 m above sea level, the humid lowlands give way to a cooler; more temperate mid-mountain region where the lower montane forest is found. Typically, it is an oak-laured forest where the dipterocarps and their associates no longer predominate. It has only two tree

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layers at most. It exists at both high and low elevations such as on Mount Makiling (where the University of the Philippines College of Forestry is situated). As a result, some erroneously believe that it is the downward extension of the true montane forest. There is no true montane forest in the Philippines, as it does not grow below 2,700 m above sea level in the tropics. The only mountains higher than this, Mount Apo in Mindanao and Mount Pu Luzon, do not have the summit conditions favoring forest growth. Human Resources The geographic domain and diverse cultural configuration of the Filipinos have been interlinked with the economic, religious, and political experience of Southeast Asia since prehistoric times. But the cultural influences and migrating groups of people who came to inhabit these islands originated from a much larger region which includes the Indonesian archipelago, peninsular Asia, and south China. Taiwan and Japan were likely points of origin for traders, craftsmen, and settlers even before the European colonization of Southeast Asia, when wooden rafts and sailboats crisscrossed the seas following the trade winds. After studying the blending of genetic traits and the enrichment of cultural heritage that began in primeval times, social scientist O.T. Mason reached this sanguine conclusion: “The present population of the Philippines is one of the most interesting of ethnologic combinations, since in its veins flows, in larger and smaller proportion, the blood of all types of mankind.” Such an expensive view of the gene pool of the Filipinos was similarly upheld by Filipinologist Pedro Paterno in the late 1800s. However, Austrian ethnologist

Ferdinand Blumentritt observed cautiously in Paterno’s era that

overstatements on the genetic creativity in the archipelago could be traced to the simplistic notions of race propagated by the friars and European adventurers. In his comprehensive study, Las Razas del Archipelago Filipino (1890), Blumentritt expressed this critical view: “It must not be forgotten, however, that the Spanish authors have such (racial) fixtures ready made. Dark hair I s a mixture of Negrito blood; clear skin or yellowish is the result of crossing with Chinese of Japanese.”

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As a case in point, pertaining to the Tagabaloye in Mindanao, he put to question the foreign traveler’s ethnic description “that they were mestizos of Indians and Japanese,” underscoring the prevalence of many “fables to the same effect.” Such ethnic identification is constantly shifting, and its validity is limited from one generation to another; or from one habitation to the next, rooted as it is in the notion of unchanging cultures and self – consciousness. To illustrate the limited validity of such ethnographic renderings, let us analyze our showcase ethnic group: the Sulu people. According to Asiri Abubakar, a Filipino expert in Asian studies, the original inhabitants of the Sulu archipelago were the Buranon (people of the hills), also called Gimbahanun. Those who came from Basilan in earlier times were called Tagimaha. Another group of settlers in Sulu was the Baklaya, but why it was called that and was it came from is anybody’s guess. Next came the Sama and the Pala – u or Luwa - an (the present day Badjao). Some questions beg to ask. When or how did these peoples lose their previous ethnic identities? When did the Tausug label come to mean “people of the current”? What happened to the well-documented Lutao seafarers who came from Celebes in droves to strengthen the naval might of the sultanate? And the ultimate puzzle is how to explain this change in ethnic labels. Some scholars usually skip this enigmatic aspect of ethnography. Majul simply calls the people dwelling in that archipelago Suluano and Abubakar uses the term Sulu, especially when they are taken as an interrelated people. This is the same reason why nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) today use lumad for all the marginalized and indigenous peoples in Mindanao since the label means “sprung from the soil”, although if one were to dig deeper into their origin, particularly that of their leader or datu, one might trace their roots to Visayas and Luzon. More recently, the term “Mindanaoan” has the emerging consciousness of an autonomous region or the dream of a federated form of government in the Philippines. That ethnic labels come and go according to environmental adaptations and sociopolitical impulses is obvious to those who have anaylyzed the ethnographic and historical records. When the Spaniards were just beginning to colonize or convert the native inhabitants, they introduced like Montescos, Monteses, Tinguian, Igorrotes, and so on to refer

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to the mountain dwellers. Those who ran to the hills to escape oppression in the pueblos the Spaniards called remontados, but those who engaged in marauding were called cimarrones. And those not yet reached by the missionaries were simply called infidels but the inhabitant who became a colonial ward of the Spanish monarchy was called indio. Early on, “Filipino” exclusively referred only to those born in the Philippines of Spanish parents; a crossbreed was mestizo. There is no question that these labels were merely sociopolitical of convenience or; at times, derogation. But some of them have persisted to this day even in academic dissertations. More than a hundred ago, Blumentritt lamented: “Only with the greatest pain and thought is it possible to extricate one’s self from this labyrinth of nomenclature… I am convinced that many names reported to me must be eliminated, since they owe their existence to mistakes in penmanship or printing, to ridicule, misunderstanding or error: “He gave particular instances to prove his point: Tagabelies, for example, referred to the same people who called themselves Tagabulu (for Buluan Lake) or Tagabuli (abbreviated to T’boli by the Panamin in the 1970s for unknown reasons). Indigenous peoples or indigenous cultural communities of the Philippines have long been morally violated, economically and socially marginalized, politically disenfranchised, and, often, intellectually misunderstood by most of the Filipino people and foreign societies as well. The reasons for this are several: lack of knowledge and understanding of the roles and rights of indigenous peoples and indigenous cultural communities; absence of mechanisms, laws, and procedures ing their rights and claims; political and economic interest in their ancestral lands; and their lack of political leverage. Local and international government and private institutions now explicitly define and identify indigenous peoples and indigenous cultural communities. The Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law and the National Integrated Protected Areas System Act define them as “a group of people sharing common bonds of language, customs, traditions and other distinctive cultural traits, and who since time immemorial occupied, possessed, and utilized a territory.” The International Labor Organization identifies them as: “1.) tribal peoples in independent countries whose social, cultural, and economic conditions distinguish them from other sections of the national community, and

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whose customs and traditions are wholly or partially regulated by their own customs and traditions or by special laws and regulations; and 2.) peoples who are regarded as indigenous on of their descent from the population which inhabited the country or region at the time of conquest, colonization, or establishment of the present state boundaries, and who, irrespective of their legal status, remain some or all of their own social, economic, cultural and political institutions.” In the Philippines, they are found in various forest, lowland, and coastal areas. In 1997, they were estimated to number about 12 to 13 million or 18 percent of the total population. They live in 61 out of 77 provinces and make up 110 major ethnolinguistic groups. They are among the poorest and most disadvantaged social groups in the country. The Department of Environment and Natural Resources and the Universal Declaration of the Rights of Indigenous Peoples recognize their right to self-determination and selfgovernance, and their full freedom to pursue their economic, social and cultural development. Foreign Mineral Resources The Philippine mining industry produces a variety of products which comes from six general categories of minerals, namely: precious metals; iron and ferro-alloy metals; base metals; fertilizer minerals; industrial minerals; gemstone and decorative minerals. For metallic minerals, the principal products consist of: 1.) ORES = Naturally occurring materials excavated from the ground and sold directly to the market; 2.) CONCENTRATE = Ores prepared in the mill to produced a marketable product by simple treatment processes such as washing, drying or

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classification. In the case of leached gold and silver, the product is called a button. There is a wide variation of product classification in the non-metallic minerals group. Their products are directed dependent on the market needs. For example blocks, slabs, titles, chips and powder are used for marbles; S1 and S2 for sand; G1, G2, and G3 for gravel or rock aggregates. Some non-metallic, such as limestone or rock phosphate, are classified based on the grade analysis of the most relevant chemical compounds they possess. This analysis is largely dictated by specifications sought in the market. 

Porhyry copper plays a major role in the country’s mineral industry. It was a major commodity mined with the introduction of bulk or large scale methods of mining. While disseminated copper is the most popular, deposits of vein, metasomatic, Cyprus, Kuroko and Besshi type are also economic significance. In the past, 35 percent of the country’s production value comes from copper.



Gold is found throughout the country in the form of lode or placer deposit. The principal gold-producing districts are Baguio, Paracale, Masbate, Surigao and Masara. Experts have observed that the largest and richest gold deposits tend to lie in the vicinity of the Philippine fault zone, but there are many expectations. Recently gold exploration has been directed towards epithermal deposits. Silver is a by-product of copper and gold mining.



The bulk of Chromite deposits in the country are found in Zambales Province and Dinagat Island, off northeastern Mindanao. Individual chromite bodies are of various sizes from small pods to several million tons. The chromite deposit in Coto, Zambales was believed to be the largest known deposit of refractory chromite in the whole world.

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

The country is also greatly endowed with nickel-rich deposits of laterites which are currently the source of its nickel export. The vast laterite deposits of Surigao in northeastern Mindanao were first reported in 1912, but were not exploited until 1975. While primary and epithermal nickel deposits are known, the bulk of the country’s deposit are lateric type, formed by concentration during the process of tropical weathering. Cobalt is an important by-product of nickel.



Other metallic mineral deposits such as platinum, iron, manganese, lead, zinc, molybdenum, mercury and aluminum were also to exist in the Philippines. They are dispersed throughout the favorable geological terrane of the Philippines.

Non-metallic Mineral Resources 

Non-metallic deposits such as coal, fertilizer, salt, sand and gravel, marble, clay limestone feldspar, dolomite, magnesite, phosphate, rock, guano, sulfur, industrial gemstone and decorative minerals also abound in the country as a major and important source for construction, agriculture, and power generation.

Global Energy is the ability to do work. An object has energy if it is able to exert a force or move something. We use energy for heating buildings, running car engines, lighting, farming, making clothes, building roads, cooking – just about everything we do. Where do we get energy? Right now, we get most of it from fossil fuels. Fossil fuels include coal, petroleum, and natural gas. They’re called fossil fuels because they actually are fossils, the remains of plants and animals that decayed over millions of years. We use fossil fuels to make gasoline for cars, to heat our homes, and for many other uses.

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Coal begins forming when they swamp plants die and partially decay. Plants are made up of molecules that contain atoms of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Decay occurs when bacteria break apart these molecules, releasing oxygen and hydrogen gases and leaving carbon and impurities like sulfur behind. When we burn coal, it is the carbon that releases heat. The next step occurs when sediments begin piling up on top of the decaying plants. The mass of the sediments compresses the partially decayed plants, squeezing out the moisture. After the decaying plants become buried, coal evolves in the following stages. The first stage is peat. Peat is composed of water, decaying twigs, leaves, and branches, and is about 50 percent carbon. Peat is used to heat homes in some parts of the world such as the British Islands, but it is very poor, smoky fuel that pollutes the air. As peat becomes buried deeper under more sediments, it evolves into lignite. This soft brown coal has much less moisture and is about 70 percent carbon. Lignite is mined in North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana, and . It’s better fuel for heating homes than peat, but it still pollutes the air. As burial under sediments continues, bituminous (bi TOO mihn us) coal, or soft coal, forms. It’s dense, black, brittle, and has lots of carbon, about 85 percent. Bituminous coal is the coal used most often. It provides lots of heat energy when burned, but still pollutes the air. Most of it is mined in the Appalachian Mountains, the Midwest, and the Rocky Mountains of the United States, and in Europe, China, and Australia. If heat and intense pressure are applied to bituminous coal, it becomes anthracite (AN thruh site). Anthracite is the cleanest burning of all coals and is about 90 percent carbon. Industries like it because it burns cleaner and longer than other coals. It is mined mostly underground in Pennsylvania and Virginia.

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We burn vast quantities of petroleum and gas. In fact, every year we obtain twice the energy from petroleum and gas than we do from coal. Natural gas is used mostly for heating and cooking. Petroleum has many more uses. Most petroleum is refined into fuels such as gasoline and aircraft fuel. Other petroleum is made into heating oil for furnaces, lubricants, and plastics. Did you realize that plastic is made from petroleum? Most geologists agree that both oil and natural gas form over millions of years from the decay of tiny organisms in the oceans. The process begins when plankton organisms die, fall to the seafloor, and pile up. Later, other sediments are deposited over them, in the same way that coal is buried. They are compacted by the weight, and this pressure on the organic matter helps chemical reactions occur. This creates the liquid we call petroleum, as well as gases we call natural gas. Because petroleum and natural gas are les dense than water, they migrate upward to get on top of water-saturated rock layers. Sometimes this movement is stopped by impermeable rock, such as shale. This rock traps the petroleum and gas below it. When this happens, a reservoir of petroleum or natural gas forms under the impermeable rock. Most of the energy sources we are using to generate electricity right now are nonrenewable. Nonrenewable energy sources are those that we are u faster than Earth can replace them. that fossil fuels take millions of years to form. Today, coal provides about 30 percent of worldwide energy needs for home heating, manufacturing, and generating electricity. Oil and natural gas provide almost 60 percent of our energy needs. At the rate we’re using these fuels, we will run out someday. We will likely run out of petroleum in less than 50 years. Fortunately, we also have renewable energy sources. These sources are constant and will not run out in the future as fossil fuels will.

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Many of the nonrenewable energy sources we use today are actually stored solar energy. Plants that formed coal grew using solar energy. Organisms that formed oil and natural gas ate plants, so they also used solar energy. When fossil fuels are burned, stored solar energy is released. These are indirect uses of solar energy Solar energy is energy from the sun. enough energy, from the sun reaches Earth in one hour to supply all the energy we need for a whole year! The problem is that we can’t collect and store all this energy. We can collect part of it, though. One way of doing this is to use solar cells. A solar cell collects energy from the sun and transforms it into electricity. Solar energy is free and doesn’t create any pollution. Solar cells were invented to generate electricity on satellites, but now they’re used to power calculators, TVs, streetlights, and experimental cars. Solar energy is also used to heat and cool homes and buildings and to heat water. One way this is done is with thermal collectors. Solar energy heats air or water is piped to where the heat is needed. They have done some disadvantages. Solar energy can be received only when the sun is shining. That means solar cells work less well on cloudy days, and they don’t work at all at night. When seasons cause days to be shorter, solar cells generate less electricity. The closer a solar cell is to the equator, the more direct solar radiation it receives. Solar cells closer to the North Pole or the South Pole receive less solar radiation. A wind farm is a location where a number of windmills are placed to gather wind and generate electricity. Wind farms usually are on ridges where the wind is strong and steady. The energy from the spinning windmill turns a generator that makes electricity. If the wind changes direction, computers control motors that keep the blades facing into the wind. Obtaining energy from moving water is not new. Mills turned by tidal energy ground grain in England, , and Spain a thousand years ago. Today, energy from running water is used to turn turbines to make electricity. The production of electricity by water power is called hydroelectric energy. We’ve built dams on many large rivers to generate hydroelectric power.

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A synfuel is made by humans by changing fossil fuels into a different form. Coal gasification makes natural gas from coal. This is done by mixing coal with steam and oxygen in a complex process. Some rocks called oil shales contain a waxy oil material. The oil can only be removed in a complex process of crushing and heating. If you have ever built a campfire with wood, you have used a biomass fuel. Biomass fuel is organic matter used as fuel. Some power plants add trash and garbage to coal to generate electricity. Gasohol is a biomass fuel used in cars and trucks. It is 90 percent gasoline and 10 percent alcohol. The alcohol is made from corn or sugarcane. Although these renewable energy sources are limited at the present time, they might become more effective in replacing fossil fuels in the future. Recent advances in solar cell technology have reduced the price or solar cells and increased their efficiency. Other advances in the development of electric cars will help us to be less dependent on oil for transportation. Further improvements in solar and wind technology may enable the sun and wind to be major energy sources in the future. Nuclear energy is energy produced from atomic reactions. Fission is the splitting of nuclei of atoms in heavy elements such as uranium. The most commonly used fuel in fission power plants is a uranium isotope, uranium-235. Uranium-235 is a radioactive element. It occurs in ore in some sandstones in the Rocky Mountains. After the ore is mined, the uranium is concentrated and then placed in long metal pipes called fuel rods. A nuclear power plant has a large chamber called a nuclear reactor. In it, the uranium fuel rods sit in a pool of cooling water. Neutrons are fired into the fuel. When the uranium-235 atoms are hit, they break apart, firing out neutron that hit other atoms.

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CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY This chapter discussed the methodology employed by the researcher. 1. Research Design In this study, the researcher employed the descriptive research design. It involves the description, recording, analysis and interpretation of data. It describes the nature of a situation, as it exists at the time of the study. It may attempt to discover a cause-effect relationship that prevail and that are going on between manipulated variables. 2. Respondent of the Study The respondents of the study were teachers from different schools. 3. Research Setting The research was conducted at NNHS. 4. Research Instrument The research used a self-prepared questionnaire, which was used as the instrument in gathering the data needed in the study. 5. Data Gathering Procedure The researcher requested the respondents to answer the prepared questionnaire honestly. Conducting interviews and getting informations from INTERNET and library research are also part of the data gathering. 6. Statistical Treatment of the Study The statistical data obtained from survey, interviews and library research were arranged based on the sequence of the study and were analyzed and interpreted by the used of tables and graphs.

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CHAPTER IV ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS Summary of Analysis and Findings Table 1: Ranking of the negative moral values which the respondents believe can greatly affect the deterioration of natural resources in the Philippines. Negative Moral Values

Percentage

1. ungodly

38%

2. lack of concern

25%

3. disobedience

15%

4. harmful

10%

5. impatience

6%

6. disrespectful

3%

7. lack of dignity

2%

8. undedicated

1%

It was shown in Table 1 that the number of respondents believe that ungodly which exceeds at 38% of votes was the negative moral value that can greatly affect the deterioration of natural resources in the Philippines. On the other hand, undedicated had only 1% of votes. However, if all the negative moral value would be together the natural resources in the Philippines will be greatly destroyed. When these natural resources were destroyed already, the economic development of our country will go down.

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Figure 1

Figure 1 shows that in the 38% of votes by the ten respondents it would greatly affect the natural resources which leads to their deterioration.

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Conclusion It can, therefore, be concluded that the negative moral value, ungodly, has the greatest percentage which the respondents believe that can greatly affect the deterioration of natural resources in the Philippines. Moreover, by continues practicing of those values the natural resources will be destroyed and abused. Like what had happened last landslide in Real, Quezon Province because of bad threatening of those resources they became very limited for people. However, there are some organizations which help us to recover these negative moral values: the civic organizations, public and private school, Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Bureau of Forestry and Bureau of Lands by giving seminars, trainings, massive education campaign and by using media. Recommendation Now that we already have knowledge that the natural resources here in the Philippines have greatly destroyed because of negative moral values, it is a must we lessen and control it. We must also care and love those resources which have great impact on the development of our economy. Self-discipline is the first and most factor that we should have to keep our resources well cared. Bibliography Laurentina Paler-Calmorin and Melchor A. Calmorin, Methods of Research and Thesis Writing; 2002. Magdaraog. Environment and Natural Resources, Atlas of the Philippines, 1998. __________. Grolier Science Encyclopedia, Vol. 8. U.S.A. Grolier Incorporated, 1995. Rivera. The Science Connection, 2001. Paner and Riva. Hands on Science, 2000.

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Fallaria, Apolinario and Ronquillo. Science Spectrum, 2003. Marcos. The Earth We Live In, 1981. __________. Encyclopedia Americana, 1997.

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APPENDIX A RESEARCH QUESTIONNAIRE (Survey) Please Answer Honestly! 1. Rank the following negative moral values which you believe can greatly affect the deterioration of natural resources in the Philippines. ungodly

harmful

impatience

disobedience

lack of concern

disrespectful

undedicated

lack of dignity

2. How do these affect the natural resources? 3. What would you suggest to recover these negative moral values? 4. Do you know any reported incidence that these moral values greatly affect the deterioration of natural resources? 5. What are the different organizations which help us to recover these values?

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APPENDIX B List of Respondents

Mila Lim Jesper Zamora Gerlie Jasa Marites Franco Abanador Marilou Ermino Ronnie Malabay Elvira Cabatay Virgie Fabella Abella Marie Malvar Paciana Armamento

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CURRICULUM VITAE PERSONAL DATA Name

: Charito M. Molato

Nickname

: Ate Chari, Chari

Birthday

: January 25, 1990

Civil Status

: Single

Address

: Brgy. Marfrancisco, Pinamalayan, Oriental Mindoro

FAMILY BACKGROUND Father

: Irineo B. Molato

Mother

: Nilalina M. Molato

Brothers

: Mark M. Molato, Joel M. Molato

Sisters

: Rhea M. Molato, Dona M. Molato, Nery M. Molato

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND Grade/Year I – VI

: Divine Mercy Montessori School of Pinamalayan Incorporated Jaena St., Pinamalayan, Oriental Mindoro (1994 – 2001)

I – IV

: Nabuslot National High School Brgy. Nabuslot, P inamalayan, Oriental Mindoro (2002 – 2006)

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