ENERGY SCENARIO IN INDIA • AT THE TIME OF INDEPENDENCE : 1400 MWe • IN THE YEAR 1950 : 1715 MWe • INCREASED MORE THAN 50 FOLD BY THE YEAR 20002001 : 97,877 MWe • WHILE THE SHARE OF HYDRO & THERMAL WAS APPROXIMATELY 40% & 60% TILL 1980, THE SCENARIO CHANGED FROM VII PLAN ONWARDS AND THE CURRENT SHARE IS HYDRO: 24.34%, THERMAL: 71.70%, WIND: 1.18%, NUCLEAR: 2.78% • PROJECTED ADDITIONAL REQUIREMENT DURING X PALN: 12,000 MWe ANNUALLY • PROJECTED ADDITIONAL REQUIREMENT DURING XI PLAN: 15,000 MWe ANNUALLY
ENERGY SOURCES
Renewable Hydel Solar Wind Tidal
Non-renewable Coal Natural gas Oil Nuclear
Geothermal Bio-fuel Total: 56,049 MW
Total: 1,15,594 MW (Non-renewable)
Generation Capacity: Indian Scenario
Energy Source Coal
%
MW
53
82343
Hydro
23
36863
Gas
11
17056
Diesel
15427
Renewable
9
Nuclear
3
4340
100
157229
Total Fuelwise Generating Installed
1
1200
3
Source CEA as on 28.02.2010
NUCLEAR POWER • Harnessing uranium for nuclear energy • Nuclear Power Generation is based on Splitting of Uranium 235 by neutron bombardments • Neutron hits fissile nucleus causing nucleus to split and the chain reaction leads to heating of the fuel
Fission Product
Fission + Energy
Neutron
Neutron
U 235
Fission Product
NUCLEAR POWER
THREE STAGE INDIAN NUCLEAR POWER PROGRAMME
Stage - I
PRESSURISED HEAVY WATER REACTORS
•
18 - Operating
• 4 - Under construction • Several others planned • POTENTIAL 10 GWe LIGHT WATER REACTORS • 2 BWRs- Operating • 2 VVERs- Under Construction
Stage – II FAST BREEDER REACTORS
• 40 MWth FBTROper. • 500 MWe PFBRUnder
construction
• POTENTIAL 530 GWe
Stage – III THORIUM BASED REACTOR
• 30 KWth KAMINIOperating • 300 MWe AHWRUnder development • POTENTIAL Very Large
THREE STAGES OF INDIAN NUCLEAR POWER PROGRAMME Natural Uranium
PHWRS
POWER
Depleted Uranium
Plutonium
Thorium Th-232
Pu
FUELLED BREEDERS
POWER Thorium
Plutonium U-233
Th-232 U-233
BREEDERS
U-233 STAGE 1
STAGE 2
STAGE 3
POWER
Key Components of Nuclear Reactors Reactor core (fuel): Enriched or natural U, 239Pu s Graphite, H2O, D2O He (100 Atm and 1273 K) Be (high temperature liquid metal). Na (773 to 873 K for breeder reactor) BeF2 + ZrF4 (for GCR) Control rods Cium, Boron, Carbon, Cobalt, Silver, Hafnium, and Gadolinium, 157Gd Monitoring devices Neutron and radioactivity detectors, T, etc Energy transfer system or liquid
STAGE I
PRESSURIZED HEAVY WATER REACTOR
Natural matrix.
Uranium
dioxide
as
fuel
Heavy water as and coolant. In the reactor, U-235 undergoes fission producing several radioactive fission products + large amount of energy. 235 1 U + n 92 0
90 Rb + 37
143 1 Cs + 3 n + 55 0
Fertile U-238 is converted into fissile Pu-239. 200MeV 238 1 U + n 92 0 239 Pu 94
β239* U 92
βNp239
93
STAGE 2
FAST BREEDER REACTOR Pu-239 obtained from STAGE I serves as the main fissile element. A blanket of U-238 surrounding the fuel core will undergo nuclear transmutation to produce fresh Pu-239 as more and more Pu-239 is consumed during the operation. Besides a blanket of Th-232 around the FBR core also undergoes neutron capture reactions leading to the formation of U-233. U-233 is the nuclear reactor fuel for 3.β β STAGE 232 1 233* 233 233 90
Th
+ 0n
90
Th
91
Pa
92
U
STAGE 3
BREEDER REACTOR
U-233 obtained from STAGE 2 serves as the main fuel. Th-232 blanket around the U-233 reactor core will generate more U-233 thus resulting in the production of more and more U-233 fuel. These U-233/Th-232 based breeder reactors are under development and would serve as the mainstay of the final thorium utilization stage of Indian nuclear programme.
WHY NUCLEAR ENERGY?
1. Energy Density 1kg firewood = 1 kwh electricity 1 kg coal = 3 kwh electricity 1 kg oil = 4 kwh electricity 1 kg natural Uranium = 50,000 kwh electricity 2. Nuclear power stations occupy small areas 3. Nuclear power stations can be setup in any location 4. Nuclear energy is environment friendly, no emissions 5. Small volume of waste For generating 1000 MW/year Thermal - 7,000,000 te of CO2 200,000 te of SO2 200,000 te of ash Nuclear -23 Te of high level waste of which 97% is reprocessed and extracted. Only 700 kg of high level waste NUCLEAR ENERGY IS THE BEST OPTION FOR LONG TERM POWER REQUIREMENTS
ENERGY RESOURCES AVAILABILITY & THEIR GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: WORLD SCENARIO GLOBAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION APPROX. 2.2te COAL BUT INDUSTRIALISED NATION CONSUME 4 – 5 TIMES MORE ENERGY 20% OF WORLD POPULATION IN DEVELOPED COUNTRIES USES 60% OF ENERGY WHILE REMAINING 40% ENERGY IS FOR 80% OF GLOBAL POPULATION NEARLY 2 BILLION PEOPLE OF UNDEVELOPED & DEVELOPING NATIONS ARE DEPRIVED OF ELECTRICITY
REASONS SKEWED GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION OF ENERGY RESOURCES, VIZ. COAL, OIL & GAS ARE MOSTLY CONCENTRATED IN CANADA, AUSTRALIA, UAE ETC. POPULATION EXPLOSION IN UNDEVELOPED & DEVELOPING COUNTRIES VIZ. CHINA, INDIA HAVE CREATED VERY GRIM SITUATION THESE NATIONS RESOURCES
USE
A
BIG
PORTION
OF
THEIR
INCOME
TO
BUY ENERGY
POWER GENERATION : WORLD SCENARIO SOURCE: IEA WEO 2006 OIL 6.67%
NUCLEAR 15.74% BIOMASS 1.30%
Nearly two third of Power Generation is ed by FOSSIL FUELS which is cause of ENVIROMENTAL Concern
POWER CONSUMPTION : WORLD SCENARIO NATION
KWh/Person
CANADA
16939
FINLAND
16128
USA
13228
AUSTRALIA
10502
BELGIUM
8314
JAPAN
8220
AUSTRIA
7453
7366
6742
DENMARK
6506
KOREA
6495
UKRAINE
6158
SOUTH AFRICA
4542
CHINA
1184
INDIA
631
Power consumption is indicator of Development and Progress of a Nation
Average Energy per Capita
Nuclear Power in India • India has a flourishing and largely indigenous nuclear power program and expects to have 20,000 MWe nuclear capacity on line by 2020 and 63,000 MWe by 2032. It aims to supply 25% of electricity from nuclear power by 2050. • Because India is outside the Nuclear NonProliferation Treaty due to its weapons program, it was for 34 years largely excluded from trade in nuclear plant or materials, which has hampered its development of civil nuclear energy until 2009. • Due to these trade bans and lack of indigenous uranium, India has uniquely been developing a nuclear fuel cycle to exploit its reserves of thorium. • Now, foreign technology and fuel are expected to boost India's nuclear power plans considerably. All plants will have high indigenous engineering content. • India has a vision of becoming a world leader in nuclear technology due to its expertise in fast reactors and thorium fuel cycle.
VARIOUS BENEFITS OF ATOMIC ENERGY Electricity Fluid Fuel Substitute
Industry
Indus - 1
Technology
Nuclear Energy
National ous appplications of atomic energy Security Environment
Water
Food
Health