Energy Ad Opi 2y3453

ENERGY SCENARIO IN INDIA • AT THE TIME OF INDEPENDENCE : 1400 MWe • IN THE YEAR 1950 : 1715 MWe • INCREASED MORE THAN 50 FOLD BY THE YEAR 20002001 : 97,877 MWe • WHILE THE SHARE OF HYDRO & THERMAL WAS APPROXIMATELY 40% & 60% TILL 1980, THE SCENARIO CHANGED FROM VII PLAN ONWARDS AND THE CURRENT SHARE IS HYDRO: 24.34%, THERMAL: 71.70%, WIND: 1.18%, NUCLEAR: 2.78% • PROJECTED ADDITIONAL REQUIREMENT DURING X PALN: 12,000 MWe ANNUALLY • PROJECTED ADDITIONAL REQUIREMENT DURING XI PLAN: 15,000 MWe ANNUALLY

ENERGY SOURCES

Renewable Hydel Solar Wind Tidal

Non-renewable Coal Natural gas Oil Nuclear

Geothermal Bio-fuel Total: 56,049 MW

Total: 1,15,594 MW (Non-renewable)

Generation Capacity: Indian Scenario

Energy Source Coal

%

MW

53

82343

Hydro

23

36863

Gas

11

17056

Diesel

15427

Renewable

9

Nuclear

3

4340

100

157229

Total Fuelwise Generating Installed

1

1200

3

Source CEA as on 28.02.2010

NUCLEAR POWER • Harnessing uranium for nuclear energy • Nuclear Power Generation is based on Splitting of Uranium 235 by neutron bombardments • Neutron hits fissile nucleus causing nucleus to split and the chain reaction leads to heating of the fuel

Fission Product

Fission + Energy

Neutron

Neutron

U 235

Fission Product

NUCLEAR POWER

THREE STAGE INDIAN NUCLEAR POWER PROGRAMME

Stage - I

PRESSURISED HEAVY WATER REACTORS

•

18 - Operating

• 4 - Under construction • Several others planned • POTENTIAL  10 GWe LIGHT WATER REACTORS • 2 BWRs- Operating • 2 VVERs- Under Construction

Stage – II FAST BREEDER REACTORS

• 40 MWth FBTROper. • 500 MWe PFBRUnder

construction

• POTENTIAL  530 GWe

Stage – III THORIUM BASED REACTOR

• 30 KWth KAMINIOperating • 300 MWe AHWRUnder development • POTENTIAL  Very Large

THREE STAGES OF INDIAN NUCLEAR POWER PROGRAMME Natural Uranium

PHWRS

POWER

Depleted Uranium

Plutonium

Thorium Th-232

Pu

FUELLED BREEDERS

POWER Thorium

Plutonium U-233

Th-232 U-233

BREEDERS

U-233 STAGE 1

STAGE 2

STAGE 3

POWER

Key Components of Nuclear Reactors Reactor core (fuel): Enriched or natural U, 239Pu s Graphite, H2O, D2O He (100 Atm and 1273 K) Be (high temperature liquid metal). Na (773 to 873 K for breeder reactor) BeF2 + ZrF4 (for GCR) Control rods Cium, Boron, Carbon, Cobalt, Silver, Hafnium, and Gadolinium, 157Gd Monitoring devices Neutron and radioactivity detectors, T, etc Energy transfer system or liquid

STAGE I

PRESSURIZED HEAVY WATER REACTOR

Natural matrix. 

Uranium

dioxide

as

fuel

Heavy water as and coolant. In the reactor, U-235 undergoes fission producing several radioactive fission products + large amount of energy. 235 1 U + n 92 0

90 Rb + 37

143 1 Cs + 3 n + 55 0

Fertile U-238 is converted into fissile Pu-239. 200MeV 238 1 U + n 92 0 239 Pu 94

β239* U 92

βNp239

93

STAGE 2

FAST BREEDER REACTOR Pu-239 obtained from STAGE I serves as the main fissile element. A blanket of U-238 surrounding the fuel core will undergo nuclear transmutation to produce fresh Pu-239 as more and more Pu-239 is consumed during the operation. Besides a blanket of Th-232 around the FBR core also undergoes neutron capture reactions leading to the formation of U-233. U-233 is the nuclear reactor fuel for 3.β β STAGE 232 1 233* 233 233 90

Th

+ 0n

90

Th

91

Pa

92

U

STAGE 3

BREEDER REACTOR

U-233 obtained from STAGE 2 serves as the main fuel. Th-232 blanket around the U-233 reactor core will generate more U-233 thus resulting in the production of more and more U-233 fuel. These U-233/Th-232 based breeder reactors are under development and would serve as the mainstay of the final thorium utilization stage of Indian nuclear programme.

WHY NUCLEAR ENERGY?

1. Energy Density 1kg firewood = 1 kwh electricity 1 kg coal = 3 kwh electricity 1 kg oil = 4 kwh electricity 1 kg natural Uranium = 50,000 kwh electricity 2. Nuclear power stations occupy small areas 3. Nuclear power stations can be setup in any location 4. Nuclear energy is environment friendly, no emissions 5. Small volume of waste For generating 1000 MW/year Thermal - 7,000,000 te of CO2 200,000 te of SO2 200,000 te of ash Nuclear -23 Te of high level waste of which 97% is reprocessed and extracted. Only 700 kg of high level waste NUCLEAR ENERGY IS THE BEST OPTION FOR LONG TERM POWER REQUIREMENTS

ENERGY RESOURCES AVAILABILITY & THEIR GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: WORLD SCENARIO  GLOBAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION APPROX. 2.2te COAL BUT INDUSTRIALISED NATION CONSUME 4 – 5 TIMES MORE ENERGY  20% OF WORLD POPULATION IN DEVELOPED COUNTRIES USES 60% OF ENERGY WHILE REMAINING 40% ENERGY IS FOR 80% OF GLOBAL POPULATION  NEARLY 2 BILLION PEOPLE OF UNDEVELOPED & DEVELOPING NATIONS ARE DEPRIVED OF ELECTRICITY

REASONS  SKEWED GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION OF ENERGY RESOURCES, VIZ. COAL, OIL & GAS ARE MOSTLY CONCENTRATED IN CANADA, AUSTRALIA, UAE ETC.  POPULATION EXPLOSION IN UNDEVELOPED & DEVELOPING COUNTRIES VIZ. CHINA, INDIA HAVE CREATED VERY GRIM SITUATION  THESE NATIONS RESOURCES

USE

A

BIG

PORTION

OF

THEIR

INCOME

TO

BUY ENERGY

POWER GENERATION : WORLD SCENARIO SOURCE: IEA WEO 2006 OIL 6.67%

NUCLEAR 15.74% BIOMASS 1.30%

Nearly two third of Power Generation is ed by FOSSIL FUELS which is cause of ENVIROMENTAL Concern

POWER CONSUMPTION : WORLD SCENARIO NATION

KWh/Person

CANADA

16939

FINLAND

16128

USA

13228

AUSTRALIA

10502

BELGIUM

8314

JAPAN

8220

AUSTRIA

7453



7366



6742

DENMARK

6506

KOREA

6495

UKRAINE

6158

SOUTH AFRICA

4542

CHINA

1184

INDIA

631

Power consumption is indicator of Development and Progress of a Nation

Average Energy per Capita

Nuclear Power in India • India has a flourishing and largely indigenous nuclear power program and expects to have 20,000 MWe nuclear capacity on line by 2020 and 63,000 MWe by 2032.  It aims to supply 25% of electricity from nuclear power by 2050. • Because India is outside the Nuclear NonProliferation Treaty due to its weapons program, it was for 34 years largely excluded from trade in nuclear plant or materials, which has hampered its development of civil nuclear energy until 2009. • Due to these trade bans and lack of indigenous uranium, India has uniquely been developing a nuclear fuel cycle to exploit its reserves of thorium. • Now, foreign technology and fuel are expected to boost India's nuclear power plans considerably.  All plants will have high indigenous engineering content. • India has a vision of becoming a world leader in nuclear technology due to its expertise in fast reactors and thorium fuel cycle. 

VARIOUS BENEFITS OF ATOMIC ENERGY Electricity Fluid Fuel Substitute

Industry

Indus - 1

Technology

Nuclear Energy

National ous appplications of atomic energy Security Environment

Water

Food

Health