Essay On The Apology 2064j

Chenhao Wang 1426481 February 12 2015

Philosophy 1A03: First Essay Professor: Barry Allen Question 2 Teaching Assistant: Bradley Shubert

Socrates’s apology is one of the most interesting philosophical works produced in all of antiquity. During the time period in which the Apology was written, Socrates was, without a doubt, a very polarizing figure in ancient Greece. While a few citizens were probably indifferent to him, most that had heard of Socrates at the time either despised him for his perceived evil-doings or ired him for his feverous cross-examination of those thought to be wise. Some of his observers even imitated him, or in the case of Alcibiades, loved him. In the Apology, Socrates addresses old prejudices against him and dismantles the new charges brought forth to him by Meletus and his acquaintances. During the course of his defence, Socrates argues that though he lacks “knowledge of anything good or true” and refrains from politics, he still benefits the city and all those who live within it, including criminals and apathetic citizens that care little for his philosophical inquiries. His statements regarding his usefulness to the city may not make complete sense to the reader at first (and it certainly did not to the jurors who convicted him), but upon further examination, it becomes clear that Socrates does indeed benefit the city, citizen and foreigner alike, even without knowledge of anything “beautiful and good” or partaking in politics. My argument is that despite not knowing anything beautiful and good, Socrates benefits the city and citizen because he forces them into a state of self-inquiry through his rigorous cross examination, thus making them (and others) aware of their ignorance. 2. Therefore, by decreasing the ignorance of those he converses with and those who observe him conversing, he is able to benefit Athens’ political matters without ever directly entering the political scene himself. 3. Consequently, he benefits the entire city by making it aware of its own ignorance, which of course affects even those indifferent to philosophy as they are affected by policy-makers and those around them, some of which undoubtedly became slightly wiser as a result of Socrates’ work. Despite his profound self-proclaimed lack of knowledge of anything good and beautiful, Socrates cross-examines those who consider themselves and/or are considered by others to be wise. Page | 1

Chenhao Wang 1426481 February 12 2015

Philosophy 1A03: First Essay Professor: Barry Allen Question 2 Teaching Assistant: Bradley Shubert

These questions usually regard some issue in morals or ethics. In doing so, he benefits both the person that he is speaking to and any one observing his cross-examination. Why? Because upon having their own ignorance being proved to them through logic, one who was previously thought to be wise comes to realize their own lack of wisdom; this comprehension of their inevitable naivety makes them all the wiser. However, Socrates’ cross examination does not simply benefit those whom he cross examines. By exposing the ignorance of the so-called wise, some of the observers start questioning their own wisdom and the wisdom of others more. By doing so, they are becoming wiser, more self-reflective and self-aware citizens. Some even imitate his cross-examinations and expose the irrational self-perceived wisdom of others, upon which they are usually appreciated or unjustly hated by those whom they have made more self-aware. Many that come to realize their ignorance due to Socrates will benefit from this realization because they will no longer live their lives according to these irrational “wisdoms” and “truths”, nor will they push these irrational, unproven opinions onto others. Socrates’ duty of making those whom he converses with wiser and less ignorant has a profound effect on the Athenian political scene as well. Because he exposes politicians to their ignorance and make ordinary citizen realize both their own ignorance and that of the politicians, some politicians will, as a result, strive to make their policies and laws more rational and virtuous. Even those who don’t fully accept the discovery of their own wisdom will be more careful and much less impotent about pushing their irrational beliefs onto others. The same concept therefore applies to the ordinary citizens of Athens. Additionally, these citizens will now apply a much greater deal of critical thinking about the decisions and platforms of politicians whom they, as citizens of a democracy, directly effect. Therefore, Socrates’ forcing of Athenian politicians into a state of selfreflection allow him to benefit the city without ever having to dabble in the harsh world of Athenian politics himself. Though Socrates does espouse any particular ideas of his own to the Athenian Page | 2

Chenhao Wang 1426481 February 12 2015

Philosophy 1A03: First Essay Professor: Barry Allen Question 2 Teaching Assistant: Bradley Shubert

political scene, his habit of running roughshod over the supposed wisdoms of artisans, politicians and other intellectuals who put forth a myriad unproven arbitrary ideas about ethics and morality helps these same people look within themselves and gain a bit of wisdom during the process. Consequently, this inevitably benefits both the political decisions of ordinary citizens and politicians alike, as they both make wiser decisions as a result of the work of Socrates. Socrates’ work does not just benefit the self-perceived wise men and those that observe his cross-examinations of aforementioned wise men. He also, as a consequence of improving the socalled goodness of wise men and ordinary citizen alike, increases the quality of life of even indifferent citizens and criminals. Indifferent citizens with little care for philosophy benefit from Socrates because the people around them become slightly wiser and the policies which they live under become more rational, fair and virtuous as a result. Subsequently, their lives will improve as a result of being around more virtuous people and living under a fairer government. The same concept applies to criminals – though they may be criminals, they are still obviously affected by changes in the people around them and the laws they live under. In of whether or not they themselves realize their ignorance is irrelevant when asking the question of IF Socrates benefits apathetic citizens or criminals, because they benefit from the presence of having an improved city and citizens living around them. Even if they do fail to realize their own ignorance. Socrates himself alludes to this – “Which is better, to live among good citizens or bad ones” In conclusion, the Apology is a uniquely interesting piece of philosophical work by Plato that examines the rationale behind Socrates’ rigorous questioning of wise men and ordinary citizens throughout his other dialogues. It provides us with the context behind dialogues such as Euthyphro, Phaedo and others. Socrates manages to brilliantly explain how what he does benefits the city Athens and its citizens. He made the city and the people look within themselves, and thus increased the wisdom of those around him. This affected those he cross-examined, the observers of his cross Page | 3

Chenhao Wang 1426481 February 12 2015

Philosophy 1A03: First Essay Professor: Barry Allen Question 2 Teaching Assistant: Bradley Shubert

examinations, the politicians and even the criminals and apathetic citizens indifferent to his philosophical endeavours. Socrates did not just benefit the Athens and the citizens that dwelled inside it, but all of modern western thought. His effect on philosophy is profound and still felt to this day.

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