Experiment 3 Reaction Turbine 5l3k1x
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Experiment 3: Reaction Turbine
1.0
CLB 20704
SUMMARY
The purpose of this experiment of reaction turbine was used to study the characteristics curves that were obtained after done the experiments.
It must run with a good
observation. The flow rate must be control very carefully so that it can give good result. Turbines are determined by their characteristics curves based on the potential energy available in the water and the amount of water to be generated. In this experiment, demonstration the effect of load and flow rate with power output generate can be achieved. The reaction turbine reacts with water flow rate to spin the impeller of the turbine to generate electric power. By the results that were getting, a graph can be plot for torque versus speed, pressure versus speed and efficiency versus speed. The curves were plotted base for 4 different speeds which were 9000rev/min, 8000 rev/min, 7000 rev/min and 6000 rev/min. The speed can be adjusted by slowly controlling the regulator valve. Discussion was done to compare all the data that was obtained. 2.0
INTRODUCTION A type of turbine that develops torque by reacting to the pressure or weight of a
fluid, the operation of reaction turbines is described by Newton's third law of motion which state that action and reaction are equal and opposite. In a reaction turbine, unlike in an impulse turbine, the nozzles that discharge the working fluid are attached to the rotor. The acceleration of the fluid leaving the nozzles produces a reaction force on the pipes, causing the rotor to move in the opposite direction to that of the fluid. The pressure of the fluid changes as it es through the rotor blades. In most cases, a pressure casement is needed to contain the working fluid as it acts on the turbine; in the case of water turbines, the casing also maintains the suction imparted by the draft tube. Alternatively, where a casing is absent, the turbine must be fully immersed in the fluid flow as in the case of wind turbines. Francis turbines and most steam turbines use the reaction turbine concept.
1
Experiment 3: Reaction Turbine
CLB 20704
Main types of reaction turbine Propeller A propeller turbine generally has a runner with three to six blades in which
the
s all of the blades constantly. Picture a boat propeller running in a
pipe.
Through the pipe, the pressure is constant; if it isn't, the runner would be out
of balance.
The pitch of the blades may be fixed or adjustable. The major components besides the runner are a scroll case, wicket gates, and a draft tube. There are several different types of propeller turbines: Bulb turbine The turbine and generator is a sealed unit placed directly in the water stream. Straflo The generator is attached directly to the perimeter of the turbine. Tube turbine The penstock bends just before or after the runner, allowing a straight line connection to the generator. Kaplan Both the blades and the wicket gates are adjustable, allowing for a wider range of operation. Francis A Francis turbine has a runner with fixed buckets (vanes), usually nine or more. Water is introduced just above the runner and all around it and then falls through, causing it to spin. Besides the runner, the other major components are the scroll case, wicket gates, and draft tube.
2
water
Experiment 3: Reaction Turbine
CLB 20704
Kinetic Kinetic energy turbines, also called free-flow turbines, generate electricity from the kinetic energy present in flowing water rather than the potential energy from the head. The systems may operate in rivers, man-made channels, tidal waters, or ocean currents. Kinetic systems utilize the water stream's natural pathway. They do not require the diversion of water through manmade channels, riverbeds, or pipes, although they might have applications in such conduits. Kinetic systems do not require large civil works; however, they can use existing structures such as bridges, tailraces and channels. 3.0
OBJECTIVE
To study the characteristics curves of a reaction turbine.
3
Experiment 3: Reaction Turbine
4.0
CLB 20704
METHOD Windows and the analysis software were started.
The interface module was switched on.
The regulator valve was fully opened. Pump was switched on.
The required flow rate and pressure was set using the regulator valve.
The tensioning bolts for the turbine brake was fully undo and further measurement points were recorded.
Finally, the load to the extent the turbine stalls was increased. The curve was then recorded.
The turbine curves for 4 different set of different flow rates which were 9000, 8000, 7000 and 6000 been recorded.
4
Experiment 3: Reaction Turbine
5.0
RESULTS / DATA
5.1
Experiment data sheet:
CLB 20704
Table 1: Result for speed 6000 rev/min
Time 9:19:54 9:19:56 9:19:57 9:19:57 9:19:59 9:20:00 9:20:00 9:20:02 9:20:03 9:20:03 9:20:05 9:20:06 9:20:06 9:20:08 9:20:09 9:20:09 9:20:11 9:20:12
Flow in L/h 13.490899 09 7.1502141 95 0 10.309871 67 18.530145 65 23.658622 74 29.330099 11 36.868019 1 40.660961 15 39.381851 2 33.178405 76 28.224769 59 21.887199 4 13.854404 45 4.7221918 11 15.013650 89 24.301130 29 28.274618 15
Torque in Ncm 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Pressure in bar 0.80332028 9 0.80332028 9
el. Power in W 301.367187 5
0.80859375 0.80976563 7 0.81328123 8 0.80976563 7 0.80742186 3 0.80917966 4 0.81152343 8 0.81093752 4 0.80390626 2 0.80214846 1 0.80683594 9 0.80976563 7
230.46875 173.242187 5 119.726562 5
0.80859375 0.80449217 6 0.81328123 8 0.82499998 8
0
267.1875
73.2421875 45.1171875 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0
Speed in 1/min 6067.8710 94 6068.3593 75 6055.6640 63 6041.0156 25 6026.3671 88 6027.8320 31 6022.4609 38 5995.1171 88 5979.9804 69 5975.0976 56 5990.2343 75 5991.2109 38 5977.0507 81 5959.9609 38 5959.4726 56 5977.5390 63 5960.9375 5909.1796 88
5
Efficiency 0 0 3.37E+3 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Experiment 3: Reaction Turbine
9:20:12 9:20:14 9:20:15 9:20:15 9:20:17 9:20:18 9:20:18
34.213352 2 38.057598 11 40.862148 28 37.806465 15 34.254486 08 31.461215 97 25.663887 02
0 0.5224609 38 0.7910156 25 0.8740234 38 2.3681640 63 4.140625 5.9472656 25
CLB 20704 0.84140622 6 0.86542969 9 0.92050778 9 1.00898432 7 1.14667964 1.24101567 3 1.31074214
0 155.664062 5 259.179687 5 302.34375 354.101562 5 400.585937 5 385.742187 5
5826.6601 56 5677.7343 75 5380.8593 75 4834.4726 56 3856.4453 13 2926.7578 13 1873.0468 75
0 0.056589 46 0.071099 72 0.069598 77 0.146089 58 0.195020 27 0.208068 42
Table 2: Result for speed 7000 rev/min
Time 9:18:52 9:18:53 9:18:53 9:18:55 9:18:56 9:18:56 9:18:58 9:18:59
Flow in L/h 15.01365 089 9.304773 331
Torque in Ncm
0 16.23820 686 26.20684 814 33.62479 782 40.17318 344 42.66701 508
0
0 0
0 0 0 0 0
Pressure in bar 0.9826171 99 0.9814453 13 0.9832031 13 0.9884765 74 0.9890624 88 0.9873046 88 0.9808593 99 0.9779297 11
el. Power in W 319.335937 5 286.132812 5 246.484375 188.671875 154.296875 119.53125 66.6015625 21.6796875
Speed in 1/min 6920.8984 38 6919.9218 75 6920.8984 38 6902.8320 31 6894.0429 69 6896.9726 56 6912.5976 56 6925.2929 69
6
Efficiency 0 0 3.37E+37 0 0 0 0 0
Experiment 3: Reaction Turbine
9:19:05
44.64973 45 41.39986 42 34.48345 184 26.99161 911 15.74613 476 11.81494 808
9:19:05
0
9:19:07
0 5.589744 091 12.24191 57 23.46526 527 31.81727 791
9:18:59 9:19:01 9:19:02 9:19:02 9:19:04
9:19:08 9:19:08 9:19:10 9:19:11
0 0 0 0 0 0 0.20996093 8 2.13378906 3 3.046875 4.32617187 5 5.1953125 6.51367187 5
CLB 20704 0.9779297 11 0.9761718 51 0.9744140 51 0.9697265 63 0.9720703 36 0.9785156 25 0.9996093 51 1.1220703 13 1.2421875 1.3804687 26 1.5046875 48 1.5720703 6
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
6927.2460 94 6926.7578 13 6910.6445 31 6898.4375 6876.4648 44 6860.8398 44 6759.7656 25 6080.0781 25 5283.2031 25 4253.9062 5 2791.9921 88 1627.9296 88
Table 3: Result for speed 8000 rev/min
7
0 0 0 0 0 0 3.37E+37 3.37E+37 1.456641 674 0.684219 778 0.258127 302 0.133200 66
Experiment 3: Reaction Turbine
Time 9:17:23 9:17:23 9:17:25 9:17:26 9:17:26 9:17:28 9:17:29 9:17:29 9:17:31 9:17:32 9:17:32 9:17:34 9:17:35 9:17:35 9:17:37 9:17:38
Flow in L/h 45.50786 972 41.55364 609 31.96533 012 18.52567 482 14.57695 103 21.39341 354 28.72512 436 37.17678 07 42.19065 094 45.70222 092 41.73068 237 34.89654 922 23.27741 814 15.76190 853 10.90340 9 17.81449 509
Torque in Ncm 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.16210937 5 3.14453125 8.40332031 3 7.76367187 5 7.17773437 5 4.03808593 8 6.42578125 9.73632812 5 11.0351562 5
CLB 20704 Pressure in bar 1.2867187 26 1.2849609 85 1.2773437 5 1.2726562 02 1.2785155 77 1.2931640 15
el. Power in W 224.60937 5 315.03906 25 369.92187 5 360.54687 5 322.85156 25 258.78906 25
1.3125 1.3447265 63 1.4437500 24 1.5339844 23 1.6283203 36 1.7068359 85 1.7642577 89 1.8251953 13 1.8955078 13 1.9265625 48
216.40625 180.27343 75 115.82031 25 45.507812 5 0 0 0 0 0 0
Speed in 1/min 7986.3281 25 7971.1914 06 7986.3281 25 7999.5117 19 7993.6523 44 7928.7109 38 7817.3828 13 7600.0976 56 6893.5546 88 6174.8046 88 5354.0039 06 4490.2343 75 3791.5039 06 2836.9140 63 1365.7226 56 499.02343 75
8
Efficiency 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.111004 42 0.223599 48 0.465045 84 0.384353 1 0.339986 77 0.234244 88 0.398138 2 0.404249 73 0.100814 42
Experiment 3: Reaction Turbine
CLB 20704
Table 3: Result for speed 8000 rev/min
Time 9:13:5 4 9:13:5 5 9:13:5 6 9:13:5 7 9:13:5 8 9:13:5 9 9:14:0 0 9:14:0 1 9:14:0 2 9:14:0 3 9:14:0 4 9:14:0 5 9:14:0 6 9:14:0 7 9:14:0 8 9:14:0
Flow in L/h 38.229160 31 34.447399 14 29.180030 82 21.489994 05 9.9750194 55 11.240081 79 16.238206 86 22.944082 26 32.776508 33 39.428096 77 44.489898 68 43.890056 61 45.602424 62 42.727157 59 37.799892 43 24.746986
Torque in Ncm 0 0 0.0244140 63 0.0439453 13 0 0 0
Pressure in bar 1.26093745 2 1.26503908 6 1.26445317 3 1.265625 1.25917971 1 1.26269531 3
0
1.265625 1.26914060 1 1.27089846 1 1.27207028 9
0 0.4101562 5 1.5185546 88 2.0019531 25 2.1728515 63 2.9882812
1.27558589 1.31660151 5 1.48125004 8 1.57792973 5 1.62597656 3 1.67753911
0 0
el. Power in W 289.257812 5 341.210937 5 345.507812 5 349.804687 5 342.96875 327.34375 292.1875 273.828125 258.789062 5 227.734375 183.59375 101.171875 15.234375 0 0 0
Speed in 1/min 9057.1289 06 9060.5468 75 9059.0820 31 9062.0117 19 9069.3359 38 9080.0781 25 9083.0078 13 9083.0078 13 9075.6835 94 9047.3632 81 9001.4648 44 8690.9179 69 7561.0351 56 6751.9531 25 6274.4140 63 5661.1328
Efficiency 0 0 0.003766 31 0.009199 74 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.038759 16 0.106800 99 0.125971 27 0.139372 87 0.256041
9
Experiment 3: Reaction Turbine 9 9:14:1 0 9:14:1 1
39 13.330302 24 7.0920529 37
5 4.3945312 5 5.7666015 63
CLB 20704
1.76074218 8 1.86972653 9
0 0
13 4871.0937 5 3739.7460 94
Data was recorded during experiment was running. All the data were use to plot graphs for torque versus speed, pressure versus speed and efficiency versus speed. The curves were plotted base for 4 different speeds which were 9000rev/min, 8000 rev/min, 7000 rev/min and 6000 rev/min 5.2
Graph
Graph for torque versus speed, pressure versus speed and efficiency versus speed for different speed can be identifying straightly from data that was gained. The graphs were shown below: Graph of 6000 (rev /min) Graph shows different efficiency, pressure and torque vs speed at 6000 (rev/min).
Figure 1: Torque versus Speed for 6000 rev/min.
10
11 0.573037 68 1.021861 08
Experiment 3: Reaction Turbine
CLB 20704
Figure 2: Pressure versus Speed for 6000 rev/min.
Figure 3: Efficiency versus Speed for 6000 rev/min.
Graph of 7000 (rev /min) Graph shows different efficiency, pressure and torque vs speed at 7000 (rev/min).
11
Experiment 3: Reaction Turbine
CLB 20704
Figure 4: Torque versus Speed for 7000 rev/min.
Figure 5: Pressure versus Speed for 7000 rev/min.
12
Experiment 3: Reaction Turbine
CLB 20704
Figure 6: Efficiency versus Speed for 7000 rev/min.
Graph of 8000 (rev /min). Graph shows different efficiency, pressure and torque vs speed at 8000 (rev/min).
Figure 7: Torque versus Speed for 8000 rev/min.
13
Experiment 3: Reaction Turbine
CLB 20704
Figure 8: Pressure versus Speed for 8000 rev/min.
Figure 9: Efficiency versus Speed for 8000 rev/min. Graph of 9000 (rev /min). Graph shows different efficiency, pressure and torque vs speed at 9000 (rev/min).
14
Experiment 3: Reaction Turbine
CLB 20704
Figure 10: Torque versus Speed for 9000 rev/min.
Figure 11: Pressure versus Speed for 9000 rev/min.
15
Experiment 3: Reaction Turbine
CLB 20704
Figure 12: Efficiency versus Speed for 9000 rev/min.
6.0
DISCUSSION In this experiment, reaction turbine practiced to learn the characteristics curves of
a reaction turbine by using laboratory scale. The reaction turbine, as the name implies, is turned by reactive force rather than by a direct push or impulse. In reaction turbines, there are no nozzles as such. Instead, the blades that project radially from the periphery of the rotor are formed and mounted so that the spaces between the blades have, in cross section, the shape of nozzles. Since these blades are mounted on the revolving rotor, they are called moving blades. Fixed or stationary blades of the same shape as the moving blades (figure 13) are fastened to the stator (casing) in which the rotor revolves.
16
Experiment 3: Reaction Turbine
CLB 20704
Figure 13: Reaction turbine blade movement. The fixed blades guide the gas into the moving blade system and, since they are also shaped and mounted to provide nozzle-shaped spaces between the blades, the freed blades also act as nozzles. A reaction turbine is moved by three main forces which at the first, the reactive force produced on the moving blades as the gas increases in velocity as it expands through the nozzle-shaped spaces between the blades. Then, the reactive force produced on the moving blades when the gas changes direction and lastly, the push or impulse of the gas impinging upon the blades. A reaction turbine is moved primarily by reactive force but also to some extent by direct impulse. A steam turbine is a mechanical device that extracts the thermal energy from pressurized steam. It also in a form of heat engine that thermodynamically efficiency through their multiple stages in the expansion of steam. There are 6 major parts in steam turbine such as governor valve, strainer, throttle valve, nozzle, bucket (blade) and exhaust. Commonly, steam turbine used to drive centrifugal pumps, generator, fans and compressor. The major purpose of steam turbine is to convert the compress air or steam to mechanical energy to operate plant equipment. Besides, steam turbine also converts the motive gas flowing from high pressure to low pressure to increase the velocity. The experiment was performed in varying speed at appoximately 2000 rpm, 3000 rpm, 4000 rpm and 5000 rpm. The data was recorded as the experiment of reaction turbine was running. Torque is the rate of change of angular momentum, just as force is the rate of change of linear momentum. When a fluid exerts a torque on a turbine runner, the reaction is a change in angular momentum of the fluid. By referring to the graph of efficiency, pressure and torque versus speed at 2000 rpm, it can be see that torque is inversely proportional to speed. These mean that as the speed decreased, torque number
17
Experiment 3: Reaction Turbine
CLB 20704
will be bigger. This happen because when the torque is 0 Ncm, there is no force applied to pull the braking belt on the belt pulley but when the torque is high, the force is applied to stop the belt slowly. As for efficiency versus speed, initially the efficiency increased but as the speeds slowly decreased the efficiency drop drastically. These mean that the efficiency for speed 2000 rpm was short. The main reason this incident happen because initially the reaction turbine flow was smooth without any disturbance but as the brake pulley was turned, it disturbed the flow thus causing the efficiency to drop. By referring the graphs of efficiency, pressure and torque versus speed at 3000 rpm, it can be see that torque is inversely proportional to speed. These means that as the speed decreased, value of torque will be much greater. It can be seen clearly that the flow of torque for this speed was better if compared to speed of 3000 rpm. This happen because the speed was high and it took more minutes for this speed to stop. As for efficiency versus speed, at the initial, when speed at about 2001 (1/min) the efficiency increased as the speeds slowly decreased but then suddenly dropped drastically. This was because of initially the reaction turbine flow was smooth without any disturbance but as the brake pulley was turn, it disturbed the flow and caused the efficiency to drop. For speed 4000 rpm, it can be seen that the torque versus speed graph seems to be more steady and smooth. The torque started to increase when speed at about 3121 (1/min) and then increased till the speed is O (l/min). This shows a smoother process in braking the reaction turbine. This shows that the process is much more longer than 2000 rpm and 3000 rpm thus showing a smoother results to discuss. Besides that, efficiency versus speed also showed a much smoother graph, this time the efficiency increased as the speed decreased more gradually than other speed. Initially when the speed was at about 3121 (1/min) the efficiency started to increase then steady for short period and then suddenly decreased. This occurred because the speed flow was longer and the reaction turbine became more comfortable to functioning thus achieving good efficiency readings. For speed 5000 rpm, it can be seen clearly that for the torque versus speed, the torque value became more comfortable to increase as the speed decreased. The flow is
18
Experiment 3: Reaction Turbine
CLB 20704
smooth and its continuity towards 0 l/min is excellent. Furthermore, as for the efficiency versus speed, the efficiency start to increase when the speed was 4446 1/min. The increasing flow of the efficiency seems to be very smooth and steady and it increased until one point where the turbine is beginning to stop. Compared to the other speed, it seems that the efficiency flow at this speed is much more steady and smoother. This can be proved as the higher the speed, the torque and the efficiency became more steady and smooth thus making the speed much more appropriate to use in the future. 7.0
CONCLUSION / RECOMMENDATIONS From the experiment which had done, the objectives of the experiment were
achieved which to study the characteristics curves of a centrifugal compressor at different speeds which were at appoximately 9000rev/min, 8000 rev/min, 7000 rev/min and 6000 rev/min. It can be conclude that the torque, pressure and efficiency proportional as the speed decreased. More high the speed, more efficient the process. This because as it have receive more forces, more steady the reaction turbine flow will be. Besides, more high the speed, more high the value of pressure and torque as the speed start to decreased. For recommendation, proper maintenance for the equipment needs to be provided so that the device will be in good condition. The regulator valve of the reaction turbine need to be good in lined up so that the desired flow of speed can be achieved. Besides when running this experiment, it was noisy. This was a noise pollution and can affect he ear of the person that running this experiment. For safety caution, the students need to be supplied with ear plug to prevent any undesired consequent. Or the pump can be isolated in a box or change the pump so that it not gives the loud noise. Besides, trained and skilled technicians need to be monitoring and guide students during experiments. Lastly, all the of equipments in the lab must ensure that the equipments are in optimum conditions. This will make the learning outcome become more productive and save the cost because avoid from repairing any damages.
19
Experiment 3: Reaction Turbine
8.0
CLB 20704
REFERENCES 1. http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/R/AE_reaction_turbine.html 2. http://www.tpub.com/content/engine/14105/css/14105_164.htm 3. Lab Manual Experiment 3; Centrifugal Compressor, Thermodynamics, CLB 20403, by Miss Suhaini Bt. Mamat.
20
1.0
CLB 20704
SUMMARY
The purpose of this experiment of reaction turbine was used to study the characteristics curves that were obtained after done the experiments.
It must run with a good
observation. The flow rate must be control very carefully so that it can give good result. Turbines are determined by their characteristics curves based on the potential energy available in the water and the amount of water to be generated. In this experiment, demonstration the effect of load and flow rate with power output generate can be achieved. The reaction turbine reacts with water flow rate to spin the impeller of the turbine to generate electric power. By the results that were getting, a graph can be plot for torque versus speed, pressure versus speed and efficiency versus speed. The curves were plotted base for 4 different speeds which were 9000rev/min, 8000 rev/min, 7000 rev/min and 6000 rev/min. The speed can be adjusted by slowly controlling the regulator valve. Discussion was done to compare all the data that was obtained. 2.0
INTRODUCTION A type of turbine that develops torque by reacting to the pressure or weight of a
fluid, the operation of reaction turbines is described by Newton's third law of motion which state that action and reaction are equal and opposite. In a reaction turbine, unlike in an impulse turbine, the nozzles that discharge the working fluid are attached to the rotor. The acceleration of the fluid leaving the nozzles produces a reaction force on the pipes, causing the rotor to move in the opposite direction to that of the fluid. The pressure of the fluid changes as it es through the rotor blades. In most cases, a pressure casement is needed to contain the working fluid as it acts on the turbine; in the case of water turbines, the casing also maintains the suction imparted by the draft tube. Alternatively, where a casing is absent, the turbine must be fully immersed in the fluid flow as in the case of wind turbines. Francis turbines and most steam turbines use the reaction turbine concept.
1
Experiment 3: Reaction Turbine
CLB 20704
Main types of reaction turbine Propeller A propeller turbine generally has a runner with three to six blades in which
the
s all of the blades constantly. Picture a boat propeller running in a
pipe.
Through the pipe, the pressure is constant; if it isn't, the runner would be out
of balance.
The pitch of the blades may be fixed or adjustable. The major components besides the runner are a scroll case, wicket gates, and a draft tube. There are several different types of propeller turbines: Bulb turbine The turbine and generator is a sealed unit placed directly in the water stream. Straflo The generator is attached directly to the perimeter of the turbine. Tube turbine The penstock bends just before or after the runner, allowing a straight line connection to the generator. Kaplan Both the blades and the wicket gates are adjustable, allowing for a wider range of operation. Francis A Francis turbine has a runner with fixed buckets (vanes), usually nine or more. Water is introduced just above the runner and all around it and then falls through, causing it to spin. Besides the runner, the other major components are the scroll case, wicket gates, and draft tube.
2
water
Experiment 3: Reaction Turbine
CLB 20704
Kinetic Kinetic energy turbines, also called free-flow turbines, generate electricity from the kinetic energy present in flowing water rather than the potential energy from the head. The systems may operate in rivers, man-made channels, tidal waters, or ocean currents. Kinetic systems utilize the water stream's natural pathway. They do not require the diversion of water through manmade channels, riverbeds, or pipes, although they might have applications in such conduits. Kinetic systems do not require large civil works; however, they can use existing structures such as bridges, tailraces and channels. 3.0
OBJECTIVE
To study the characteristics curves of a reaction turbine.
3
Experiment 3: Reaction Turbine
4.0
CLB 20704
METHOD Windows and the analysis software were started.
The interface module was switched on.
The regulator valve was fully opened. Pump was switched on.
The required flow rate and pressure was set using the regulator valve.
The tensioning bolts for the turbine brake was fully undo and further measurement points were recorded.
Finally, the load to the extent the turbine stalls was increased. The curve was then recorded.
The turbine curves for 4 different set of different flow rates which were 9000, 8000, 7000 and 6000 been recorded.
4
Experiment 3: Reaction Turbine
5.0
RESULTS / DATA
5.1
Experiment data sheet:
CLB 20704
Table 1: Result for speed 6000 rev/min
Time 9:19:54 9:19:56 9:19:57 9:19:57 9:19:59 9:20:00 9:20:00 9:20:02 9:20:03 9:20:03 9:20:05 9:20:06 9:20:06 9:20:08 9:20:09 9:20:09 9:20:11 9:20:12
Flow in L/h 13.490899 09 7.1502141 95 0 10.309871 67 18.530145 65 23.658622 74 29.330099 11 36.868019 1 40.660961 15 39.381851 2 33.178405 76 28.224769 59 21.887199 4 13.854404 45 4.7221918 11 15.013650 89 24.301130 29 28.274618 15
Torque in Ncm 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Pressure in bar 0.80332028 9 0.80332028 9
el. Power in W 301.367187 5
0.80859375 0.80976563 7 0.81328123 8 0.80976563 7 0.80742186 3 0.80917966 4 0.81152343 8 0.81093752 4 0.80390626 2 0.80214846 1 0.80683594 9 0.80976563 7
230.46875 173.242187 5 119.726562 5
0.80859375 0.80449217 6 0.81328123 8 0.82499998 8
0
267.1875
73.2421875 45.1171875 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0
Speed in 1/min 6067.8710 94 6068.3593 75 6055.6640 63 6041.0156 25 6026.3671 88 6027.8320 31 6022.4609 38 5995.1171 88 5979.9804 69 5975.0976 56 5990.2343 75 5991.2109 38 5977.0507 81 5959.9609 38 5959.4726 56 5977.5390 63 5960.9375 5909.1796 88
5
Efficiency 0 0 3.37E+3 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Experiment 3: Reaction Turbine
9:20:12 9:20:14 9:20:15 9:20:15 9:20:17 9:20:18 9:20:18
34.213352 2 38.057598 11 40.862148 28 37.806465 15 34.254486 08 31.461215 97 25.663887 02
0 0.5224609 38 0.7910156 25 0.8740234 38 2.3681640 63 4.140625 5.9472656 25
CLB 20704 0.84140622 6 0.86542969 9 0.92050778 9 1.00898432 7 1.14667964 1.24101567 3 1.31074214
0 155.664062 5 259.179687 5 302.34375 354.101562 5 400.585937 5 385.742187 5
5826.6601 56 5677.7343 75 5380.8593 75 4834.4726 56 3856.4453 13 2926.7578 13 1873.0468 75
0 0.056589 46 0.071099 72 0.069598 77 0.146089 58 0.195020 27 0.208068 42
Table 2: Result for speed 7000 rev/min
Time 9:18:52 9:18:53 9:18:53 9:18:55 9:18:56 9:18:56 9:18:58 9:18:59
Flow in L/h 15.01365 089 9.304773 331
Torque in Ncm
0 16.23820 686 26.20684 814 33.62479 782 40.17318 344 42.66701 508
0
0 0
0 0 0 0 0
Pressure in bar 0.9826171 99 0.9814453 13 0.9832031 13 0.9884765 74 0.9890624 88 0.9873046 88 0.9808593 99 0.9779297 11
el. Power in W 319.335937 5 286.132812 5 246.484375 188.671875 154.296875 119.53125 66.6015625 21.6796875
Speed in 1/min 6920.8984 38 6919.9218 75 6920.8984 38 6902.8320 31 6894.0429 69 6896.9726 56 6912.5976 56 6925.2929 69
6
Efficiency 0 0 3.37E+37 0 0 0 0 0
Experiment 3: Reaction Turbine
9:19:05
44.64973 45 41.39986 42 34.48345 184 26.99161 911 15.74613 476 11.81494 808
9:19:05
0
9:19:07
0 5.589744 091 12.24191 57 23.46526 527 31.81727 791
9:18:59 9:19:01 9:19:02 9:19:02 9:19:04
9:19:08 9:19:08 9:19:10 9:19:11
0 0 0 0 0 0 0.20996093 8 2.13378906 3 3.046875 4.32617187 5 5.1953125 6.51367187 5
CLB 20704 0.9779297 11 0.9761718 51 0.9744140 51 0.9697265 63 0.9720703 36 0.9785156 25 0.9996093 51 1.1220703 13 1.2421875 1.3804687 26 1.5046875 48 1.5720703 6
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
6927.2460 94 6926.7578 13 6910.6445 31 6898.4375 6876.4648 44 6860.8398 44 6759.7656 25 6080.0781 25 5283.2031 25 4253.9062 5 2791.9921 88 1627.9296 88
Table 3: Result for speed 8000 rev/min
7
0 0 0 0 0 0 3.37E+37 3.37E+37 1.456641 674 0.684219 778 0.258127 302 0.133200 66
Experiment 3: Reaction Turbine
Time 9:17:23 9:17:23 9:17:25 9:17:26 9:17:26 9:17:28 9:17:29 9:17:29 9:17:31 9:17:32 9:17:32 9:17:34 9:17:35 9:17:35 9:17:37 9:17:38
Flow in L/h 45.50786 972 41.55364 609 31.96533 012 18.52567 482 14.57695 103 21.39341 354 28.72512 436 37.17678 07 42.19065 094 45.70222 092 41.73068 237 34.89654 922 23.27741 814 15.76190 853 10.90340 9 17.81449 509
Torque in Ncm 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.16210937 5 3.14453125 8.40332031 3 7.76367187 5 7.17773437 5 4.03808593 8 6.42578125 9.73632812 5 11.0351562 5
CLB 20704 Pressure in bar 1.2867187 26 1.2849609 85 1.2773437 5 1.2726562 02 1.2785155 77 1.2931640 15
el. Power in W 224.60937 5 315.03906 25 369.92187 5 360.54687 5 322.85156 25 258.78906 25
1.3125 1.3447265 63 1.4437500 24 1.5339844 23 1.6283203 36 1.7068359 85 1.7642577 89 1.8251953 13 1.8955078 13 1.9265625 48
216.40625 180.27343 75 115.82031 25 45.507812 5 0 0 0 0 0 0
Speed in 1/min 7986.3281 25 7971.1914 06 7986.3281 25 7999.5117 19 7993.6523 44 7928.7109 38 7817.3828 13 7600.0976 56 6893.5546 88 6174.8046 88 5354.0039 06 4490.2343 75 3791.5039 06 2836.9140 63 1365.7226 56 499.02343 75
8
Efficiency 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.111004 42 0.223599 48 0.465045 84 0.384353 1 0.339986 77 0.234244 88 0.398138 2 0.404249 73 0.100814 42
Experiment 3: Reaction Turbine
CLB 20704
Table 3: Result for speed 8000 rev/min
Time 9:13:5 4 9:13:5 5 9:13:5 6 9:13:5 7 9:13:5 8 9:13:5 9 9:14:0 0 9:14:0 1 9:14:0 2 9:14:0 3 9:14:0 4 9:14:0 5 9:14:0 6 9:14:0 7 9:14:0 8 9:14:0
Flow in L/h 38.229160 31 34.447399 14 29.180030 82 21.489994 05 9.9750194 55 11.240081 79 16.238206 86 22.944082 26 32.776508 33 39.428096 77 44.489898 68 43.890056 61 45.602424 62 42.727157 59 37.799892 43 24.746986
Torque in Ncm 0 0 0.0244140 63 0.0439453 13 0 0 0
Pressure in bar 1.26093745 2 1.26503908 6 1.26445317 3 1.265625 1.25917971 1 1.26269531 3
0
1.265625 1.26914060 1 1.27089846 1 1.27207028 9
0 0.4101562 5 1.5185546 88 2.0019531 25 2.1728515 63 2.9882812
1.27558589 1.31660151 5 1.48125004 8 1.57792973 5 1.62597656 3 1.67753911
0 0
el. Power in W 289.257812 5 341.210937 5 345.507812 5 349.804687 5 342.96875 327.34375 292.1875 273.828125 258.789062 5 227.734375 183.59375 101.171875 15.234375 0 0 0
Speed in 1/min 9057.1289 06 9060.5468 75 9059.0820 31 9062.0117 19 9069.3359 38 9080.0781 25 9083.0078 13 9083.0078 13 9075.6835 94 9047.3632 81 9001.4648 44 8690.9179 69 7561.0351 56 6751.9531 25 6274.4140 63 5661.1328
Efficiency 0 0 0.003766 31 0.009199 74 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.038759 16 0.106800 99 0.125971 27 0.139372 87 0.256041
9
Experiment 3: Reaction Turbine 9 9:14:1 0 9:14:1 1
39 13.330302 24 7.0920529 37
5 4.3945312 5 5.7666015 63
CLB 20704
1.76074218 8 1.86972653 9
0 0
13 4871.0937 5 3739.7460 94
Data was recorded during experiment was running. All the data were use to plot graphs for torque versus speed, pressure versus speed and efficiency versus speed. The curves were plotted base for 4 different speeds which were 9000rev/min, 8000 rev/min, 7000 rev/min and 6000 rev/min 5.2
Graph
Graph for torque versus speed, pressure versus speed and efficiency versus speed for different speed can be identifying straightly from data that was gained. The graphs were shown below: Graph of 6000 (rev /min) Graph shows different efficiency, pressure and torque vs speed at 6000 (rev/min).
Figure 1: Torque versus Speed for 6000 rev/min.
10
11 0.573037 68 1.021861 08
Experiment 3: Reaction Turbine
CLB 20704
Figure 2: Pressure versus Speed for 6000 rev/min.
Figure 3: Efficiency versus Speed for 6000 rev/min.
Graph of 7000 (rev /min) Graph shows different efficiency, pressure and torque vs speed at 7000 (rev/min).
11
Experiment 3: Reaction Turbine
CLB 20704
Figure 4: Torque versus Speed for 7000 rev/min.
Figure 5: Pressure versus Speed for 7000 rev/min.
12
Experiment 3: Reaction Turbine
CLB 20704
Figure 6: Efficiency versus Speed for 7000 rev/min.
Graph of 8000 (rev /min). Graph shows different efficiency, pressure and torque vs speed at 8000 (rev/min).
Figure 7: Torque versus Speed for 8000 rev/min.
13
Experiment 3: Reaction Turbine
CLB 20704
Figure 8: Pressure versus Speed for 8000 rev/min.
Figure 9: Efficiency versus Speed for 8000 rev/min. Graph of 9000 (rev /min). Graph shows different efficiency, pressure and torque vs speed at 9000 (rev/min).
14
Experiment 3: Reaction Turbine
CLB 20704
Figure 10: Torque versus Speed for 9000 rev/min.
Figure 11: Pressure versus Speed for 9000 rev/min.
15
Experiment 3: Reaction Turbine
CLB 20704
Figure 12: Efficiency versus Speed for 9000 rev/min.
6.0
DISCUSSION In this experiment, reaction turbine practiced to learn the characteristics curves of
a reaction turbine by using laboratory scale. The reaction turbine, as the name implies, is turned by reactive force rather than by a direct push or impulse. In reaction turbines, there are no nozzles as such. Instead, the blades that project radially from the periphery of the rotor are formed and mounted so that the spaces between the blades have, in cross section, the shape of nozzles. Since these blades are mounted on the revolving rotor, they are called moving blades. Fixed or stationary blades of the same shape as the moving blades (figure 13) are fastened to the stator (casing) in which the rotor revolves.
16
Experiment 3: Reaction Turbine
CLB 20704
Figure 13: Reaction turbine blade movement. The fixed blades guide the gas into the moving blade system and, since they are also shaped and mounted to provide nozzle-shaped spaces between the blades, the freed blades also act as nozzles. A reaction turbine is moved by three main forces which at the first, the reactive force produced on the moving blades as the gas increases in velocity as it expands through the nozzle-shaped spaces between the blades. Then, the reactive force produced on the moving blades when the gas changes direction and lastly, the push or impulse of the gas impinging upon the blades. A reaction turbine is moved primarily by reactive force but also to some extent by direct impulse. A steam turbine is a mechanical device that extracts the thermal energy from pressurized steam. It also in a form of heat engine that thermodynamically efficiency through their multiple stages in the expansion of steam. There are 6 major parts in steam turbine such as governor valve, strainer, throttle valve, nozzle, bucket (blade) and exhaust. Commonly, steam turbine used to drive centrifugal pumps, generator, fans and compressor. The major purpose of steam turbine is to convert the compress air or steam to mechanical energy to operate plant equipment. Besides, steam turbine also converts the motive gas flowing from high pressure to low pressure to increase the velocity. The experiment was performed in varying speed at appoximately 2000 rpm, 3000 rpm, 4000 rpm and 5000 rpm. The data was recorded as the experiment of reaction turbine was running. Torque is the rate of change of angular momentum, just as force is the rate of change of linear momentum. When a fluid exerts a torque on a turbine runner, the reaction is a change in angular momentum of the fluid. By referring to the graph of efficiency, pressure and torque versus speed at 2000 rpm, it can be see that torque is inversely proportional to speed. These mean that as the speed decreased, torque number
17
Experiment 3: Reaction Turbine
CLB 20704
will be bigger. This happen because when the torque is 0 Ncm, there is no force applied to pull the braking belt on the belt pulley but when the torque is high, the force is applied to stop the belt slowly. As for efficiency versus speed, initially the efficiency increased but as the speeds slowly decreased the efficiency drop drastically. These mean that the efficiency for speed 2000 rpm was short. The main reason this incident happen because initially the reaction turbine flow was smooth without any disturbance but as the brake pulley was turned, it disturbed the flow thus causing the efficiency to drop. By referring the graphs of efficiency, pressure and torque versus speed at 3000 rpm, it can be see that torque is inversely proportional to speed. These means that as the speed decreased, value of torque will be much greater. It can be seen clearly that the flow of torque for this speed was better if compared to speed of 3000 rpm. This happen because the speed was high and it took more minutes for this speed to stop. As for efficiency versus speed, at the initial, when speed at about 2001 (1/min) the efficiency increased as the speeds slowly decreased but then suddenly dropped drastically. This was because of initially the reaction turbine flow was smooth without any disturbance but as the brake pulley was turn, it disturbed the flow and caused the efficiency to drop. For speed 4000 rpm, it can be seen that the torque versus speed graph seems to be more steady and smooth. The torque started to increase when speed at about 3121 (1/min) and then increased till the speed is O (l/min). This shows a smoother process in braking the reaction turbine. This shows that the process is much more longer than 2000 rpm and 3000 rpm thus showing a smoother results to discuss. Besides that, efficiency versus speed also showed a much smoother graph, this time the efficiency increased as the speed decreased more gradually than other speed. Initially when the speed was at about 3121 (1/min) the efficiency started to increase then steady for short period and then suddenly decreased. This occurred because the speed flow was longer and the reaction turbine became more comfortable to functioning thus achieving good efficiency readings. For speed 5000 rpm, it can be seen clearly that for the torque versus speed, the torque value became more comfortable to increase as the speed decreased. The flow is
18
Experiment 3: Reaction Turbine
CLB 20704
smooth and its continuity towards 0 l/min is excellent. Furthermore, as for the efficiency versus speed, the efficiency start to increase when the speed was 4446 1/min. The increasing flow of the efficiency seems to be very smooth and steady and it increased until one point where the turbine is beginning to stop. Compared to the other speed, it seems that the efficiency flow at this speed is much more steady and smoother. This can be proved as the higher the speed, the torque and the efficiency became more steady and smooth thus making the speed much more appropriate to use in the future. 7.0
CONCLUSION / RECOMMENDATIONS From the experiment which had done, the objectives of the experiment were
achieved which to study the characteristics curves of a centrifugal compressor at different speeds which were at appoximately 9000rev/min, 8000 rev/min, 7000 rev/min and 6000 rev/min. It can be conclude that the torque, pressure and efficiency proportional as the speed decreased. More high the speed, more efficient the process. This because as it have receive more forces, more steady the reaction turbine flow will be. Besides, more high the speed, more high the value of pressure and torque as the speed start to decreased. For recommendation, proper maintenance for the equipment needs to be provided so that the device will be in good condition. The regulator valve of the reaction turbine need to be good in lined up so that the desired flow of speed can be achieved. Besides when running this experiment, it was noisy. This was a noise pollution and can affect he ear of the person that running this experiment. For safety caution, the students need to be supplied with ear plug to prevent any undesired consequent. Or the pump can be isolated in a box or change the pump so that it not gives the loud noise. Besides, trained and skilled technicians need to be monitoring and guide students during experiments. Lastly, all the of equipments in the lab must ensure that the equipments are in optimum conditions. This will make the learning outcome become more productive and save the cost because avoid from repairing any damages.
19
Experiment 3: Reaction Turbine
8.0
CLB 20704
REFERENCES 1. http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/R/AE_reaction_turbine.html 2. http://www.tpub.com/content/engine/14105/css/14105_164.htm 3. Lab Manual Experiment 3; Centrifugal Compressor, Thermodynamics, CLB 20403, by Miss Suhaini Bt. Mamat.
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