History Of Psychological Testing 4m1x1p

SHERYLLYN N. PALMA MAGC

What is

PSYCHOLOGICAL

TESTING

Psychological testing is a field characterized by the use of samples of behavior in order to assess psychological construct(s), such as cognitive and emotional functioning, about a given individual

cont

 Psychological tests offer a formal way

to measure traits, feelings, beliefs and abilities that can lead to people's problems. Some tests assess the presence of certain conditions, such as depression, anxiety, anger control or susceptibility to stress

Timeline of Early Milestones in the History of Testing

 First known standardized test: 2200

B.C. Chinese

Civil Service Examination System

3 year, oral, certification examination in Music, Archery, Horsemanship, Writing, Math, Public & Private Rights & Ceremonies

 Chinese emperor examined his officials

every third year to determine their fitness for office.

Psychological tests were first invented for the purpose of measuring intelligence. In the early 19th century there was strong interest in classifying types of mental disabilities. It was critical to distinguish between mental disabilities and mental illness.

 1862 A.D.: Wilhelm Wundt uses a calibrated

pendulum to measure the “speed of thought”.  1869: Scientific study of individual differences begins with the publication of Francis Galton’s Classification of Men According to Their Natural Gifts.  1879: Wundt establishes the first psychological laboratory in Leipzig,

THE HISTORY OF PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTING  The British genius Sir Francis Galton (1822–1911) invented the first

battery of tests, a peculiar assortment of sensory and motor measures. 1884: Galton isters the first test battery to thousands of citizens at the International Health Exhibit.

Galton introduced the first word-association test to psychology. He used a list of 75 stimulus words with which he read and noted his responses. His responses to the words had a tendency to remain alike and they were typically taken from his childhood experiences. This prompted future studies by prominent psychologist such as Freud in the area of psychoanalysis dealing with the unconscious mind and free association. (Crovitz, (1970)

James McKeen Cattell

The American psychologist James McKeen Cattell (1860–1944) studied with Galton and then, in 1890, proclaimed the modern testing agenda in his classic paper entitled “Mental Tests and Measurements.” He was tentative and modest when describing the purposes and applications of his instruments:

History

 1888: J.M. Cattell opens a testing laboratory at the

University of Pennsylvania.  1890: Cattell uses the term "mental test" in announcing the agenda for his Galtonian test battery.  1901: Clark Wissler discovers that Cattellian “brass instruments” tests have no correlation with college grades.  1904: Charles Spearman describes his two-factor theory of mental abilities. First major textbook on education measurement, E. L. Thorndike’s Introduction to the Theory of Mental and Social Measurement, is published

History...

 1905: Binet and Simon invented the first modern

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intelligence scale. Carl Jung uses word-association test for analysis of mental complexes. 1914: Stern introduces the intelligence quotient (IQ): the mental age divided by chronological age. 1916: Lewis Terman revises the Binet-Simon scales, publishes the Standford-Binet. Revisions appear in 1937, 1960, and 1986. 1917: Army Alpha and Army Beta, the first group intelligence tests, are constructed and istered to U.S. Army recruits. Robert Woodworth develops the Personal Data Sheet, the first personality test. 1920: Rorschach Inkblot test is published.

CONT...

 1921: Psychological Corporation – the first major

test publisher – is founded by Cattell, Thorndike, and Woodworth  1927: First edition of Strong Vocational Interest Blank for Men is published.  1938: First Mental Measurements Yearbook is published.  1939: Wechsler-Bellevue Intelligence Scale is published. Revisions are published

CONT..

 1942: Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory

is published.  1949: Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children is published. Revisions are published in 1974 and 1991.

Historical Trends in Testing  First Test of Personality: Robert Woodworth’s

Personal Data Sheet  Woodworth Psychoneurotic Inventory  During WWI, government committee on Emotional Fitness

developed a quick, group istered, measure of adjustment and emotional stability  Yes/No questions regarding existence of various psychopathologies  “Are you troubled with the idea that people are watching you on

the street?”

History of Psychological Testing in the Philippines

History of Psychological testing in the Philippines  

1901-1910 As early as 1910, two years after the University of the Philippines was founded, psychology was being taught at the Department of Philosophy and Psychology, College of Liberal Arts. The Department was placed under Dr. Henry S. Townsend, an American who taught all of the Psychology courses being offered then, namely General Psychology, Genetic Psychology, Educational Psychology and Tests and Measurements.

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1911-1920 Psychology separated and became part of the College of Education when the college was created in 1918. Townsend became acting head of this new department as he continued to be the head of the Department of Philosophy at the College of Liberal Arts. Under the able leadership of Dean Francisco Benitez, the UP modelled for the entire country the curricular utilization of psychology in education. 

1921-1930 The University of the Philippines Department of Psychology is established within the School of Education. Agustin Alonzo is chairman(1926).The Department of Psychology at the University of Santo Tomas is established(1930).  1931-1940 Sinforoso Padilla organizes the Psychological Clinic at the University of the Philippines(1932). Jesus Perpinan sets up the Far Eastern University Psychological Clinic(1933). Angel de Blas, OP, sets up the Experimental Psychology Laboratory in the University of Santo Tomas(1938). 

1941-1950 Estefania Aldaba-Lim sets up the Institute of Human Relations at Philippine Women's University(1948). 

1951-1960 Joseph Goertz establishes the Psychology Department at the University of San Carlos.(1954)

Cont..  1961-1970  Fr. Jaime Bulatao establishes the Department of Psychology and the Central Guidance Bureau at the Ateneo de Manila University(1961). The Philippine Psychological Corporation is founded. The corporation offers psychological services and is the main retailer of psychological tests. The Psychological Association of the Philippines (PAP) is founded(1962). e PAP holds its first annual convention, leading to its first publication, Symposium on the Filipino Personality(1963). The Philippine Journal of Psychology, the official journal of the PAP makes its first appearance. The PAP, together with the Philippine Association of Social Workers, Philippine Economics Society, Philippine National Historical Association, Philippine Sociological Society, and Philippine Statistical Association form the Philippine Social Science Council(1968). The Philippine Journal of Psychology, the official journal of the PAP makes its first appearance. The PAP, together with the Philippine Association of Social Workers, Philippine Economics Society, Philippine National Historical Association, Philippine Sociological Society, and Philippine Statistical Association form the Philippine Social Science Council. Psychological testing flourishes as the overseas contract workers boom begins. (1970).

 1971-1980 The Pambansang Samahan ng Sikolohiyang Pilipino is founded by Virgilio Enriquez(1975). Several universities in the Visayas and Mindanao establish psychology departments(1975+).

Cont...

 1981-1990 introduces a bill in the Batasan Pambansa that

would require practicing psychologists to be licensed(1982)  1991-2000 Allan B.I. Bernardo is awarded the National Research Council of the Philippines Achievement Award "in recognition of his distinguished career as a prolific researcher and author, respected professor, and academic leader; for original contributions to the field of cognitive science and especially human problem solving, mathematical cognition, bilingual cognition, cultural and contextual factors in thinking and theories of intelligence, as well as applications of cognitive science to education which has won for him prestigous national and international awards and fellowships for teaching and research; and for being a guiding light for young scholars and academics, thus ensuring the continued growth of psychology as a discipline." The PAP confers the title of Outstanding Psychologist to 6 psychologists: Betty Abregana, Anna Daisy Javier Carlota, Noemi Catalan, Rosemarie Salazar Clenenia, Elizabeth R. Ventura, and Imelda Virginia Villar(2002).

Historical Figures in Testing 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.

Charles Spearman (Test Theory) Frederick Kelly (Achievement Testing) Edward Thorndike (Achievement Testing) Lewis Terman (Intelligence Testing) James McKeen Cattell (Intelligence Testing) E.F. Lindquist (Achievement Testing) Hermann Rorschach (Personality Testing) E.K. Strong, Jr. (Interest Measurement) Arthur Otis (Intelligence Testing) O.K. Buros (Mental Measurement) Benjamin Bloom (Achievement Testing) David Wechsler (Intelligence) Starke Hathaway (Personality Testing) Howard Gardner (Intelligence Testing) Robert Sternberg (Intelligence Testing)

Importance

 Studying the history of psychology is

important to understand how the study came into practice, were the belief comes from, why psychology is important, what scientist and other noted persons in history used to draw his or her conclusion from, and why the conclusion is relevant, and how the psychology evolves with society as time moves forward and society changes.

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