History Of Road Construction 8r2a
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CE411 Highway Engineering
HISTORY OF ROAD CONSTRUCTION ENGR. BENEDICT BANQUIL UNIVERSITY OF CEBU
EARLY ROAD CONSTRUCTION
The first forms of road transport were horses, oxen or even humans carrying goods over tracks that often followed game trails, such as the Natchez Trace.
EARLY ROAD CONSTRUCTION Harappan Roads Street paving has been found from the first human settlements around 4000 BC in cities of the Indus Valley Civilization on the Indian subcontinent, such as Harrapa and. Mohenjodaro
EARLY ROAD CONSTRUCTION A road built in Egypt by the Pharaoh Cheops around 2500 BC is believed to be the earliest paved road on record-a construction road 1,000 yards long and 60 feet wide that led to the site of the Great Pyramid. Since it was used only for this one job and was never used for travel, Cheops's road was not considered a road.
EARLY ROAD CONSTRUCTION
Various Trade Routes Silk
Route stretched 8,000 miles from China, across Asia, and then through Spain to the Atlantic Ocean.
EARLY ROAD CONSTRUCTION
Various Trade Routes Amber
Route traveled from Afghanistan through Persia and Arabia to Egypt, However, carrying bulky goods with slow animals over rough, unpaved roads was a time consuming and expensive proposition
EARLY ROAD CONSTRUCTION
Old Testament Reference
King's Highway, dating back to 2000 BC. This was a major route from Damascus in Palestine, and ran south to the Gulf of Aqaba, through Syria to Mesopotamia, and finally on to Egypt. Later it was renamed Trajan's Road by the Romans, and was used in the eleventh and twelfth centuries by the Crusaders when they attempted to "reclaim" the Holy Land.
EARLY ROAD CONSTRUCTION
Assyrian Empire Around
1115 BC the Assyrian Empire in western Asia began what is believed to be the first organized road-building, and continued it for 500 to 600 years. Since they were trying to dominate that part of the world, they had to be able to move their armies effectively-along with supplies and equipment. Their army's engineer corps laid pontoon bridges and leveled tracks for carts and siege engines.
EARLY ROAD CONSTRUCTION
Persian Empire As
the Assyrians gradually faded, another imperial road, the Royal Road, was being built by the Persians from the Persian Gulf to the Aegean Sea, a distance of 1,775 miles.
EARLY ROAD CONSTRUCTION
Carthaginian Empire Around
800 BC, Carthage, on the northern coast of Africa, began to use stones for paving roads. Although they may not have been the first to pave their roads with stones, they were among the earliest, and some people believe that the Romans imitated Carthaginian techniques.
EARLY ROAD CONSTRUCTION
Roman Empire
Without doubt, the champion road builders of them all were the ancient Romans, who, until modern times, built the world's straightest, best engineered, and most complex network of roads in the world. At their height, the Roman Empire maintained 53,000 miles of roads, which covered all of England to the north, most of Western Europe, radiated throughout the Iberian Peninsula, and encircled and crisscrossed the entire Mediterranean area.
EARLY ROAD CONSTRUCTION
Roman Empire
Famous for their straightness, Roman roads were composed of a graded soil foundation topped by four courses: a bedding of sand or mortar; rows of large, flat stones; a thin layer of gravel mixed with lime; and a thin surface of flint-like lava. Typically they were 3 to 5 feet thick and varied in width from 8 to 35 feet, although the average width for the main roads was from 12 to 24 feet. Their design remained the most sophisticated until the advent of modern road-building technology in the very late 18th and 19th centuries. Many of their original roads are still in use today, although they have been resurfaced numerous times..
A paved Roman road in Pompeii, Italy
The general appearance of such a metalled road and footway is shown in an existing street of Pompeii. (A). Native earth, levelled and, if necessary, rammed tight. (B). Statumen: stones of a size to fill the hand. (C). Audits: rubble or concrete of broken stones and lime. (D). Nucleus: kernel or bedding of fine cement made of pounded potshards and lime. (E). Dorsum or agger viae: the elliptical surface or crown of the road (media stratae eminentia) made of polygonal blocks of silex (basaltic lava) or rectangular blocks of saxum qitadratum (travertine, peperino, or other stone of the country). The upper surface was designed to cast off rain or water like the shell of a tortoise. The lower surfaces of the separate stones, here shown as flat, were sometimes cut to a point or edge in order to grasp the nucleus, or next layer, more firmly. (F). Crepido, margo or semita: raised footway, or sidewalk, on each side of the via. (G). Umbones or edge-stones.
MIDDLE AGE ROAD CONSTRUCTION
:Trésaguet
In , Pierre-Marie-Jérôme Trésaguet is widely credited with establishing the first scientific approach to road building about the year 1764. It involved a layer of large rocks, covered by a layer of smaller gravel. The lower layer improved on Roman practice in that it was based on the understanding that the purpose of this layer (the sub-base or base course) is to transfer the weight of the road and its traffic to the ground, while protecting the ground from deformation by spreading the weight evenly. Therefore, the sub-base did not have to be a selfing structure. The upper running surface provided a smooth surface for vehicles, while protecting the large stones of the sub-base.
MIDDLE AGE ROAD CONSTRUCTION
:Trésaguet Trésaguet understood the importance of drainage by providing deep side ditches, but he insisted on building his roads in trenches, so that they could be accessed from the sides, which undermined this principle. Well-maintained surfaces and drains protect the integrity of the sub-base and Trésaguet introduced a system of continuous maintenance, where a roan was allocated a section of road to be kept up to a standard
Layers in the construction of a mortarless pavement: A.) Subgrade B.) Sub base C.) Base course D.) Paver base E.) Pavers F.) Fine-grained sand
MIDDLE AGE ROAD CONSTRUCTION
England: Telford
In 18th century England, the technology of highway construction was getting a long overdue boost from two British engineers, Thomas Telford and John Loudon McAdam. Telford, originally a stonemason, came up with a system of road building which required digging a trench, installing a foundation of heavy rock, and then surfacing with a 6-inch layer of gravel. During construction, the center of the road was raised, producing a crown that allowed water to drain off. In the course of his career, Telford built over 1,000 roads, 1,200 bridges, and numerous other structures. Although his system was faster and less expensive that the Romans' method, it was still costly and required frequent resurfacing with gravel.
MIDDLE AGE RAOD CONSTRUCTION
England: MacAdam
The greatest advantages to McAdam's system were its speed and low cost, and it was generally adopted throughout Europe. However, it was the lack of a firm foundation for the roadbed that was to prove the ultimate undoing of macadam roads with the advent of heavy motor vehicles, especially trucks. For that reason, on roads that had to heavy loads, Telford's system of construction became the standard.
John Loudon McAdam (1756– 1836)
MIDDLE AGE RAOD CONSTRUCTION
England: McAdam
The greatest advantages to McAdam's system were its speed and low cost, and it was generally adopted throughout Europe. However, it was the lack of a firm foundation for the roadbed that was to prove the ultimate undoing of macadam roads with the advent of heavy motor vehicles, especially trucks. For that reason, on roads that had to heavy loads, Telford's system of construction became the standard.
Photograph of Macadam Road, ca 1850s, Nicolaus,
Construction of the first macadamized road in the United States (1823). In the foreground, workers are breaking stones "so as not to exceed 6 ounces in weight or to a two-inch ring".[
New Macadam Road construction at McRoberts, KY: pouring tar, August 28, 1926
Concrete paver blocks in a rectangular pattern
Concrete paver blocks in a circular pattern
HIGHWAY A highway is any public road. In American English, the term is common and almost always designates major roads. In British English, the term designates any road open to the public.
HIGHWAY NETWORK
Any interconnected set of highways can be variously referred to as a "highway system", a "highway network", or a "highway transportation system"
AUTOBAHN IN
HIGHWAY INTERCHANGE - DUBAI
END OF PRESENTATION
HISTORY OF ROAD CONSTRUCTION ENGR. BENEDICT BANQUIL UNIVERSITY OF CEBU
EARLY ROAD CONSTRUCTION
The first forms of road transport were horses, oxen or even humans carrying goods over tracks that often followed game trails, such as the Natchez Trace.
EARLY ROAD CONSTRUCTION Harappan Roads Street paving has been found from the first human settlements around 4000 BC in cities of the Indus Valley Civilization on the Indian subcontinent, such as Harrapa and. Mohenjodaro
EARLY ROAD CONSTRUCTION A road built in Egypt by the Pharaoh Cheops around 2500 BC is believed to be the earliest paved road on record-a construction road 1,000 yards long and 60 feet wide that led to the site of the Great Pyramid. Since it was used only for this one job and was never used for travel, Cheops's road was not considered a road.
EARLY ROAD CONSTRUCTION
Various Trade Routes Silk
Route stretched 8,000 miles from China, across Asia, and then through Spain to the Atlantic Ocean.
EARLY ROAD CONSTRUCTION
Various Trade Routes Amber
Route traveled from Afghanistan through Persia and Arabia to Egypt, However, carrying bulky goods with slow animals over rough, unpaved roads was a time consuming and expensive proposition
EARLY ROAD CONSTRUCTION
Old Testament Reference
King's Highway, dating back to 2000 BC. This was a major route from Damascus in Palestine, and ran south to the Gulf of Aqaba, through Syria to Mesopotamia, and finally on to Egypt. Later it was renamed Trajan's Road by the Romans, and was used in the eleventh and twelfth centuries by the Crusaders when they attempted to "reclaim" the Holy Land.
EARLY ROAD CONSTRUCTION
Assyrian Empire Around
1115 BC the Assyrian Empire in western Asia began what is believed to be the first organized road-building, and continued it for 500 to 600 years. Since they were trying to dominate that part of the world, they had to be able to move their armies effectively-along with supplies and equipment. Their army's engineer corps laid pontoon bridges and leveled tracks for carts and siege engines.
EARLY ROAD CONSTRUCTION
Persian Empire As
the Assyrians gradually faded, another imperial road, the Royal Road, was being built by the Persians from the Persian Gulf to the Aegean Sea, a distance of 1,775 miles.
EARLY ROAD CONSTRUCTION
Carthaginian Empire Around
800 BC, Carthage, on the northern coast of Africa, began to use stones for paving roads. Although they may not have been the first to pave their roads with stones, they were among the earliest, and some people believe that the Romans imitated Carthaginian techniques.
EARLY ROAD CONSTRUCTION
Roman Empire
Without doubt, the champion road builders of them all were the ancient Romans, who, until modern times, built the world's straightest, best engineered, and most complex network of roads in the world. At their height, the Roman Empire maintained 53,000 miles of roads, which covered all of England to the north, most of Western Europe, radiated throughout the Iberian Peninsula, and encircled and crisscrossed the entire Mediterranean area.
EARLY ROAD CONSTRUCTION
Roman Empire
Famous for their straightness, Roman roads were composed of a graded soil foundation topped by four courses: a bedding of sand or mortar; rows of large, flat stones; a thin layer of gravel mixed with lime; and a thin surface of flint-like lava. Typically they were 3 to 5 feet thick and varied in width from 8 to 35 feet, although the average width for the main roads was from 12 to 24 feet. Their design remained the most sophisticated until the advent of modern road-building technology in the very late 18th and 19th centuries. Many of their original roads are still in use today, although they have been resurfaced numerous times..
A paved Roman road in Pompeii, Italy
The general appearance of such a metalled road and footway is shown in an existing street of Pompeii. (A). Native earth, levelled and, if necessary, rammed tight. (B). Statumen: stones of a size to fill the hand. (C). Audits: rubble or concrete of broken stones and lime. (D). Nucleus: kernel or bedding of fine cement made of pounded potshards and lime. (E). Dorsum or agger viae: the elliptical surface or crown of the road (media stratae eminentia) made of polygonal blocks of silex (basaltic lava) or rectangular blocks of saxum qitadratum (travertine, peperino, or other stone of the country). The upper surface was designed to cast off rain or water like the shell of a tortoise. The lower surfaces of the separate stones, here shown as flat, were sometimes cut to a point or edge in order to grasp the nucleus, or next layer, more firmly. (F). Crepido, margo or semita: raised footway, or sidewalk, on each side of the via. (G). Umbones or edge-stones.
MIDDLE AGE ROAD CONSTRUCTION
:Trésaguet
In , Pierre-Marie-Jérôme Trésaguet is widely credited with establishing the first scientific approach to road building about the year 1764. It involved a layer of large rocks, covered by a layer of smaller gravel. The lower layer improved on Roman practice in that it was based on the understanding that the purpose of this layer (the sub-base or base course) is to transfer the weight of the road and its traffic to the ground, while protecting the ground from deformation by spreading the weight evenly. Therefore, the sub-base did not have to be a selfing structure. The upper running surface provided a smooth surface for vehicles, while protecting the large stones of the sub-base.
MIDDLE AGE ROAD CONSTRUCTION
:Trésaguet Trésaguet understood the importance of drainage by providing deep side ditches, but he insisted on building his roads in trenches, so that they could be accessed from the sides, which undermined this principle. Well-maintained surfaces and drains protect the integrity of the sub-base and Trésaguet introduced a system of continuous maintenance, where a roan was allocated a section of road to be kept up to a standard
Layers in the construction of a mortarless pavement: A.) Subgrade B.) Sub base C.) Base course D.) Paver base E.) Pavers F.) Fine-grained sand
MIDDLE AGE ROAD CONSTRUCTION
England: Telford
In 18th century England, the technology of highway construction was getting a long overdue boost from two British engineers, Thomas Telford and John Loudon McAdam. Telford, originally a stonemason, came up with a system of road building which required digging a trench, installing a foundation of heavy rock, and then surfacing with a 6-inch layer of gravel. During construction, the center of the road was raised, producing a crown that allowed water to drain off. In the course of his career, Telford built over 1,000 roads, 1,200 bridges, and numerous other structures. Although his system was faster and less expensive that the Romans' method, it was still costly and required frequent resurfacing with gravel.
MIDDLE AGE RAOD CONSTRUCTION
England: MacAdam
The greatest advantages to McAdam's system were its speed and low cost, and it was generally adopted throughout Europe. However, it was the lack of a firm foundation for the roadbed that was to prove the ultimate undoing of macadam roads with the advent of heavy motor vehicles, especially trucks. For that reason, on roads that had to heavy loads, Telford's system of construction became the standard.
John Loudon McAdam (1756– 1836)
MIDDLE AGE RAOD CONSTRUCTION
England: McAdam
The greatest advantages to McAdam's system were its speed and low cost, and it was generally adopted throughout Europe. However, it was the lack of a firm foundation for the roadbed that was to prove the ultimate undoing of macadam roads with the advent of heavy motor vehicles, especially trucks. For that reason, on roads that had to heavy loads, Telford's system of construction became the standard.
Photograph of Macadam Road, ca 1850s, Nicolaus,
Construction of the first macadamized road in the United States (1823). In the foreground, workers are breaking stones "so as not to exceed 6 ounces in weight or to a two-inch ring".[
New Macadam Road construction at McRoberts, KY: pouring tar, August 28, 1926
Concrete paver blocks in a rectangular pattern
Concrete paver blocks in a circular pattern
HIGHWAY A highway is any public road. In American English, the term is common and almost always designates major roads. In British English, the term designates any road open to the public.
HIGHWAY NETWORK
Any interconnected set of highways can be variously referred to as a "highway system", a "highway network", or a "highway transportation system"
AUTOBAHN IN
HIGHWAY INTERCHANGE - DUBAI
END OF PRESENTATION
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