Hydropower Introduction 6y443u

INTRODUCTION TO HYDROPOWER

CE-636 HYDROPOWER ENGINEERING

(3L, 1T) 25-25-50

  Water Power: Introduction, sources of energy, Role of hydropower in a power system (3) Estimation of water power potential: Flow duration curves of gauge and ungauge streams, Load curve, Load factor, Capacity factor, Utilization factor, Diversity factor, Load duration curve, Firm power, secondary power, Prediction of load. (7)

Types of Hydro-power plants: Run of river plants, General arrangement of run of river plants, Valley dam plants, Diversion canal plants, High head diversion plants, Storage and pondage, Pumped storage power plants. (4) Penstocks: General classification, design criteria, economical diameter, anchor blocks, valves, bends and manifolds. (6) Trash racks: Types, loses, design, stability (4) Intakes: Types, losses, air entrainment, anti-vortex device, air vent, power channels, forebay, Tunnel. (6) Turbines: Introduction, types of turbines, hydraulics of turbines, velocity triangles, draft tubes, cavitation in turbines, Turbine model testing, characteristics of turbines. (6) Water Hammer and Surges: Introduction, Water Hammer, Transients caused by turbine, Load acceptance and rejection, Resonance in Penstocks, Surge tanks, Channel surges. (6)

References Water Power Engineering by M.M. Dandekar and K.H. Sharma, Vikas Publishing House Pvt Ltd., New Delhi, 2000. Water Power Engineering by H.K. Barrows, Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Company Ltd., New Delhi, 1943. Hydro Power Structures by R.S. Varshney, Nem Chand & Bros., Roorkee, 2001. Hydro Electric Engineering by P.S. Nigam, Nem Chand & Bros., Roorkee, 2001. Applied hydraulic transients by M.H. Choudhary, Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, New York, 1987. Fluid transients by V.L. Streeter and B. Wylie, McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, 1967. Hydropower Engineering by C. C. Warnick, Prentice-Hall , New Jersey, 1984. Norwegian Institute of Technology (1992-93): Hydropower Development: Volumes 3, 4, 5 & 6 , Division of Hydraulic Engineering, Oslo , Norway Hydropower Engineering Handbook by J.S. Gulliver and R.E.A. Arndt, McGraw Hill Inc. NY, 1991.

SOURCES OF ENERGY One of the four fundamental requirements – food, water, energy and environment Per capita electricity consumption World

2,000 kWh/year (average)

USA

10,500 kWh/year

Sweden

12,500 kWh/year

Norway

21,000 kWh/year

India Sources of Energy

612 kWh/year

Main sources: Fossil fuels, water, nuclear etc. 1.

Renewable and Non-renewable energy Renewable energy

: Water, wind, tidal, solar & geo-thermal.

Non-renewable energy

: Fossil fuels: coal, oil, lignite, natural gas Nuclear: Thorium and uranium

2.

Commercial and non-commercial energy Commercial energy

: Thermal power (coal and lignite), hydropower, nuclear power, hydrocarbons (oil, natural gas, and biogas)

Non- Commercial energy 3.

: Animal dung, Agricultural waste, fuel wood

Conventional and non-conventional energy Conventional energy

: Hydro, thermal, nuclear

Non- Conventional energy

: Solar, wind, bio-mass, gobar gas, geothermal

THERMAL POWER Coal  Heat  High pressure steam  Turn turbines  Generation of electricity Advantages 

Shorter gestation period



Located near the load centre



Low initial cost



High capacity rating m/c

Disadvantages

•· •· •· •· •· •· •· •·

Serious pollution and ecological hazards Complicated thermal equipments Complicated operation and maintenance Emissions to the atmosphere of greenhouse gas Long distance transportation of coal and high cost of mining Limited operational life of thermal plants Variation in output is generally low Thermal losses at starting and stopping the plant.

NUCLEAR POWER Uranium (fission) Heat  High pressure steam  Turn turbines  Generation of electricity Advanced countries now depend fully on nuclear power. In 80 % of national power generation is by nuclear; 40% in Sweden and 30% Japan. Advantages  More scientific, economical, reliable, ecological more acceptable Disadvantages • Potentially threat to the surrounding if accidentally released • Trained operation required • Problem in disposing off used radioactive materials

TIDAL POWER

Sea

Dyke

Sluice

P/H

Sluice

Dyke

Basin or estuary

 Power generation is not constant  First project in in 1967 of 240 MW   In India, tidal power generation is envisaged in gulf of Cambay near Bhawnagar 

  (5000-6000 MW) 

-

Advantages

• • • • •

Pollution  free power generation Power generation is not susceptible to vagaries of nature such as failure of monsoon.  Everlasting No uprooting of pollution No lost of forest cover etc.

Disadvantages  High initial cost  Low head as tidal is limited  Variation in power output – lunar cycle  Turbines have to work on a wide range of head – low efficiency  Equipments are susceptible to corrosion

WIND POWER Wind mills  to pump water Wind driven generators  The capital cost of wind energy is about Rs. 50 million /MW and the generation cost is Rs. 2.75/unit Limitations:





Violently fluctuating in its speed and duration Not feasible in calm localities.

SOLAR POWER India has the world’s largest deployment of solar Photovoltaics of 35 MW. The capital cost of solar is Rs. 30 million/MW and the generation cost is Rs. 10-12/kWh.

GAS TURBINE GENERATION

GEOTHERMAL POWER



Non-conventional energy

BIOGAS 

A clean, cheap & non-polluting fuel produced from organic material like cattle dung, human waste and different type of biomass. The end product is fertilizer.



The capital cost of biomass power is about Rs. 40 million/MW and generation cost is about Rs. 1.752 /kWh.

Why Hydropower? 

Renewable source of energy



Operational & economic superiority



Clean & non-polluting source of energy



Part of multipurpose river valley projects



Low generation cost



Longer span of life – 50 yrs



Reliable source of energy – minimum maintenance



Quick start & stop, picking up and dropping loads in a few minutes



Peaking operation of hydro projects enables optimum utilization of thermal capacity



Due to fast response, the hydro plants enhance system stability



Socio-economic benefits

MAJOR PROBLEMS/CONSTRAINED ASSOCIATED WITH HYDRO DEVELOPMENT 1.

Resource Crunch – paucity of funds Lakhwar Vyasi (UP) 420 MW; Manei Bhali II (UP) 304 MW; Larji (HP) 126 MW

2.

Rehabilitation and Resettlement Sadar Sarovar; Tehri; Indira Sagar

Large Vs Small Dams Small Dams:

> Shorter gestation period > Low capital investment > Quick returns > Lower reservoir capacity > Reservoir filled with silt in a very short time > Sufficient number of dam sites are not available > Total reservoir area is more > Environmental losses is more in small dams

Large Dams:

> > > > > > >

Mitigate the flood Development of irrigation Development of water supply Boost the power industries Tourism Navigation Problem of rehabilitation and resettlement

RESETTLEMENT AND REHABILITATION

•

Each year between 1.2 and 2.1 million people are displaced worldwide as a consequence of new dam construction alone.

•

3-Gorges of China alone displaced more than one million people.

•

Displaced communities often experience decline standards of living.

Processes related to resettlement and rehabilitation are: •

Displacing people (resettlement)

•

Restoring their livelihoods through “rehabilitation” of their communities

the

rebuilding

or

3.

Land Acquisition Dhauliganga; Koel-Karo of NHPC; Ranjit Sagar Dam

4.

Contractual Problems Limited number of competent contractors

5.

Interstate Disputes Sewa project (J &K); Narmada, Godavari; Krishna; Kauvery

6.

Law & Order Disturbed condition like in J&K (Uri, Dul hasti, Upper Sindh)

7.

Purchase of Power Low demand of power in some of the states

8.

Risk in Developing Hydel Projects Land slides; rock slides; flood; earthquake; cloud burst

9.

Time and cost over-runs Long gestation period results in time and cost over-runs

10.

Environment & Forest Clearance Problems DPR should include detailed studies on project area, ecology, wildlife, human life etc. as per MOEF (Environmental act

HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE

Wheel

HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE 2000 B.C.

(Continued)

: Egyptians and Greeks harnessed the hydropower to turn wheels and grind grain Romans constructed paddle wheels to lift the water

Middle Age

: More Efficient water wheels were built

1849

: First modern turbine was developed by James B. Francis

1895

: First hydroelectric generator was built at Niagara Falls, NY, which set the standard for other hydropower installations

During the twentieth century, Europe and America developed much of their hydropower potential Asia’s development of hydropower exceeded that of America and Europe in the of installed capacity Asia, South America and Africa still have vast untapped hydropower potential.

HOW HYDROPOWER WORKS? Hydropower comes from flowing water, which is a component of hydrologic cycle. HYDROLOGIC CYCLE

Ref.: US Department of the Interior, Bureau of Reclamation, Power Resources Office, Oct. 2004

P=QgH H

TYPES HYDROPOWER PLANTS

Storage type plants Run-of-river plants Pumped storage plants Small hydropower plants Hydrokinetic plants

STORAGE TYPE PLANTS

RUN-OF-RIVER PLANTS Intake Di ve rs

ion

str

uc

tu re

Outlet

RUN-OF-RIVER PLANTS (Continued)

PUMPED STORAGE PLANTS

Upper reservoir

Generating Lower reservoir

Pumping

Pumped storage power plant

EFFICIENCY OF PUMPED STORAGE PLANTS Let Q is discharge and H is gross head

0 

Energy generated during one cycle, E g Energy consumed during same cycle, E p

E g  gQ H  h f  t

t  overall efficiency of generation

E p  gQ H  h f  / p

p  overall efficiency of pumping operation

if h f  kH 0 

1  k    1  k  t p

If k=0.02; t = 0.88; and p= 0.85 then overall efficiency is 72%

SMALL HYDROPOWER PLANTS

HYDROKINETIC PLANTS

E

1 1 QV 2  AV 3 2 2

HYDROKINETIC PLANTS

According to the US Energy Information istration (EIA), hydrokinetic source of clean energy could very possibly produce as much as 23 GW by 2025 and 100 GW by the year 2050. Verdant Power has won the first ever commercial license for a hydrokinetic tidal power facility in the U.S., and that could be just the first drop in a torrent of more than 100 new hydrokinetic projects that are still in the initial stages of permitting around the country. Verdant’s project, called RITE for Roosevelt Island Tidal Energy, will tap the powerful currents of New York City’s East River to generate hydrokinetic electricity.

HYDROKINETIC PLANTS Primary configurations of HEC systems Axial-flow Cross-flow, and Oscillating

HYDROKINETIC PLANTS Axialflow

T  ( L sin   D cos  )r P  T

Cross-flow

Straight-bladed Oscillating – vortex induced vibrations

& Helical-bladed X-flow turbine

BASICS OF HYDROPOWER PROJECTS

& Trash racks

TRANSMITTING POWER Raise voltage

Bring down the high voltage Ref.: US Department of the Interior, Bureau of Reclamation, Power Resources Office, Oct. 2004

POWER GRID All power plants may use the same system of transmission lines and stations (Power Grid) in an area to bring power to you. By the use of “power grid” electricity can be interchanged among several utility systems to meet varying demands.

Ref.: US Department of the Interior, Bureau of Reclamation, Power Resources Office, Oct. 2004

FEW MAJOR HYDROPOWER PROJECTS

Itaipu Project (Brazil and Paraguay,12600 MW) Three Gorges Project (China, 18200 MW) Bhakra Project (India,1000 MW) Tehri Project (India, 1000 MW)

Ref: Hydropower & Dams World Atlas 2004

ITAIPU PROJECT The Itaipu project of Brazil and Paraguay has attracted more than 9 million visitors from over 50 countries since it was completed in 1983. Its power house produces 12,600 megawatts (MW), almost enough to power all of California. The project supplies 78% of the entire electricity demand in Paraguay and 25% of the demand in Brazil

Three Gorges Project of China Functions: Flood control, power generation, improved navigation.

Gorge view

Location: Sandouping, Yichang, Hubei province Dam Won't Affect Navigation on Yangtze River. Three Gorges Project to Take 17 Years 1993-2009; Commission in 2012. World's Largest Hydropower Plant: 32 turbines each of 700 MW, total 22,500 MW. Three Gorges Reservoir inundated 632 sq. km-the world's largest inundated area by a single project.

Three Gorges Project of China

(Dam view) Normal pool level of the reservoir = 175 m; Total storage capacity = 40 billion cubic metres; Total acreage of the reservoir = 1100 square kilometers. Cost of dam = $29 billion, and will create a 600 km long lake. More than 1 million people have to be relocated, numerous cities, towns and factories will be flooded.

BHAKRA HYDROPOWER PROJECT

RESERVOIR DAM

Left Power Plant

Right Power Plant

SALIENT FEATURES OF BHAKRA DAM (Highest in Asia and second largest in the world)

Type of Dam

:Concrete gravity

Height above the deepest foundation ;225.55 m Height above the river bed

:167.64 m

Steel used

:101600 tonne

Increased capacity of left bank power plant: 540 MW - 5 units of 108 MW each Increased capacity of right bank power plant: 660 MW - 5 units of 132 MW each

TEHRI HYDRO POWER PROJECT

TEHRI HYDRO POWER PROJECT

RI VE R A AN GN A

HRT OF PSP

HRT OF HPP

BH IL L

DIVERSION TUNNEL T1&T2

TRT OF PSP

TRANSFORMER HALL POWER INTAKE OF HPP

POWER INTAKE OF PSP

M/C HALL OF HPP

SHAFT SPILLWAYS

TRT OF HPP

BH AG IR AT H I

I H T A IR

R IV ER

TEHRI DAM

AG H B

PSP (1000MW)

R VE I R

INTERMEDIATE LEVEL OUT LET

DIVERSION TUNNEL T3 & T4

SHAFT SPILLWAYS

CHUTE SPILLWAY

RESERVOIR

Water Spread

:

42 km2

Gross Storage

:

3540 Mm3

Live Storage

:

2615 Mm3

Max. Flood Level

:

EL 835 m

Full Reservoir Level

:

EL 830 m

MDDL

:

EL 740 m

DAM & SPILLWAY

Type Height of dam

: :

Earth & Rockfill 260.5 m

Base Width Width at top

: :

1125 m 25.5 m

Length at the top U/s Slope

: :

592.7 m 2.5H : 1V

D/s Slope

:

2H : 1V

INTAKES

INTAKES

El.839.5 m

El. 830.2 m

El. 842 m

SHELL

: 201.6 LAC CUM

CLAY

:

35.3 LAC CUM

FILTERS

:

15.10 LAC CUM

RIP RAP

:

27.8 LAC CUM

TOTAL QTY OF FILL PLACEMENT

:

279.8 LAC CUM

HYDROPOWER POTENTIAL AND ITS DEVELOPMENT IN WORLD

Economically feasible hydropower potential (GWh/year)

9,575,500

Installed hydro capacity (MW)

1,122,964

Prod’n by hydro plants in 2015 (GWh/year)

3,901,710

Hydro capacity under construction (MW) Planned hydro capacity (MW) Percentage development

145,988 322,428-697,150 40.75

WORLD HYDRO POTENTIAL AND DEVELOPMENT (Continued) Country 

Africa

Asia

Australia

Europe

North and Central America

South America

1123400

4783700

89200

854800

1047700

9575500

Installed hydro capacity (MW)

31177

562779

13772

182209

174258

1122964

Prod’n by hydro plants in 2015 (GWh/year)

117020

1822546

44563

566594

681251

3901710

Hydro capacity under construction (MW)

14990

88195

56

7089

9048

145988

Planned hydro capacity (MW)

40623125403

187620415096

320-4624

1645519329

2615349341

322428697150

10.42

38.10

50

66.3

65

40.75

Economically feasible hydropower potential (GWh/year)

Percentage Development

Ref: World Atlas 2016: International Journal of hydropower and Dams

SOURCES OF TOTAL PRIMARY ENERGY CONSUMPTION IN INDIA

(Hydropower & Dams World Atlas 2016)

MAIN SOURCES OF GROSS ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION IN INDIA Total gross electricity production = 558 134 GWh/year in year 2003-04 = 659 419 GWh/year in year 2006-07 = 704 000 GWh in year 2008 = 811104 GWh in year 2010-11 YEAR 2003-04 YEAR 2010-11

YEAR 2008

(Hydropower & Dams World Atlas 2012)

INSTALLED CAPACITY

As on 30-6-2013

Ministry of Power

HYDROPOWER DEVELOPMENT  The first systematic and comprehensive study to assess potential hydropower resources in India was undertaken in 1953-1959 by the Central Water and Power Commission. These studies placed the economic hydropower potential of the country at 42, 100 MW at 60% load factor.  The potential was then reassessed by the Central Electricity Authority (CEA) in 1987. That survey estimated 84,044 MW at 60% load factor from 845 power stations. The survey also identified 56 sites for pumped storage scheme totaling about 94,000 MW.  Re-assessment 1,48,701 MW at 60% load factor . About 22.6% of it has been developed.  India ranked seventh in the world in of available and exploitable hydro potential

Total installed hydro capacity

= 38990.4 MW (& 42300 MW including small hydro)

Hydro plants generated

= 123100 GWh in 2007-2008 (17.5 % of national electricity). = 113720 GWh in 2012-13

Under construction

= 12372 MW

Planned

= 58586 MW

Per capita electricity consumption

= 813 kWh in 2010-11

HYDRO PROJECTS UNDER CONSTRUCTION

Parbati-II Parbati-III Kol Dam Tapovan Vishnugad Subansiri Lower Kameng Baglihar Teesta III Teesta IV Kashang Hirong Vishnugard Pipalkoti Ratle Siang Lower Phase-I Ramman Shongtong Karchham

HP HP

Assam Ar.P. J&K WB WB

800 MW 520 MW 800 MW 520 MW 2000 MW 600 MW 450 MW 1200 MW 500 MW 195 MW 500 MW 444 MW 850 MW 1500 MW 120 MW 450 MW

PLANNED HYDROPOWER PROJECTS Pakal Dul Tipainmukh Dibang Siang Upper Lower Siang Naba Oju II Subansiri Middle Subansiri Upper Naying Siyom/Siang Middle Etalin Kalai II Hotong II Kalai I Kalai II Demwe Lower Demwe Upper Tawang II Bursar

H&D 2016

1000 MW 1500 MW 3000 MW 10000 MW 2700 MW 1000 MW 1000 MW 1600 MW 1800 MW 1000 MW 2700 MW 4000 MW 1200 MW 1250 MW 1450 MW 1200 MW 1750 MW 1080 MW 1000 MW 1020 MW

GENERATION COST OF ELECTRICITY

SOURCE

Generation Cost Rs/kWh

Gas Turbine

1.7

Hydropower

1.0

Coal

0.90

Wind

0.85

Nuclear

0.20

Source: H&D 2009

Pump-Storage Plants Capacity in operation 4785.6 MW

Small Hydro Power ( < 25 MW)

Potential

= 15384 MW

Total installed capacity

= 3300 MW (800 schemes)

271 schemes with a total installed capacity construction/Implementation

= 914.8 MW are under

BASIN-WISE HYDRO POTENTIAL

Source: CEA, India

TECHNICALLY FEASIBLE HYDROPOWER POTENTIAL OF TOP FIVE COUNTRIES

China

2,720,000 GWh/year

Brazil

1,250,000 GWh/year

Russia

1,670,000 GWh/year

Canada

981,000 GWh/year

India

660,000 GWh/year

Ref: Hydropower & Dams World Atlas 2016