Icse 10 Geography Notes 411b4w

CH 1- CLIMATE OF INDIA FACTORS :      

HIMALAYAS SEAS WINDS LATITUDNAL POSITION ALTITUDE JET STREAMS RELIEF FEATURES – W. GHATS

FEATURES OF INDIAN CLIMATE :      

TROPICAL MONSOON CLIMATE DIVERSITY IN CCIMATIC CONDITIONS MONSOON MECHANISM FOUR DISTINCT SEASONS BAY CYCLONES OR TROPICAL DEPRESSIONS IN LATE MONSOON WINTER RAINFALL DUE TO W. DISTURBANCES

FEATURES OF MONSOON :    

UNEVENLY DISTRIBUTED ERRATIC UNCERTAIN UNRELIABLE LOW RAINFALL : JAMMU, RAJASTHAN

PLACES OF

MODERATE RAINFALL : CHATTISGARH, TAMIL NADU HIGH RAINFALL : KERALA, MEGHALAYA, N. EAST, W.

GHATS

MARCH TO MAY – HOT AND DRY SUMMER  Low pressure  High temp. in northern parts away from sea  Rivers, wells dry up

 Dust storms – Punjab, Haryana, U.P. – loo  Torrential rainfall due to high speed wind in w. Bengal & Assam – kalbaisakhi  High speed hot winds JUNE TO SEPTEMBER – RAINY MONSOON    

Low pressure attracting monsoon laden wind from surrounding sea Uneven rainfall Bay of Bengal branch : Assam, Meghalaya, Nagaland, U.P., W. Bengal Arabian sea branch : Maharashtra, Kerala, Karnataka, Orissa

OCTOBER TO NOVEMBER – RETREATING MONSOON       

High pressure Dry retreating winds Clear skies and dry atmosphere October heat Low humidity Oppressive weather Tamil Nadu Andhra Pradesh – highest rainfall due to cyclones originating in Bay of Bengal

DECEMBER TO FEBRUARY – COLD AND DRY WINTER Low temp in north then south Clear skies Cool weather , light breeze High pressure No rains in S. W. disturbances cause rainfall in Punjab and Haryana, good for wheat and barley  Snowfall in Himalayas      

CH – 2 soils in india

Soil – thin surface layer of earth, comprising mineral particles formed by weathering of rocks Ex situ soil – transported – alluvial soil In situ soil – found where formed – laterite, red, black/regur soil ALLUVIAL SOIL        

Transported by rivers as silt Rich in potash, humus and lime & deficient in lime On banks of Indus & tributaries, Ganga & tributaries Godavari & Krishna – mixed with regur – dark yellow and grayish in colour Punjab, Haryana, U.P. & Bihar – yellow in colour Bhangar – old – light grey Khadar – new – non porous, clayey & loamy - yellowish Crops – jute & rice

BLACK SOIL       

Volcanic origin Deccan trap Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra Disintegration of basalt rich in potash, humus and lime Deep, fine grained and black to chestnut brown in colour Moisture retentive – sticky when wet & forms cracks when dry Crops – cotton & wheat

RED SOIL     

Weathering of crystalline and metamorphic rocks Tamil nadu, Karnataka & Andhra Pradesh Red in colour , high iron oxide Deficient in nitrogen, lime, phosphorous & humus – rich in potash Crops – wheat rice millets

LATERITE SOIL  Leaching of lateritic rocks  Building material due to poor quality

    

Unsuitable for cultivation Goa and kerala & malwa plateau Poor in nitrogen & lime High acidity can’t retain moisture Crops – cashew nut and tapioca

SOIL EROSION – removal of upper fertile layer by agents of denudation CAUSES     

Water – sheet erosion – gully erosion Human – deforestation Over grazing by cattle Wind Improper farming techniques

EFFECTS  Loosening of soil  Landslides & flash floods  Leads to unproductive soil – poor crop yield METHODS TO PREVENT       

Strip cropping and terrace farming Add organic matter, grow leguminous plants & crop rotation Af afforestation planting of shelter belts of trees Contour ploughing and contour binding Watershed management

CH 3 – NATURAL VEGETATION OF INDIA Natural vegetation is that which grows without human interference and adopts itself to environment.

FACTORS    

Rainfall Temperature Soil Topography – altitude and latitude

TROPICAL EVERGREEN FOREST       

200 cm of rainfall 24° C to 27°C Diff. trees germinate & wither @ different times Dense trees, climbers & epiphytes Dark floor as no sunlight penetrates Trees not in pure stand Rosewood, ebony, shisham – making furniture – Andaman & nicobar islands, assam, Meghalaya & Tripura

TROPICAL DECIDOUS/ MONSOON FORESTS         

100 – 200 cm of rainfall Shed leaves in hot weather Pure strands of trees Economically most imp. & most exploited Sal – furniture Teak – ship building Sandalwood – handicrafts – Karnataka, m.p. chattisgarh Semal – toys, matchboxes Myrobalan – for dyeing clothes and tanning leather

TROPICAL DRY      

Less than 25 cm of rainfall 25°c to 27° c Trees – long roots, small leaves & thorns Babul – gum & its barks – tanning skin Kikar, acacias,thorny bushes Rajasthan, kutch & saurashtra in Gujarat

TIDAL/DELTA FORESTS        

Dense & impenetrable Roots out in air during low tide Tangled root system Deltas of ganga. Mahanadi, Krishna, Godavari Glossy leaves W. Bengal, Andhra Pradesh Sundari – hard, making boats Gorjan & hintal – source of fuel wood

MOUNTAIN FORESTS          

Mountain area – Kashmir to assam Vegetation deciduous & coniferous Depending on elevation & rainfall Himachal – coniferous, taiga – Christmas tree – wood pulp – paper Himadri – tundra – moses & lichens Shivalik – deciduous Chir pine – extraction of resins and turpentine Silver fir – matches, paper Deodar – railway sleepers & house construction Kashmir, himachal Pradesh

FOREST CONSERVATION    

Check deforestation Prevent overgrazing Reforestation Shifting cultivation needs to be controlled

CH 4 WATER RESOURCES OF INDIA Irrigation is key to india’s agricultural success :  Uneven distribution of rainfall  Seasonal rainfall

 India’s agricultural season extends over winter  Indian monsoon – uncertain  Diff. water requirements METHODS WELLS - n. plains – UP, Punjab & Rajasthan By digging hole in ground till water table (manually) Requirements – high water table – permeable rocks – soft soil Cheapest & simplest source of irrigation Disadvantages – dry up during summer – can water limited land – time consuming – brackish water  Modern – perennial lined wells – covered – dug till permanent source (using machines)    

TANK IRRIGATION = peninsular plateau – Andhra Pradesh & tamil nadu – natural depressions – hard rocks  Constructing walls across a depression  Requirements - ground should be rocky  Disadvantages – silting of tanks, dry during summer, occupy large area TUBE WELLS – U.P. Bihar  Deep bore dug & water is lifted with electricity  Requirements –groundwater close to surface and plenty, regular supply of cheap electricity, region must be fertile MULTI PURPOSE PROJECTS BHAKRA NANGAL dam – satluj – highest dam in asia – Punjab, Haryana & rajasthan – govind sagar lake DAMODAR VALLEY CORPORATION – damodar – first multi pu…project after independence HIRAKUND dam – Mahanadi – largest dam in india – Orissa

Rihand dam – rihand river – tributary of son – largest lake reservoir – govind ballab pant sagar lake – bihar Tungabhadra - largest no. of canals – Andhra Pradesh & Karnataka – two irrigation canal on both sides – across Tungabhadra – a tributary of Krishna IMPORTANCE     

To store water To generate electricity To control floods To provide drinking water To develop pisciculture & recreational centres

WATERSHED development – an imp. Method to conserve water, increase agriculture & stop env. Degradation. Rain water harvesting – it is a technique of increasing the recharge of ground water by capturing & storing rainwater. Objectives –     

Meet demands of water Improve groundwater quality Reduce soil erosion Avoid flooding of roads Reduce surface run-off

EG: roof water harvesting, hand pumps, recharge through stop-dams on small streams.

CH 5 MINERALS IN INDIA COAL

   

Basic source of energy Production of chemicals, dyes, fertilizers and paints Steel industries By products – benzol, ammonia, naptha and sulphur

4 TYPES:    

Anthracite – 90 – 95 % - jet black Bituminous – 60 – 75 % - dark brown – domestic uses Lignite – 40 – 50 % - brown Peat – below 30 % - light brown

PROBLEMS  Medium quality – more ash & smoke – water logging – fire accidents GONDWANA – old– W. Bengal – ranigunj – oldest – Jharkhand – Jharia – largest – bokaro TERTIARY – Kashmir – riasi – assam – lakhimpur PETROLEUM      

Source of power and fuel Generation of power By products – kerosene, tar and lubricants Assam – digboi – oldest Gujarat – ankleshwar Mumbai high – largest

IRON ORE        

Production of iron & steel Used in transport, building dams & bridges Most - hematite and magnetite limonite – poorest, hematite – 68% iron Orissa – keonjarh, mayurbhanj Jharkhand – singbhum Goa – netarlim, burgadongar Maharashtra – chandrapur Main importer – japan, iran & china

MANGANESE      

Used in making iron & steel Raw material for paint & glass Japan – main importer – usa, uk Orissa – sundergarh, koraput Karnataka – bellary, chitradurg Madhya Pradesh(most) – balaghat

BAUXITE     

Raw material for aluminium Making of machines & tools Making utensils Aircraft industry Orissa, Jharkhand

LIMESTONE  Used in chemicals, iron and steel, cement, glass & fertilizers  Chattisgarh & Madhya Pradesh

CH 6 agriculture in india SUBSISTENCE FARMING Farming for farmer to consume – small sized land – more manual labour – no machines – mostly food crops – double cropping, crop rotation & multiple cropping

JHUMMING, SHIFTING AGRICULTURE Slash and burn, low quality seed, less production, improper cultivation, ecological balance disturbed, crops left to grow on their own & no irrigation or fertilization is provided

INTENSIVE COMMERCIAL FARMING Small sized fields, more labour & scientific method to make soil more productive, use of hybrid seeds, mostly food crops. EXTENSIVE COMMERCIAL FARMING Big fields, machines, cash crops, sparsely populated areas with ample of land. product only for sale MIXED FARMING Animal rearing along with crops/livestock raising – largest no. of cattle in world – india – modern machinery & good seeds are used PLANTATION FARMING Predominance of single crop with some other crops – only once plantation – yield many years – scientifically managed crops only for sale PROBLEMS    

More than 60% farming dependent on monsoon Farmers – conservative, illiterate & poor Soil erosion – increased soil infertility Farmers indebted – can’t afford new machines

SOLUTION    

Improving farmer’s health & lifestyle Preventing fragmentation Irrigation Educating farmers

FOOD CROPS Cereals – collective term for all kinds of grass like plants having starchy, edible seeds. CROPS

°C

RAINFAL

SOIL

STATES

EXTRA INFO

L 150300CM

RICE

2232

WHEAT

1015 2732

50-100CM 50-120CM

ALLUVIA L ALL

AL L

ALL

ALL

MILLET S

PULSES

ALLUVIA L

TAMIL NADU, ANDHRA PRADESH & W. BENGAL PUNJAB, HARYANA JOWAR – U.P. HARYANA BAJRA – GUJ, MAHARASHTR A RAGI – KARNATAKA, ANDHRA PUNJAB, HARYANA

HARVESTING THRESHING HAND POUNDING POLISHING RUST & SMUT

PEAS, BEANS, LENTILS, MOONG,MASOOR,TOOR,UR AD

CASH CROPS OIL SEEDS  15°C - 25°C 150 – 200 CM RAINFALL BLACK SOIL COTTONSEED GROUNDNUT SOYABEAN

ALLUVIAL SOIL SESAME LINT(non edible) RAPE & MUSTARD

ANY SAFFLOWER CASTOR(non edible)

 Oilcake – by product of oil seeds.oil is extracted from oil seeds and residue is termed ‘oilcake’.  Advantages of oilseeds : - generate employment, - earns foreign exchange  Uses – seasoning of food, preservatives in pickles etc, oilcake as fodder & manure, lubricants for machinery, in paints, inks, dyes.

CROP

°C

RAINFALL

SOIL

STATE

COTTON

20 – 30

50 – 120

BLACK

JUTE

25 -35

150 – 200

ALLUVIAL

RUBBER

25 - 35

175 – 300

SUGAR CANE TEA

20 – 30

100 – 200

RED / LATERITE ALLUVIAL

10 -20

150 – 250

COFFEE

20 – 30

125 – 200

RED / LATERITE RED / LATERITE

GUJARAT MAHARASHTR A W. BENGAL, GANGA BRAMAPUTRA DELTA KERALA, KARNATAKA PUNJAB HARYANA ASSAM, KERALA KERALA, KARNATAKA

BEVERAGE CROPS TEA      

      

Plantation crop – largest producer india Types Black Green – steaming leaves in vats – crushed & dried – no fermentation Oolong –partial fermentation of leaves Sowing seeds in nursery , 9 -12 months, transplanted to tea estates, cutting taken from mother plant for better quality and grown into tiny shrubs – plucking early morning. For finest quality, two leaves and a bud are plucked. This is fine plucking. Flush – new bud on the shoot of a tea plant. Withering – to reduce moisture, air is blown Rolling – twist leaves to expose their juice for fermentation Fermentation Firing or drying Tasting & blending Export – Kolkata CTC machine – crushing, tearing & curling

COFFEE

Arabica Robusta Liberica Shrub with glossy, evergreen leaves & white flowers/ Shelter belts are provided Wet or Parchment method – removal of skin, pulping, fermenting, washing & drying  Dry or native method – covering is removed by drying in sun – pounded to remove outer covering – colour, flavour & taste are result of roasting      

FIBRE CROPS COTTON         

Short staple – less than 2.2cm Medium staple – 2.2. to 2.8 cm Long staple – above 2.8 cm Ginning – separation of seeds and short fibres fromraw lint. Abundant sunshine during ripening & plucking Manual labour Sowing – broadcasting Boll worm & boll weevils Problems – frost destroys the crop, rain only during early growing period, cloudy weather, pests

JUTE          

Manual labour Clear soft water Jute mites stalks are cut near roots and then tied in bundles and steeped until outer bark begins to rot. This is termed as ‘retting’. Retting – soaking of stalks to remove fibre from bark Rinsing Washing Cleaning Drying Problems – stiff competition in intl. market.

COMMERCIAL CROPS RUBBER    

    

Coagulated sticky milk or latex of rubber tree Hold air, keeps moisture out, conducts electricity Cheap skilled labour required for tapping Insertion of strip of bark containing bud from high yielding clons under bark till they unite in 3 – 4 weeks. The old seedling stem is then cut off below grafted bud, which grows into new rubber plant. Cover crops Tapping – collecting latex from rubber plant Coagulation – remove impurity by adding chemicals Rolling – to remove water Drying  Crepe – dried in shade – white  Smoke – smoke is supplied – ting of pink  Vulcanized – instant, cut into pieces, pink

SUGARCANE  Tall, perennial  Sugar cane is divided into internodes connected by ts called nodes. Each node has a bud. Monoculture crop  Dry season for harvesting  More labour