Introduction Cm8002 Forensic Science 501s5u

CM8002 FORENSIC SCIENCE The Auditorium - please keep it clean Please be prompt Are you here to try to get a place in this course? Schedule on edventure “course info.” Assessment information Learning outcomes: factual knowledge and understanding Lecture recording (2009) Fire safety

Stall Seats & Stage Emergency Escape Route

Legend: Fire Extinguisher

Manual Call Point

Hosereel

HR

Circle Seats Emergency Escape Route

Legend: Manual Call Point

Hosereel

HR

CM8002

FORENSIC SCIENCE

Roderick Bates and Dragoslav Vidovic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences “Criminalistics” 10th ed. Richard Saferstein Page numbers given in the slides refer to this text book “Henry Lee’s Crime Scene Handbook” Henry C Lee (Academic Press) “Crime Scene to Court” P C White (Ed) (Royal Society of Chemistry) “The Illustrated Guide to Forensics” by Zakaria Erzinclioglu (Carlton Books).

CM8002 Forensic Science Science: Roderick Bates (CBC, Level 4, Room 8) Dragoslav Vidovic (CBC, Level 6, Room 5) Forensics: 12th Sept. - Michael Tay Ming Kiong Traffic Accidents 26th Sept. – Tan Wai Fun Forensic DNA Profiling 10th Oct. - Cuthbert Teo Forensic Pathology 17th Oct – Wong Kok Weng A.G.’s chambers 24th Oct – Yang Chiew Yung Questioned Documents 31st Oct - Angeline Yap Tiong Whei Drugs & Narcotics 7th Nov. – Jason Loke SPF September 19th October 31st November 27th

e-learning mid-term exam

Discussion Board on Edventure

Dr Michael Tay

Course Warning

Material presented in this course will contain graphic depiction of injuries to and dismemberment of the human body. It will also consist of oral and written depictions of horrific crime.

MD the body BSc(Hons)

Forensic Medicine

Forensic Science

fingerprinting

DNA

physical evidence documents

ballistics

drugs

The Forensic Scientist as a Celebrity

Sir Bernard Spilsbury 1877-1947

Don’t Panic! Murder rates worldwide/ per 100,000 of population (reported) Washington DC 23.8

U.S.A. 4.7 Honduras 71 Columbia 33

U.K. 1.23 Serbia 2.2 Singapore 0.51

CM8002 Forensic Science

How do they know? Interpretation of evidence Reliability of the evidence - scientific principles What can and cannot be deduced

CM8002 Forensic Science Why Science?

Observation & Experiment

Theory Isaac Newton

Expert Witness in Court Must convince judge/ jury

CM8002 Forensic Science

prosecution evidence from experts witnesses police

defense

Judge

Jury - selected from amongst local citizens - abolished in some countries, including Singapore

Innocent until proven guilty beyond reasonable doubt

CM8002 Forensic Science Bournemouth, England, May 21st, 1939 Body of Walter Dinivan, 64, found with crushed skull. Dies in hospital without regaining consciousness. Police find safe and pockets emptied, rings and watch gone; crumpled brown paper bag – used to wrap murder weapon cigarette butts on the floor enquiries lead the police to Joseph Williams - recently came into money saliva on the cigarette butts indicates blood group AB (3 % of the population) What was Williams’ blood group?

CM8002 Forensic Science From samples gathered in the pub, Williams was found to be AB. Jury was persuaded to disbelieve the forensic evidence – not guilty Drunk after celebrating, Williams confesses to a journalist who cannot publish the story until after Williams’ death in 1951

CM8002 Forensic Science Singapore 1996 Mdm Jetkor Miang Singh murdered by stabbing in the neck cigarette butts found at the scene of the crime

2005 DNA from the saliva matches that of Zulkarnain Kemat, serving time in Changi prison for drug offences

The Limits of Forensic Science Actus Reus a guilty action Mens Rea a guilty mind or intention

“Actus non facit reum nisi mens sit rea”

(the act does not make a person guilty unless the mind is also guilty)

Dick Cheney, former Vice-President of the USA

Shot Frank Whittington while quail hunting in Texas

What is Forensic Science? What is “forensics”? Application of Science to Law Application of Science to Criminal Justice The analysis of physical, chemical and biological evidence Forensic Medicine deals with crimes involving a human body (murder, rape, assault)

Saferstein page 4

CM8002

Forensic Science

Forensic Science can enable us to reconstruct the past sequence of events Forensic Science can link a suspect to a crime scene forensic evidence

fibres hair blood fingerprints shoe print

broken glass fibres paint

What is the Charge?

Murder or suicide? April 1972: Body of boy run over by a train in Bukit Merah Injuries inconsistent with suicide or accident

Blood spatter indicates that the boy was already dead

Murder or suicide? Forensic evidence can (usually) distinguish between murder and suicide

Roberto Calvi Banco Ambrosiano “God’s Banker” disappeared from Milan June 11th 1982; found hanging from Blackfriars Bridge, London, June 19th

US$1.2 billion missing

Roberto Calvi Police: Bricks in his suit US$14,000 in his wallet false port bags packed

Forensics: no paint from the scaffolding

Pathology: neck not broken no drugs no signs of a struggle marks consistent with hanging no water in his lungs watch stopped at 1:52 am

Roberto Calvi Questions? Why bricks and rope? Where did he get the rope? How did he climb down the scaffolding…..without getting paint flakes? Why not commit suicide in the hotel? Why in a cold river? How did he get from his hotel to the bridge?

acquittals: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6726353.stm

CM8002

Forensic Science

A role beyond crime? Art Archaeology

1818 – 1840 Shakespeare died in 1616

Sport International Politics Disasters

Bosnia

CM8002

Forensic Science Fiction before fact?

You know who this is

Sir Arthur Conan-Doyle

Saferstein page 5

Locard Exchange Principle "Wherever he steps, whatever he touches, whatever he leaves, even unconsciously, will serve as a silent witness against him. Not only his fingerprints or his footprints, but his hair, the fibers from his clothes, the glass he breaks, the tool mark he leaves, the paint he scratches, the blood or semen he deposits or collects. All of these and more, bear mute witness against him. This is evidence that does not forget. It is not confused by the excitement of the moment. It is not absent because human witnesses are. It is factual evidence. Physical evidence cannot be wrong, it cannot perjure itself, it cannot be wholly absent. Only human failure to find it, study and understand it, can diminish its value."

Professor Edmond Locard (1877-1966)

or “every leaves a trace” Saferstein page 8

Some traces are more obvious than others…..

More than one way to leave your fingerprints behind Severed finger points to burglar By Rachel Hine A burglar who severed a finger while breaking into a builders' yard was caught by police when he went to hospital for treatment. Stewart Broughton, 42, broke into Elliott’s Builders Merchants in Newgate Lane, Fareham, on two occasions.

But while making his getaway over a fence on the second occasion he severed his finger on razor wire, leaving it at the scene. Police immediately ed hospitals in the hope the fingerless crook would seek medical help. And soon after the raid he was seen at Queen Alexandra Hospital. A police officer spoke with him at the hospital and he was taken to Fareham police station and charged.

http://www.portsmouth.co.uk/latest/Severed-finger-points-to-burglar.3435122.jp

The trace can even be left in cyberspace Christopher Paul Neil 2007

Buck Ruxton and the Jigsaw Murders

Moffat, Scotland, 1935 Numerous body parts found in the river How many bodies and who were they?

Newspaper wrapping some parts is local from Morecombe in England Morecombe police report two women missing: “Mrs” Ruxton and her maid, Mary

Moffat Morecombe

Two bodies; all distinguishing features removed

Identification

Face mutilated; ends of fingers removed; birth marks etc removed Find photographs of the women’s heads Photograph skulls from the same angles superimpose

April 1943: how one pathologist was asked to fool another German Controlled or Allied Europe

.

Huelva

Allied Occupied North Africa Italy (German Ally)

Planned invasion of Sicily “Operation Husky”

Spain (Neutral, but sympathetic to )

Imaginary Invasions (Greece, Sardinia)

Operation Mincemeat How to persuade the Germans that Sardinia and Greece would be the targets? Find a suitable body, dress it as an officer, give it the plans for imaginary invasions, leave it where the Germans would know about it - Huelva in Spain. How to fool a Spanish pathologist? Someone who died from a kind of pneumonia that causes the lungs to flood

X post-war cover story

A vagrant who died from phosphorus poisoning: Glyndwr Michael “to detect that this young man had not been lost after an aircraft had been lost at sea would need a pathologist of my experience - and there aren’t any in Spain”

Body taken to near Huelva by submarine, dropped in the sea, found by a fisherman, examined by local pathologist H.M.S. Seraph

Pathologist (largely) deceived German Intelligence (Abwehr) fooled German High Command fooled Adolf Hitler fooled

Forensic Science Laboratories 1910 Lyon, (Locard) 1915 1923 Austria, USA (LAPD) 1925 Holland, Finland, Sweden 1932 USA (FBI) 1935 UK (Scotland Yard) Singapore: 1960’s Prof Chao Tzee Cheng (Pathology) 1929 Chemical analysis services available to Straits Settlement Police Now part of Health Sciences Authority

Saferstein page 8-9

Forensic Science Laboratories What might we find in a Forensic Science Lab? Physical Science Unit: identification and comparison of evidence chemical tests, spectroscopy, microscopy… drugs, glass, paint, explosives, soil… Biology Unit: hair, plants DNA Lab: DNA Firearms Unit: guns, bullets, cartridge cases, firearm damage

Saferstein page 12-13

Documents Unit: handwriting, printing, paper, ink Photography Unit: record of evidence, presentation

Saferstein page 12-13

Forensic Science Laboratories Toxicology – drugs and poisons in body fluids and organs Someone is found dead on their bed with an empty bottle of sleeping pills Will this be a murder investigation or a suicide case: how many sleeping pills did they take? Latent Fingerprints – making them visible Not all fingerprints are visible to the naked eye – chemical means to make them show up Polygraph – or lie detector Can we scientifically detect a lie?

Saferstein page 12-13

Forensic Science Laboratories Voiceprint – analysis of voices

Psychiatric profiling What can we tell about the criminal from the way they commit the crime? Computer Forensics and Electronic Forensics What can be learnt from deleted data? How can other electronic trails be followed?

Saferstein page 12-13, 21

Forensic Science Laboratories Forensic Engineering Why did the I35 bridge in Minneapolis collapse? Forensic Entomology Using insects to provide information Forensic Geology soil analysis: mineral content and chemistry

Saferstein page 12-13

Forensic Science Laboratories Forensic Anthropology examination of skeletal remains Joseph Schexnider disappeared 1984; found 2011

Facial Reconstruction: If you have the skull, can you tell what the face looked like?

originally with modelling clay, now by computer Saferstein page 77

Forensic Science Laboratories Forensic Odontology Using teeth to provide information: identification of victims remains or identification of a criminal

Ted Bundy: identified by a bite mark on a victim (comparison to a mould of his teeth)

executed January 24th 1989 Saferstein page 2, 21

Gordon Hay, Scotland 1968 Body of Linda Peacock found in a cemetery. Bite mark. 300 people interviewed 29 shortlisted 5 had similar dentistry after taking impressions 1 remained after second and third set of impressions Ronald Benell, Manchester 1970 Linda Stewart’s body found in old lady’s front garden Numerous clues: piece of paper, shoe print, a steel ring, fingerprint, Bite marks on body and a meat pie Wayne Boden, Montreal and Calgary, Canada 1971 Convicted of four rape-murders Arrested based on description of his car Linked to bodies by bite marks

Acid Bath Haigh (1949) Olive Durand-Deacon - one of 9 victims Identified by her false teeth J.G.Haigh - believed that there could be no murder trial without a body - so dissolved the bodies in sulfuric acid

http://www.crimelibrary.com/serial_killers/weird/haigh/index_1.html

Disposing of the body

CM8002

Forensic Science

Identification: what is it? Physical objects Biological properties Chemical properties/ constituents Class characteristics: characteristics that put an object in a certain class or group but not a single source: Brand of shoe; type of fibre; type of bullet

Saferstein page 64

CM8002

Forensic Science

Individualisation Narrowing the class to one Physical objects: manufacturer, serial number, fingerprints Chemicals: trace elements and impurities Biological samples: blood type, DNA analysis

CM8002

Forensic Science

Comparison leading to Association

evidence

fibres, hair blood shoe print

fingerprints

broken glass fibres paint

Reconstruction and Reenactment Reconstruction Understanding the sequence of past events

Reenactment May be a part of reconstruction

The 2005 London Bombings July 7th four bombs explode – three on the tube, one on a bus 52 people killed July 21st four bombs fail to explode properly – three on the tube, one on a bus July 23rd a fifth device discovered (abandoned?) in West London

detonator home made explosive

The July 21st Bombers Numerous links to the bombs Defense: bombs were hoaxes to protest against Government policy

Mens rea? So, build an identical bomb and test it……..

Reenactment of the “Brides in the Bath” December 1914 Margaret Lloyd drowns in her bath (insurance £700) Same thing had happened to Alice Smith in 1913 And to Bessie Williams in 1912 George Joseph Smith had married seven women; three died; most robbed Did the three drown accidentally or were they drowned?

Gareth Williams, 2010 Occupation: cryptographer for British Intelligence Found: August 16th, 2010 in his apartment Dead - for about nine days…heating on No sign of struggle - poisoning or asphyxiation In a sports bag, padlocked, in the bath No fingerprints on the bath

Faint DNA traces on the bag Can you lock yourself in a bag?

81 x 48 cm

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Tb6YKX_Hy40 http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/crime/9286711/MI6-spy-Gareth-Williams-may-have-locked-himself-in-bag-pathologist-suggests.html

Richard and Helle Crafts

Richard Crafts - airline pilot

Helle Crafts – stewardess

met 1969, married 1975 Collected guns, machinery, traveled a lot, difficulties about money, volunteer police officer Hired private detective

The Woodchipper Murder November 18th 1986 Helle dropped off after work (5 inches of snow!) November 19th only Richard answers the telephone Early morning – takes children and nanny to sisters house December 1st the private detective s the police Richard Crafts claims that his wife had disappeared. es lie detector test! Discarded carpet fragments test negative for blood Unusual purchases, including a chainsaw, a freezer and renting a wood chipper witness places wood chipper at Lake Zoar

The Woodchipper Murder House searched Christmas Day blood stain found on mattress, matches Helle’s blood type (O+)

Search of river bank: hair, letters Search of the lake (after lowering water level)

What they found in the Lake Chain saw (human tissue, hair, blue fibres) serial number matches Crafts’ 2660 strands of human hair (bleached), 69 slivers of human bone (type O+), 5 droplets of human blood, 2 teeth (one proved to be Helle’s), a truncated piece of human skull, 3 oz of human tissue, a portion of a human finger, 1 fingernail and 1 portion of human toe nail.

The Woodchipper Murder January 11, Richard Crafts arrested with bail posted at $750,000 Reconstruction: how Crafts killed his wife.

Drops of blood were found in her bedroom: she was bludgeoned at the foot of her bed during the early morning hours of November 19th Police speculated that Crafts then carried his wife's body to the basement where he placed her inside the freezer.

The Woodchipper Murder Tells the nanny to go to his sister's house in Westport because Newtown had suffered a power failure.

Lake Zoar

Drops off the kids and the nanny at Westport, Richard returns to Newtown.

Took Helle's frozen body to a secluded piece of property near Newtown. He used the chainsaw to make several smaller parcels of her remains and returned them to the freezer. Under the cover of darkness, Crafts then took these packages to Lake Zoar where he ran them through the powerful wood chipper.

But what is the effect of a wood chipper on a human body?

The Woodchipper Murder Reenactment

The Woodchipper Murder hair tissue fibres (rug)

rental

(serial number restored)

body parts, tooth

hair, tissue

rental

witness

Richard Crafts was sentenced to 50 years in prison

CM8002 Forensic Science Types of forensic work Comparison and Association Reconstruction and reenactment Locard’s principle: Every Leaves a Trace