Introduction To Pharmacology 3gp49

Fundamentals of Pharmacology Click to A. editMeagher, Master subtitle Emma MD style Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania

Ian A. Blair Drug Metabolism 2004

Goal •

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To introduce students to the basic principles of pharmacology –

Pharmacokinetics

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Pharmacodynamics

To use our understanding of the basic principles to describe the drug development process

Ian A. Blair Drug Metabolism 2004

Objectives •

Upon completion of this course you will be able to –

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–

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Distinguish between pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics Describe the different routes of istration Define absorption and identify the relationship between istration, absorption and bioavailability Ian A. Blair Drug Describe the determinants of distribution Metabolism 2004

Objectives •

Upon completion of this course you will be able to –

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Identify the primary sites of drug metabolism Describe the purpose of metabolism and the processes involved

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Describe the determinants of drug metabolism

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Define the process of drug excretion Ian A. Blair Drug Metabolism 2004

Objectives •

Upon completion of this course you will be able to –

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Identify the relationship between drug metabolism and excretion Describe the concept of steady state concentration and what impacts it. Define half life and the kinetics of drug metabolism Describe the impact of age on all aspects of pharmacokinetics Ian A. Blair Drug Metabolism 2004

Introduction •

What is a drug? –

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What is a medicine? –

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A chemical entity that affects living protoplasm

A chemical entity used to treat, cure, prevent or diagnose disease

What is Pharmacology? –

The study of drugs • Chemistry, Biology, Biochemistry, Physiology, Pathology, Pathophysiology, Molecular biology, Enzymology, Genetics

•

Disease

Ian A. Blair Drug relevant targets, selection Metabolism 2004

of drug to manipulate

Pharmacology

Ian A. Blair Drug http://www.pharmgkb. Metabolismorg/ 2004

How are drugs developed? Pre-Clinical

Clinical R&D

Post-Marketing

NDA Review

Surveillance

Testing, R&D Average 18 mos

Average 5 yrs

Average 24 mos

(2-10 yrs)

(2 mos-7yrs)

(1-3 yrs) Adverse Event Reporting Discovery Initial Synthesis & Purification

P h a s e 1

Animal Testing S h L

or

o

tte r

IND

n

g30 Day te

Surveys

P h a s e 2

Sampling Testing

P h a s e Ian A. Blair Drug NDA Metabolism 2004 Submitted 3

P h a s e 4

Inspections

NDA Approved

FDA Time

Pharmacology In the US alone there were more than 4 billion prescriptions during 2011 ($320 billion) Drug therapy is used in the treatment of almost all diseases Aim of drug therapy is to prevent, treat, cure or diagnose disease To achieve this adequate amounts of the drug must get to tissues so that effect of the drug can be achieved while limiting toxicity of the drug Ian A. Blair Drug Metabolism 2004

Basic Pharmacology Principles •

Pharmacokinetics describes what happens to a drug when given to a patient –

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“What the body does to the drug”

Pharmacodynamics describes the body’s response to a given drug –

“What the drug does to the body” Ian A. Blair Drug Metabolism 2004

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Pharmacokinetics: Section I:

Introduction to PK and istration of Drug Therapy Ian A. Blair Drug Metabolism 2004

PK - What do I want to know? •

How do I give the drug?

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Is it absorbed?

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How much is absorbed?

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Where does it go?

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How long does it stay there?

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How often do I have to give it?

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How does it leave the body? Ian A. Blair Drug Metabolism 2004

PD - What do I want to Know? •

Does the drug work?

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How well does it work

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How does it work?

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How long do I need to give the drug for?

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Are there any down sides to giving the drug? Ian A. Blair Drug Metabolism 2004

Fundamentals of Pharmacology •

Pharmacokinetics Pharmacodynamics –

istration Dose response

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Absorptionactivation Receptor

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• Efficacy Distribution

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Toxicity

Metabolism Ian A. Blair Drug Metabolism 2004

Overview of the Process

Ian A. Blair Drug Metabolism 2004

Let’s see how we are doing •

What is a drug? –

–

–

–

A chemical entity that is used to treat a disease. A chemical entity that is used to treat or cure a disease. A chemical entity that is used to diagnose, treat or cure a disease. A chemical entity that used to diagnose, prevent, Ian A. BlairisDrug treat or cure a Metabolism disease.2004

The answer •

What is a drug? –

–

–

–

A chemical entity that is used to treat a disease. A chemical entity that is used to treat or cure a disease. A chemical entity that is used to diagnose, treat or cure a disease. A chemical entity that used to diagnose, prevent, Ian A. BlairisDrug treat or cure a Metabolism disease.2004

Let’s see how we are doing •

Pharmacokinetics describes which one of the following?

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A. What the body does to the drug

•

B. What the drug does to the body

Ian A. Blair Drug Metabolism 2004

Let’s see how we are doing •

Pharmacokinetics describes which one of the following?

•

A. What the body does to the drug

•

B. What the drug does to the body

Ian A. Blair Drug Metabolism 2004

Let’s see how we are doing •

Pharmacodynamics describes which one of the following?

•

A. What the body does to the drug

•

B. What the drug does to the body

Ian A. Blair Drug Metabolism 2004

Let’s see how we are doing •

Pharmacodynamics describes which one of the following?

•

A. What the body does to the drug

•

B. What the drug does to the body

Ian A. Blair Drug Metabolism 2004