Lecture-i Introduction To Concrete Technology 1u1g2z

CE F311 Design of Concrete Structures Instructor: Mr. J S Kalyana Rama Course Lecture-I

BITS Pilani Hyderabad Campus

Basics of Concrete Technology

Introduction  Basics of Concrete Technology • Cement • Fine Aggregate • Coarse Aggregate • Water • ixtures  Use of Steel as a Reinforcing Material • Types of Steel • Properties of Steel  Basics of Reinforced Concrete Design • Objectives and Methods of Design • Different Structural components and their behavior • Loads and Forces acting on various structural components • Stress-Strain characteristics of concrete and steel • Size effect of Concrete • Durability of Concrete

Instructor: Mr. J S Kalyana Rama

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

Concrete Components HUMAN BODY

CONCRETE

COARSE AGG. FINE AGG.

= =

CEMENT. MATERIAL

=

MUSCLE

WATER

=

BLOOD


SKELETON

FAT


Composition of concrete Materials ( volume % ) Gravel

Sand

34

30

Water

Air

18

3

Cement

15

Cost ( % ) Gravel

Sand

20

21


Cement

59


Global Annual Consumption of Structural Materials Material

Unit Weight (kg/m3)

Million Tonnes

Tonnes/Person

Structural steel

7850

1244

0.18

Cement

1440

3400

0.48

Concrete

2400

2.4 (990 litres)

Timber

700

∼18,000

277

0.04

Drinking water

1000

5132

0.73 (730 litres)



Advantages of Concrete 1. Moulded to any shape 2. Easy availability of materials (for manufacturing concrete) 3. Low maintenance 4. Water and fire resistant* 5. Good rigidity 6. High compressive strength 7. Economical*

8. Low-skilled labour required for handling concrete Instructor: Mr. J S Kalyana Rama


Disadvantages of Concrete 1. Low tensile strength (one-tenth of its compressive strength) 2. Requires forms and shoring (Process of ing a Building). 3. Relatively low strength(the compressive strength of normal concrete is about 5–10% steel) 4. Time-dependent, volume changes with variation. 5. CO2 emission***** Instructor: Mr. J S Kalyana Rama


Concrete States Plastic State: When the concrete is first mixed it is like 'bread dough'. • It is soft and can be worked or moulded into different shapes. In this state concrete is called PLASTIC. Concrete is plastic during placing and compaction. • The most important properties of plastic concrete are workability and cohesiveness. • A worker will sink into plastic concrete. Setting State Concrete then begins to stiffen. • The stiffening of concrete, when it is no longer soft, is called SETTING. • Setting takes place after compaction and during finishing. • Concrete that is sloppy or wet may be easy to place but will be more difficult to finish. • A worker leaves footprints in setting concrete.



Hardening State • After concrete has set it begins to gain strength and harden. • The properties of hardened concrete are strength and durability. • Hardened concrete will have no footprints on it if walked on.



Ordinary Portland Cement • Dry powder (grey) of very fine particles • Forms a paste when mixed with water • Chemical reaction-Hydration

• Glue (Binder) • Paste coats all the aggregates together

• Hardens and forms a solid mass



Cementitious materials & their percentage

Oxides

Cement

FA

Microsilica

GGBS

CaO

63-68%

1-2%

0

30-40%

SiO2

19-24%

55-65%

95%

30-40%

Al2O3

4-7%

10-16%

0

11-16%

Fe2O3

1-4%

10%

0

−−



 These compounds present in the raw materials when subjected to high clinkering temperature combine with each other to form compounds called Bogue’s compound • • • • •

Tricalcium silicate Dicalcium silicate Tricalcium Aluminate Tretracalcium Aluminoferrite


3 CaO.SiO2 2 CaO.SiO2 3 CaO.Al2O3 4 CaO.Al2O3. Fe2O3

C3S C2S C3A C4AF


 Tricalcium silicate & dicalcium silicate constitute 70 to 80% of cement & are the most important compounds responsible for strength.  Also modifications in cement can be made which will lead to the production of different types of cement as will be discussed separately in further course of the discussion. CALCIUM SILICATE HYDRATES: During the course of reaction of C3S and C2S with water, Calcium silicate hydrates(C-S-H) and Ca(OH)2 are formed.

2 C3S + 6H 2 C2S + 4H



C3S2H3 + 3Ca(OH)2 


C3S2H3 + Ca(OH)2 BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

Types of Cement 1) Ordinary Portland Cement

a) O.P.C 43 Grade

- IS:8112:1989

b) O.P.C 53 Grade

- IS:12269:1987

2) Rapid Hardening Cement

- IS:8041:1990

3) Sulphate Resisting Cement

- IS:12330:1988

4) Portland Slag Cement

- IS:455:1989

5) Low Heat Cement

- IS:12600:1989

6) Portland Pozzolana Cement

- IS:1489 (Part I)



Storage

Cement should be stored off the ground in a wellaired, clean, dry place. Wrapping the cement bags in

plastic sheets gives extra protection, Bulk cement will normally be stored in silos.



Setting time of Cement (IS 4031(5)) • Initial setting time is that time period between the time water is added to cement and time at which 1 mm square section needle fails to penetrate the cement paste, placed in the Vicat’s mould 5 mm to 7 mm from the bottom of the mould. • Final setting time is that time period between the time water is added to cement and the time at which 1 mm needle makes an impression on the paste in the mould but 5 mm attachment does not make any impression.



Setting time of Cement-Standard Specifications Type/Name Of Cement

Referenced Indian Stanadard

Initial Setting Time, mints (min.)

Final Setting Time, mints (max.)

OPC(33) OPC(43) OPC(53) SRC PPC RHPC PSC High alumina Super sulphated Low heat Masonry cement

IS:269 IS:8112 IS:12269 IS:12330 IS:1489,P1 IS:8041 IS:455 IS:6452 IS:6909 IS:12600 IS:3466

30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 60 90

600 600 600 600 600 600 600 600 600 600 1440

IRS-T-40

Railway

60

600



Aggregates These are of two basic types: • COARSE: crushed rock, gravel or screenings. • FINE: fine and coarse sands and crusher fines. Aggregates should be: • STRONG and HARD: A stronger, harder aggregate will give a stronger final concrete. Never use a crumble or flakey rock like sandstone. • DURABLE to stand up to wear and tear and weathering. • CHEMICALLY INACTIVE so the aggregates don’t react with the cement. Instructor: Mr. J S Kalyana Rama


• CLEAN Dirt or clay sticking to the aggregates will weaken the bond between paste and aggregates. • GRADED Aggregates should range in size so that they fit together well. This gives a stronger and denser concrete.

• Rounded aggregates give a more workable mix. • Angular aggregates make concrete harder to place, work and compact, but can make concrete stronger.

• Flaky particles have influence on workability, requirement, interlocking, strength, & durability


cement


Aggregates are important constituents in concrete & give body to the concrete Reduce shrinkage & Effect economy Occupy 70-80 % of volume of concrete Fine aggregates:

Natural or manufactured sand with particles up to 10mm. Generally, sand particles almost entirely the 4.75 mm sieve and are predominantly retained on the 75µm sieve. Coarse aggregates: Natural gravel or manufactured material. The predominantly retained on the 4.75 mm sieve. Instructor: Mr. J S Kalyana Rama

particles are BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

Size of Aggregates MAS that can be used are governed by the following factors:

• Thickness of section (not larger than 1/5th) • Spacing of reinforcement (not larger than 3/4th of clear distance)

• Clear Cover • Mixing, Handling, & placing techniques.

• MAS of 20mm is widely used for Structural & Road Works. • MAS of 10mm is used in shotcrete.

• MAS of 80 to 150mm is used for mass concreting. Instructor: Mr. J S Kalyana Rama


Properties of fine aggregates

Road Works

Structural Concrete

-

2.0 to 3.5

Max. 2%

Max. 2%

a) Sodium Sulphate

Max. 10%

Max. 10%

b) Magnesium Sulphate

Max. 15%

Max. 15%

Properties 1) Fineness Modulus (FM) 2)Water Absorption 3) Soundness Test:

*Soundness test is to determine the resistance to disintegration of aggregates by saturated solutions of sodium sulphate or magnesium sulphate.

*FM more than 3.2 is generally considered unsuitable for concrete Instructor: Mr. J S Kalyana Rama


Sieve Analysis % ing I.S Sieve (mm)

63mm

40mm

20mm

16mm

12.5mm

10mm

80

100

-

-

-

-

-

63

85 - 100

100

-

-

-

-

40

0 - 30

85-100

100

-

-

-

20

0 to 5

0-20

85-100

100

-

-



16

-

-

-

85100

100

-

12.5

-

-

-

-

85 to 100

100

10

0 to 5

0 to 5

0 to 20 0 to 30

0 to 45

85 to 100

4.75

-

-

0 to 5

0 to 5

0 to 10

0 to 20

2.36

-

-

-

-

-

0 to 5



STORAGE •

Aggregates should be stored where they will stay clean, separated from other materials and dry. If the aggregates are very wet use less water in the mix.



Properties of Aggregates



Water • Water is mixed with the cement powder to form a paste which holds the aggregates together like glue. • Water must be clean, fresh and free from any dirt, unwanted chemicals or rubbish that may affect concrete. • Many concrete plants now use recycled water.

• Always check bore water before use. • Don’t use sea water as it may rust the steel reinforcement in the concrete. Instructor: Mr. J S Kalyana Rama


Permissible Limits for Solids as per Table 1 IS:456-2000 Material

Limits

Organic

200 mg/ml

Inorganic

3000 mg/ml

Sulphates (as SO3)

400 mg/ml

Chlorides (as Cl)

2000 mg/ml

Suspended matter

2000 mg/ml



ixtures ixture can be defined as a chemical product which is added to the concrete batch immediately before or during mixing or during an additional mixing operation prior to the placing of

concrete for the purpose of achieving specific modifications to the normal properties of concrete. ixtures are commonly classified by their function in concrete but often they exhibit some additional action.



ixtures (Contd..) Why do we need ixtures:  Concrete must be placeable and durable.  High degree of workability is required in case of thin

walls, tremie concreting, pumping of concrete.  Durability includes limitation for water to cement ratio so that the concrete structure maintains its required strength and serviceability.



ixtures (Contd..) ixtures are generally used to achieve the following: In Fresh Concrete:  Increase workability and/or increasing the w/c ratio.

 Improve cohesiveness segregation or bleeding.

and

pumpability

thereby

without

reducing

 Improve to some extent set retardation  Entrain air bubbles in the fresh concrete.



ixtures (Contd..) In Hardened Concrete:

 Increase strength by reducing w/c ratio, maintaining the same workability  Reduce permeability and improve durability by reducing w/c ratio.  Reduce heat of hydration & drying shrinkage by

reducing cement content.



ixtures (Contd..) The classification of ASTM C 494-92 is as follows: •

Type A

- Water reducing

•

Type B

- Retarding

•

Type C

- Accelerating

•

Type D

- Water reducing and retarding

•

Type E

- Water reducing and accelerating

•

Type F

- High range water reducing(HRWRA)

•

Type G

- High range water reducing & Retarding



ixtures (Contd..) Classification of superplasticizer:

•

Sulphonated napthalene-formaldehyde condensates (SNF)

•

Sulphonated melamine-formaldehyde condensates(SMF)

•

Fourth generation Superplasticizers:

•

Polycarboxylate Ether (PCE)

•

Acrylic polymer based (AC)

•

Multicarboxylate Ether



ixture interaction Interaction of Water reducing ixtures

Cement particles

Water released

Water

Negative charge induced. Interparticle repulsion occurs Instructor: Mr. J S Kalyana Rama


Vibration of concrete

• The purpose of compaction of concrete is to achieve highest possible density of concrete by removing the entrapped air Types of vibrators  Internal vibrators

 External vibrators  Vibrating tables Instructor: Mr. J S Kalyana Rama


Improperly Consolidated - “Honeycomb”



Improperly consolidated Concrete Instructor: Mr. J S Kalyana Rama


Improperly consolidated Concrete Instructor: Mr. J S Kalyana Rama



Segregation at the bottom of the pour (also note the trash at the bottom of the wa BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

Properties of fresh concrete

• Workability • Segregation • Bleeding Why are we interested in the properties of fresh concrete?    

Influence the final quality of hardened concrete Help to detect variations in material and process Uniform fresh concrete - Uniform hardened concrete Last chance to identify unsatisfactory quality



 Procedures used for testing freshly mixed concrete are standardized  Workability & consistency  Bleeding and settlement  Setting time  Air content  Temperature  Density  Used not only in the laboratory but also in the field  Designed to eliminate random variations that may occur in the test results and lead to unnecessary disputes on the quality of concrete Instructor: Mr. J S Kalyana Rama


Workability •

Generally implies the ease with which a concrete mix can be handled from mixer to it’s finally compacted shape  Consistency – fluidity  Mobility – ease of flow  Compactibility – ease of compaction

•

Internal work required to produce full compaction



Workability (Cont..)



Measurement of Consistency  Workability Terminology 

Very stiff



Stiff



Plastic



Soft (wet)



Flowing



Slump Test • Requirement

Slump IS:1199

 Slump Cone

 Tamping Rod  Ruler •

Suitable for normal mixes of medium to high workability



Slump Test (Cont..) •

Method

Concrete put in cone in 4 layer, each layer tamped 25 times Top struck off and cone carefully lifted off Slump measured

•

Not suitable for dry mixes & highly flowable mixes




Workability Requirements Slump (mm) Concrete Construction

Maximum

Minimum

Reinforced foundation walls and footings

75

25

Plain footings, caissons and substructure walls

75

25

Beams and reinforced walls

100

25

Building columns

100

25

Pavements and slabs

75

25

Mass Concrete

50

25



Tolerance limits of workability as per IS 4926:2003 The IS 4926:2003 specifies the following tolerance limits of workability as criteria for acceptance: • Slump: ± 25 mm or ± 1/3rd of the specified value whichever is less • Compacting factor: ± 0.03 for specified value ≥ 0.9; ± 0.04 for specified value ≤ 0.9 ≥ 0.8 ± 0.05 for specified value ≤ 0.8 • Flow test: Acceptance criteria to be established between the supplier and purchaser.



Segregation Segregation refers to a separation of the components of fresh concrete, resulting in a non-uniform mix 

The primary causes of segregation are differences in specific gravity and size of constituents of concrete. Moreover, improper mixing, improper placing and improper consolidation also lead to segregation.


Sp.Gr.

Size

Cement 3-3.15 5-80 mm

C.Agg.

2.4-2.8 5-40 mm

F.Agg.

2.4-2.8

< 5 mm


Segregation (Cont..) Some of the factors affecting segregation: – Larger maximum particle size (25mm) and proportion of the larger particles. – High specific gravity of coarse aggregate. – Decrease in the amount of fine particles. – Particle shape and texture. – Water/cement ratio. Instructor: Mr. J S Kalyana Rama


Bleeding Bleeding is the tendency of water to rise to the surface of freshly placed concrete. 



It is caused by the inability of solid constituents of the mix to hold all of the mixing water as they settle down. A special case of segregation.



Bleeding (Cont..) The tendency of concrete to bleeding depends largely on properties of cement. It is decreased by: – Increasing the fineness of cement – Increasing the rate of hydration (C3S, C3A and alkalies) – Adding pozzolans – Reducing water content



Flow test •

Flow Test – the measured spread in mm of a standard cone on a dropping table



Setting time of concrete (IS 8142-1976) •

Initial Setting Time indicates that the concrete has become too stiff to be made mobile by vibration.

•

Final Setting Time indicates that the compressive strength of concrete measured on a standard cylinder is about 0.7 MPa.

Penetration Resistance Apparatus



Hardened Concrete Concrete is normally sold by it’s Compressive Strength This is measured in MPa (N/mm2 ) Typical strength range 10 to 60N/mm2 Sold by volume (m3), produced by weight (Kg)



Strength of Concrete

FLEXURAL

COMPRESSIVE

Split Tensile


 Compressive strength  Flexural strength  Tensile strength


Strength of Concrete (Cont..)  Compressive strength Measured maximum resistance of a concrete specimen to axial loading. Generally:  expressed in N/mm2  At 1, 3, 7, & 28 days  Symbol fck



Strength of Concrete (Cont..) Compressive strength at a specified age, usually 28 days, measured on standard cube or cylinder specimens, has traditionally been used as the criterion for the acceptance of concrete. This is very important for the designer because concrete properties such as stress–strain relationship, modulus of elasticity, tensile strength, shear strength, and bond strength are expressed in of the uniaxial compressive strength.



Tensile Strength Concrete is very week in tension, and direct tensile strength is only about 8–11 per cent of compressive strength for concretes of grade M25 and above. The use of pozzolanic ixtures increases the tensile strength of concrete. Although the tensile strength of concrete increases with an increase in compressive strength, the rate of increase in tensile strength is of the decreasing order. Knowledge of tensile strength is required for the design of concrete structural elements subject to transverse shear, torsion, and shrinkage and temperature effects. Its value is also used in the design of prestressed concrete structures, liquid retaining structures, roadways, and runway slabs.



Tensile Strength (Cont..) Shear Strength Pure shear is a rare occurrence; usually a combination of flexural and shear stresses exists, resulting in a diagonal tension failure. Bond Strength* The common assumption in RC that plane sections remain plane after bending will be valid only if there is perfect bond between concrete and steel reinforcement. Bond strength depends on the shear stress at the interface between the reinforcing bar and the concrete and on the geometry of the reinforcing bar.

Courtesy: “Shear Analysis and Design in RC Beam” by Bambang Piscesa, ST, MT



Split Tensile Strength (IS 5816 : 1999)

Due to applied compression load a fairly uniform tensile stress is induced over nearly 2/3 of the diameter of the cylinder perpendicular to the direction of load application.



Split Tensile Strength (Cont..) Splitting Tensile Strength

σst =

2P πDl

P: applied compressive load

D: diameter of specimen l: length of specimen

• The advantage of the splitting test over the direct tensile test is the same molds are used for compressive & tensile strength determination. • The test is simple to perform and gives uniform results than other tension tests. Instructor: Mr. J S Kalyana Rama


Flexural Strength The flexural tensile strength at failure or the modulus of rupture is determined by loading a prismatic concrete beam specimen. The results obtained are useful because concrete is subjected to flexural loads more often than it is subjected to tensile loads.



Flexural Strength (Cont..)



Factors Affecting Compressive Strength  w/c or w/cm ratio (inversely related to concrete strength and directly linked to the spacing between cement particles in the cement paste)  Type of cement  Use of supplementary cementitious materials  Type of aggregates  Quantity and quality of mixing water  Moisture and temperature conditions during curing  Age of concrete  Rate of loading during the cube or cylinder test (*the measured compressive strength of concrete increases with increasing rate of loading*)  Size of specimen Instructor: Mr. J S Kalyana Rama


What Affects Concrete Strength



Stress–Strain Characteristics Typical stress–strain curves of normal weight concrete of various grades, obtained from uniaxial compression tests, are shown in Fig. Such a mathematical definition of stress–strain curve is required for non-linear analysis of concrete structures.

Typical stress–strain curves of concrete in compression (a) Concrete with normal weight aggregates (b) Normal weight vs lightweight aggregate concrete Instructor: Mr. J S Kalyana Rama


Modulus of Elasticity  The modulus of elasticity of concrete is a key factor for estimating the deformation of buildings and as well as a fundamental factor for determining the modular ratio. The Young’s modulus of elasticity may be defined as the ratio of axial stress to axial strain, within the elastic range.  When linear elastic analysis is used, one should use the static modulus of elasticity. Various definitions of modulus of elasticity are shown in Fig. (in the following slide).  The dynamic modulus of elasticity of concrete corresponds to a small instantaneous strain. It has to be used when concrete is used in

structures subjected to dynamic loading. Instructor: Mr. J S Kalyana Rama


Modulus of Elasticity (Cont..) Tangent Modulus of Elasticity The instantaneous rate of change of stress as a function of strain. It is the slope at any point on a stress-strain diagram. Secant Modulus of Elasticity Ratio of stress to strain at any point on curve in a stress-strain diagram. It is the slope of a line from the origin to any point on a stress-strain curve. Poisson’s ratio It is defined as the ratio of lateral strain to the longitudinal strain, under uniform axial stress.  Widely varying values: Range of 0.15– 0.25.  Both NSC and HSC: use 0.2.  For lightweight concretes: It has to be determined from tests.



Durability of Concrete  Deteriorating concrete structures not only affect the productivity of the

society but also have a great impact on our resources, environment, and human safety.  The deterioration of concrete structures is due to the main emphasis given to mechanical properties and the structural capacity and the neglect of construction quality and life cycle management.  Strength and durability are two separate aspects of concrete; neither will guarantee the other. A durable concrete is one that performs satisfactorily in the working environment of anticipated exposure conditions during its service life. Instructor: Mr. J S Kalyana Rama


Durability of Concrete (Cont..) Factors Affecting the Durability of Concrete 1. Environment 2. Concrete cover to the embedded steel* 3. Quality and type of constituent materials 4. Cement content and w/c ratio of concrete

5. Degree of compaction and curing of concrete 6. Shape and size of member



Durability of Concrete (Cont..)



Durability Criteria as per IS 456- 2000



Curing Very necessary for strength and durability of concrete structure Do not start plastering before completion of Brickwork curing. By Hessian Clothes for columns & sides of beams Ponding on flat horizontal surface.



Strength and Curing



Ready Mix Concrete



Concrete Mix Design (IS 10262:2009) Step 1 Determine Target mean strength of concrete as: ft = fck + k. s where, ft = target mean compressive strength at 28 days, fck = Characteristic compressive strength of concrete at 28 days, k = usually 1.65 as per is 456-2000 s = standard deviation.



Concrete Mix Design (Cont..) Specified and Target Mean Strength



Concrete Mix Design (Cont..)



Concrete Mix Design (Cont..) Choose the right w/c ratio



Concrete Mix Design (Cont..) Relationship Between W/C and Permeability

Neville (1995) Properties of Concrete Instructor: Mr. J S Kalyana Rama


Concrete Mix Design (Cont..) Step 2 (Selection of Water-Cement Ratio) • Choose w/c ratio against max w/c ratio for the requirement of durability. (Table 5, IS:456- 2000). • Make a more precise estimate of the preliminary w/c ratio corresponding to the target average strength.



Durability Criteria as per IS 456- 2000



Concrete Mix Design (Cont..) Adjustments to minimum cement content for aggregates other than 20 mm nominal max. size aggregates as per IS 456: 2000.



Concrete Mix Design (Cont..) Step 3 Estimate the air content for maximum size of aggregate used.

Approximate Entrapped Air Content



Concrete Mix Design (Cont..) Selection of Water Content Water Content is Influenced By: 

Aggregate size



Aggregate shape and texture



Workability required



Water cement ratio



Cementations material content



Environmental exposure condition









Concrete Mix Design (Cont..) Step 4 – Calculation of Cementations Material  Calculate the cement content from W/C ratio and final water content arrived after adjustment.  Check the cement content so calculated against the min. cement content from the requirement of durability. Adopt greater of the two values.



Concrete Mix Design (Cont..) Step 5 – Estimation of Coarse Aggregate Proportion For W/C ration of 0.5 use following Table



Concrete Mix Design (Cont..) Correction in Coarse Aggregate values

The table specified for W/C ratio of 0.5 1. For Every +0.05 change in W/C ratio: -0.01 2. For Every -0.05 change in W/C ratio: +0.01 3. For Pumpable Mix : -10 %



Concrete Mix Design (Cont..) Step 6 – Combination of Different Coarse Aggregate Fraction It can be done based on IS 383






Concrete Mix Design (Cont..) Combined Grading of CA & FA



Concrete Mix Design (Cont..) Step 7 – Estimation of Fine Aggregate Proportion

a Volume of Concrete = 1 m3 b Volume of Cement = (Mass of Cement / SG of Cement) * 1/1000 c Volume of Water = (Mass of Water / SG of Water) * 1/1000 d Volume of Chemical ixture (2 % of Mass of cementations material) = (Mass of ixt. / SG of ixt) * 1/1000

e Volume of All in Aggregates = [a - ( b + c + d )] f Mass of Coarse aggregate = e * Volume of

coarse aggregate * SG of coarse

aggregate * 1000

g

Mass of fine aggregate = e * Volume of fine aggregate * SG of fine aggregate * 1000



Proportions for Nominal Mix Concrete



Example for Nominal Mixes      

Grade of Concrete: M 20 Total Aggregate (CA + FA) per 50 kg cement: 250 kg, FA of Zone II (say) Water content: 30 lit per 50 kg cement w/c ratio= 30/50= 0.60 Considering FA: CA= 1: 2, Sand= (250 X 1)/ 3= 83 kg Coarse Aggregate= (250 X 2)/ 3= 167 kg



Example for Nominal Mixes



References • ACC Concrete Manuals • N Subramanian-Basics of Concrete • CONCRETE BASICS: A Guide to Concrete Practice-Cement Concrete & Aggregates Australia • Bureau of Indian Standard Codes (BIS Codes) • American Concrete Institute (ACI) • www.cement.org • www.concrete.org • Concrete Technology- M S Shetty • Properties of Concrete- A M Neville

Videos for Reference: Fresh Properties of Concrete https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fafSGNna-gY Hardened Properties of Concrete https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eYfbypCnDfo Instructor: Mr. J S Kalyana Rama


BITS Pilani Hyderabad Campus

THANK YOU!

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