NUMBER AND ALGEBRA „ß.5-"%2ß!.$ß0,!#%ß6!,5%

3

3A Index notation 3B Prime numbers and composite numbers 3C Squares and square roots 3D Cubes and cube roots WHAT DO YOU KNOW ?

)NDICESßANDß PRIMES

1 List what you know about indices and prime numbers. Create a concept map to show your list. 2 Share what you know with a partner and then with a small group. 3 As a class, create a large concept map that shows your class’s knowledge of indices and prime numbers. eBook plus

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/0%.).'ß15%34)/.

An infection in your body can result in bacteria doubling every 20 minutes. Using your calculator, work out how many bacteria you would have in your body in 24 hours if you received no medical treatment. Why does your calculator give you an answer of 4.722366483E+21?


!REßYOUßREADY?

Try the questions below. If you have difficulty with any of them, you can obtain extra help by completing the matching SkillSHEET located on your eBookPLUS. eBoo k plus eBook

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68

Finding the square of a number 1 Find the value of each of the following. a 4ì4 b 12 ì 12 c 7ì7 Finding the square root of a number 2 Find the value of the missing number represented by the symbol D in each of the following. a If 6 ì D = 36 then D = ? b If D ì 9 = 81 then D = ? c If D ì D = 25 then D = ? d If D ì D = 64 then D = ? Finding the cube of a number 3 Find the value of each of the following. a 5ì5ì5 b 11 ì 11 ì 11 c 3ì3ì3 Finding the cube root of a number 4 Find the value of the missing number represented by the symbol D in each of the following. a If 6 ì D ì D = 216 then D = ? b If D ì 9 ì 9 = 729 then D = ? c If D ì D ì D = 8 then D = ? d If D ì D ì D = 64 then D = ? Order of operations with squares and square roots 5 Evaluate each of the following. a 10 ì 10 + 7 b 9ì9+2ì2 c 35 - 3 ì 3 Consecutive numbers 6 a Write three consecutive numbers, beginning with 5. b Write four consecutive even numbers, beginning with 14. c Write three consecutive odd numbers, beginning with 37.

-ATHSß1UESTßßFORßTHEß!USTRALIANß#URRICULUM


)NDEXßNOTATION

3A

■ ■

An index is a shorthand way of writing a repeated multiplication. The base is the number that is being multiplied and the index (or power) is the number of times it is multiplied. index (or power) 2 ì 2 ì 2 ì 2 = 24 base

7/2+%$ß%8!-0,%ß

Write the following using index notation. a 5ì5ì5ì5ì5ì5ì5

b 3ì3ì3ì3ì7ì7

4().+ a

b

72)4%

1

Write the multiplication.

2

Write the number being multiplied as the base and the number of times it is written as the index.

1

Write the multiplication.

2

Write the number being multiplied as the base and the number of times it is written as the index. ■

a

5ì5ì5ì5ì5ì5ì5 = 57

b

3ì3ì3ì3ì7ì7 = 34 ì 72

By using place value, you can write numbers in expanded form with index notation. 2700 = 2000 + 700 = 2 ì 10 ì 10 ì 10 + 7 ì 10 ì 10 = 2 ì 103 + 7 ì 102

7/2+%$ß%8!-0,%ß

Write the following numbers in expanded form using index notation. a 59 176 b 108 009 4().+ a

b

72)4% a

1

Read the number to yourself, stating the place values.

2

Write the number as the sum of each place value.

59 176 = 50 000 + 9000 + 100 + 70 + 6

3

Write each place value in multiples of 10.

59 176 = 5 ì 10 ì 10 ì 10 ì 10 + 9 ì 10 ì 10 ì 10 + 1 ì 10 ì 10 + 7 ì 10 + 6

4

Write each place value in index notation.

59 176 = 5 ì 104 + 9 ì 103 + 1 ì 102 + 7 ì 101 + 6

1

Read the number to yourself stating the place values.

2

Write the number as the sum of each place value.

108 009 = 100 000 + 8000 + 9

3

Write each place value in multiples of 10.

108 009 = 1 ì 10 ì 10 ì 10 ì 10 ì 10 + 8 ì 10 ì 10 ì 10 + 9

4

Write each place value in index notation.

108 009 = 1 ì 105 + 8 ì 103 + 9

b

#HAPTERß

)NDICESßANDßPRIMES

69


7/2+%$ß%8!-0,%ß

Simplify each of the following by first writing as a repeated multiplication and then using index notation. a 34 ì 36 b (43)3 c (3 ì 5)2 4().+ a

b

c

72)4% a

34 ì 36

1

Write the question.

2

Write the question using repeated multiplication (that is, in expanded form).

= (3 ì 3 ì 3 ì 3) ì (3 ì 3 ì 3 ì 3 ì 3 ì 3) =3ì3ì3ì3ì3ì3ì3ì3ì3ì3

3

Write the repeated multiplication using index notation. Note: 34 ì 36 = 310.

= 310

1

Write the question.

2


= 43 ì 43 ì 43 = (4 ì 4 ì 4) ì (4 ì 4 ì 4) ì (4 ì 4 ì 4) =4ì4ì4ì4ì4ì4ì4ì4ì4

3

Write the repeated multiplication using index notation. Note: (43)3 = 49.

= 49

1

Write the question.

2


= (3 ì 5) ì (3 ì 5) =3ì5ì3ì5 =3ì3ì5ì5

3

Write the repeated multiplication using index notation. Note: (3 ì 5)2 = 32 ì 52.

= 32 ì 52

b

c

(43)3

(3 ì 5)2

1. Index notation is a shorthand way of writing a repeated multiplication. 2. The number being multiplied is the base of the expression; the number of times it has been written is the index (or power). %8%2#)3%ß

3A ).$)6)$5!,ß 0!4(7!93 eBoo k plus eBook

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Famous astronomer doc-1675 Activity 3-A-2

Famous mathematician doc-1676 Activity 3-A-3

Famous physicist doc-1677

70

)NDEXßNOTATION &,5%.#9 1 7%ßAß Write 7 ì 7 ì 7 ì 7 using index notation. 2 Write each of the following using index notation. a 2ì2ì2ì2 b 8ì8ì8ì8ì8ì8 c 10 ì 10 ì 10 ì 10 ì 10 d 3ì3ì3ì3ì3ì3ì3ì3ì3 e 6ì6ì6ì6ì6ì6ì6 f 13 ì 13 ì 13 g 12 ì 12 ì 12 ì 12 ì 12 ì 12 h 9ì9ì9ì9ì9ì9ì9ì9 3 7%ßBß Write 4 ì 4 ì 4 ì 4 ì 4 ì 6 ì 6 ì 6 using index notation.


NUMBER AND ALGEBRA „ß.5-"%2ß!.$ß0,!#%ß6!,5% 4 Write the following using index notation. a 2ì2ì3 c 5ì5ì2ì2ì2ì2 e 5 ì 11 ì 11 ì 3 ì 3 ì 3 g 2ì2ì2ì3ì3ì5 5 6 7

8

3ì3ì3ì3ì2ì2 7ì2ì2ì2 13 ì 5 ì 5 ì 5 ì 7 ì 7 3ì3ì2ì2ì5ì5ì5 5 Write 6 using a repeated multiplication (that is, in expanded form). Write each of the following using repeated multiplication (that is, in expanded form). a 113 b 49 c 56 7%ß Write the following numbers in expanded form using index notation. a 300 b 4500 c 6785 d 10 000 e 31 702 f 200 301 WE3 Simplify each of the following by first writing as a repeated multiplication and then using index notation. a 58 ì 53 b 72 ì 76 c 48 ì 45 7 3 3 8 d (2 ) e (11 ) f (95)3 6 4 g (3 ì 13) h (2 ì 5) i (5 ì 7)5 b d f h

5.$%234!.$).' 9 a -#ß Which of the following expressions has the greatest value? A 28 B 82 C 34 D 43

E 92

b Justify your answer using mathematical reasoning. 10 -#ß The value of 44 is: A 8 B 16

C 64

ì 12 Evaluate each of the following. a 34 ì 43 b 35 + 93 4 3 d 6 -9 e 53 + 25 ì 92 11 Find the value of

23

D 256

E 484

32.

c 83 ó 25 f 27 - 45 ó 26

2%!3/.).' 13 We know that 122 = 144 and 212 = 441. It is also true that 132 = 169 and 312 = 961.

If 142 = 196 will 412 = 691? Try to justify your answer without calculating 412. 14 There is a shortcut that allows you to square any number that ends in 5. Look at the following examples 2%&,%#4)/. and see if you can identify the rule. Use your rule to 2 2 evaluate 75 and 95 . Why do we use index notation? 152 = 225, 252 = 625, 352 = 1225, 452 = 2025

3B

0RIMEßNUMBERSßANDßCOMPOSITEß NUMBERS 0RIMEßNUMBERS ■

■ ■ ■ ■ ■

A prime number is a counting number that has exactly 2 factors, itself and 1. (Counting numbers are 1, 2, 3, 4, . . . .) The number 3 is a prime number. Its only factors are 3 and 1. The number 2 is the only even prime number. Its only factors are 2 and 1. A composite number is one which has more than two factors. The number 4 is composite. Its factors are 1, 2 and 4. The number 1 is a special number. It is neither a prime number nor a composite number because it has only one factor, 1. #HAPTERß


71


7/2+%$ß%8!-0,%ß

List the prime numbers between 50 and 70. 4().+

72)4%

1

The only even prime number is 2. The prime numbers between 50 and 70 will be odd. Numbers ending in 5 are divisible by 5 so 55 and 65 are not primes.

2

Check the remaining odd numbers between 20 and 40: 51 = 3 ì 17 53 is prime 57 = 3 ì 19 61 is prime 63 = 7 ì 9 67 is prime 69 = 3 ì 23

The prime numbers are 53, 57, 63, 69.

7/2+%$ß%8!-0,%ß

State whether the following numbers are prime or composite. a 45 b 37 c 86 4().+

72)4%

a Factors of 45 are 1, 3, 5, 9, 15 and 45.

a

45 is composite.

b The only factors of 37 are 1 and 37.

b

37 is prime.

c All even numbers except 2 are composite.

c

86 is composite.

#OMPOSITEßNUMBERSßANDßFACTORßTREES ■

■ ■ ■

Every composite number can be written as the product of powers of prime numbers; for example, 12 = 2 ì 2 ì 3 = 22 ì 3. A factor tree shows the prime factors of a composite number. Each branch shows a factor of all the numbers above it. The last numbers in a factor tree are all prime numbers.

7/2+%$ß%8!-0,%ß a Find the prime factors of 50 by drawing a factor tree. b Write 50 as a product of its prime factors. 4().+ a

1

Find a factor pair of the given number and begin the factor tree (50 = 5 ì 10).

72)4% 50

a

5 72


10


2

3

4

b

If a branch is prime, no other factors can be found (5 is prime). If a branch is composite, find factors of that number; 10 is composite so 10 = 5 ì 2.

50

5

10

Continue until all branches end in a prime number, then stop.

5

Write the prime factors.

Write 50 as a product of prime factors found in part a.

2

The prime factors of 50 are 2 and 5. 50 = 5 ì 5 ì 2 = 52 ì 2

b

7/2+%$ß%8!-0,%ß

Write 72 as a product of its prime factors in index form. 4().+ 1

72)4%

Draw a factor tree. When all factors are prime numbers you have found the prime factors.

72 8

9 4 3

2 2 2

Write 72 as a product of its prime factors in index form.

3

2

72 = 23 ì 32

7/2+%$ß%8!-0,%ß

Write 360 as a product of prime factors using index notation. 4().+ 1

72)4%

Find a factor pair and begin the factor tree. If the number on the branch is a prime number, stop. If not, continue until a prime number is reached.

360

60 5

12 4 2

6 3

2

3 2

2

Write the number as a product of prime factors.

360 = 2 ì 2 ì 2 ì 3 ì 3 ì 5

3

Write your answer using index notation.

360 = 23 ì 32 ì 5 #HAPTERß


73


,OWESTßCOMMONßMULTIPLEßANDßHIGHESTßCOMMONßFACTORSß USINGßPRIMEßFACTORISATION ■

■

■

■

It can be difficult to find the lowest common multiple (LCM) or the highest common factor (HCF) of large numbers by inspection alone. By expressing large numbers as products of their prime factors, it can be easier to determine their LCM or HCF. The HCF of two numbers expressed as the products of their prime factors is the product of the prime factors common to both numbers. The LCM of two numbers expressed as the products of their prime factors is the product of the prime factors that are factors of either number.

7/2+%$ß%8!-0,%ß

Determine the highest common factor and lowest common multiple of 270 and 900. 4().+

72)4%

1

Write 270 and 900 as products of their prime factors.

270 = 2 ì 3 ì 3 ì 3 ì 5 900 = 2 ì 2 ì 3 ì 3 ì 5 ì 5

2

Circle the prime factors common to both numbers.

270 = 2 ì 3 ì 3 ì3ì 5 900 = 2 ì 2 ì 3 ì 3 ì 5 ì 5

3

For the HCF, multiply the prime factors common to both numbers.

2 ì 3 ì 3 ì 5 = 90 The HCF of 270 and 900 is 90.

4

For the LCM, multiply the prime factors that are factors of either number.

2 ì 3 ì 3 ì 5 ì 2 ì 3 ì 5 = 2700 The LCM of 270 and 900 is 2700.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

A prime number is a whole number which has exactly two factors, itself and 1. A composite number is one which has more than two factors. 20 The number 1 is neither a prime number nor a composite number. A factor tree shows the prime factors of a composite number. The last numbers in the factor tree are all prime numbers, therefore 4 they are prime factors of the original number. 6. Every composite number can be written as a product of prime 2 2 factors; for example, 20 = 2 ì 2 ì 5. 7. The product of prime factors can be written in shorter form using index notation. 8. Lowest common multiples and highest common factors can be determined by expressing numbers as the products of their prime factors. %8%2#)3%ß

3B

0RIMEßNUMBERSßANDßCOMPOSITEßNUMBERS &,5%.#9 1 7%ßß Find four prime numbers that are between 20 and 40. 2 7%ß State whether each of the following numbers is prime or composite. a 9 b 13 c 27 d 55 e 41 f 64 g 49 h 93 i 51 j 79 k 243 l 101

74


5


).$)6)$5!,ß 0!4(7!93 eBoo k plus eBook

Activity 3-B-1

Prime numbers and composite numbers doc-1678 Activity 3-B-2

More prime numbers and composite numbers doc-1679 Activity 3-B-3

Advanced prime numbers and composite numbers doc-1680

3 7%ß i Find the prime factors of each of the following numbers by drawing a factor tree. ii Write each one as a product of its prime factors. a 15 b 30 c 24 d 100 e 49 f 72 g 18 h 56 i 45 j 84 k 98 l 112 4 7%ß i Find the prime factors of the following numbers by drawing a factor tree. ii Express the number as a product of its prime factors. a 40 b 35 c 32 d 121 e 110 f 150 g 3000 h 64 i 96 j 196 k 90 l 75 5 Find the prime factors of each of the following numbers. a 48 b 200 d 81 e 18 g 27 h 300 j 120 k 50

42 39 60 80

c f i l

6 7%ß Write the following as a product of prime factors using index notation. a 60 b 50 c 75 d 220 e 192 f 72 g 124 h 200 5.$%234!.$).' 7 7%ß By expressing the following pairs of numbers as products of their prime factors,

determine their lowest common multiple and their highest common factor. a 36 and 84 b 48 and 60 c 120 and 400 d 220 and 800 8 Can you find four prime numbers that are even? Explain. 9 Answer true (T) or false (F) for each of the following. a All odd numbers are prime numbers. b No even numbers are prime numbers. c 1, 2, 3 and 5 are the first four prime numbers. d A prime number has two factors only. e 2 is the only even prime number f The sum of two prime numbers is always even. g The product of two prime numbers is always odd. h There are no consecutive prime numbers. 10 -#ß a The number of primes less than 10 is: A 4 B 3 C 5 b The first three prime numbers are: A 1, 3, 5 B 2, 3, 4

C 2, 3, 5

D 2

E 1

D 3, 5, 7

E 2, 5, 7

c The number 15 can be written as the sum of two prime numbers. These are: A 3 + 12 B 1 + 14 C 13 + 2 D 7+8 E 9+6 d Factors of 12 that are prime numbers are: A 1, 2, 3, 4 B 2, 3, 6 D 2, 4, 6, 12 E 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12

C 2, 3

11 Twin primes are pairs of primes that are separated from each other by one even number. For

example, 3 and 5 are twin primes. Find two more pairs of twin primes. #HAPTERß


75

NUMBER AND ALGEBRA „ß.5-"%2ß!.$ß0,!#%ß6!,5% 12 a Which of the numbers 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 cannot be the difference between two consecutive

prime numbers? Explain. b For each of the numbers that can be a difference between two consecutive primes, give an

example of a pair of primes less than 100 with such a difference. 13 The following numbers are not primes. Each of them is the product of two primes. Find the

two primes in each case. a 365 b 187 14 An easy way to find prime numbers is to use the ‘Sieve of Eratosthenes’. Eratosthenes discovered a simple method of sifting out all of the composite numbers so that only prime numbers are left. Alternatively, you can use the Excel file on your eBookPLUS. You can follow the steps below to find all prime numbers between 1 and 100. a Copy the numbers from 1 to 100 in a grid as shown below. Use 1-centimetre square grid paper. 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

34

35

36

37

38

39

40

41

42

43

44

45

46

47

48

49

50

51

52

53

54

55

56

57

58

59

60

61

62

63

64

65

66

67

68

69

70

71

72

73

74

75

76

77

78

79

80

81

82

83

84

85

86

87

88

89

90

91

92

93

94

95

96

97

98

99

100

b Cross out 1 as shown. It is not a prime number. c Circle the first prime number, 2. Then cross out all of the multiples of 2. d Circle the next prime number, 3. Now cross out all of the multiples of 3 that have not

already been crossed out.

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e The number 4 is already crossed out. Circle the next prime number, 5. Cross out all of the

multiples of 5 that are not already crossed out. The next number that is not crossed out is 7. Circle 7 and cross out all of the multiples of 7 that are not already crossed out. g Do you need to check the multiples of any primes greater than 7? Why or why not? 15 -#ß a A factor tree for 21 is: f

A

B

21

7

3

D

1 E

21

3 1 76

3

1

7

21


21 3

21

3ì1

21

1

7

C

21

7

7ì1

NUMBER AND ALGEBRA • NUMBER AND PLACE VALUE b A factor tree for 36 is: A 36

2

B

18

C

36

9

4

D

36

36

9 2

3 E

4

18 3

2

2

36

2

18 2

9

c The prime factors of 16 are: A 1, 2 D 1, 2, 4, 8, 16

B 1, 2, 4 E 2, 4, 8

C 2

d The prime factors of 28 are: A 1, 28 D 1, 2, 7

B 2, 7 E 2, 7, 14

C 1, 2, 14

REASONING eBoo k plus eBook

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16 What is the largest three-digit prime number in which each digit is a prime number? 17 Find a prime number greater than 10 where the sum

of the digits equals 11. 18 My age is a prime number. I am older than 50. The sum of the digits in my age is also a prime number. If you add a multiple of 13 to my age the result is 100. How old am I?

REFLECTION What strategies will you use to help recall the difference between prime and composite numbers?

Prime number sequence: 1–1000

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Weblink Prime number game

1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 43, 47, 53, 59, 61, 67, 71, 73, 79, 83, 89, 97, 101, 103, 107, 109, 113, 127, 131, 137, 139, 149, 151, 157, 163, 167, 173, 179, 181, 191, 193, 197, 199, 211, 223, 227, 229, 233, 239, 241, 251, 257, 263, 269, 271, 277, 281, 283, 293, 307, 311, 313, 317, 331, 337, 347, 349, 353, 359, 367, 373, 379, 383, 389, 397, 401, 409, 419, 421, 431, 433, 439, 443, 449, 457, 461, 463, 467, 479, 487, 491, 499, 503, 509, 521, 523, 541, 547, 557, 563, 569, 571, 577, 587, 593, 599, 601, 607, 613, 617, 619, 631, 641, 643, 647, 653, 659, 661, 673, 677, 683, 691, 701, 709, 719, 727, 733, 739, 743, 751, 757, 761, 769, 773, 787, 797, 809, 811, 821, 823, 827, 829, 839, 853, 857, 859, 863, 877, 881, 883, 887, 907, 911, 919, 929, 937, 941, 947, 953, 967, 971, 977, 983, 991, 997 Chapter 3

5_61_62819_MQ7AC_ch03.indd 77

Indices and primes

77

17/02/11 2:00 PM


#

3QUARESßANDßSQUAREßROOTS 3QUAREßNUMBERS ■

Square numbers are numbers that can be arranged in a square, as shown below.

12 = 1

22 = 4

32 = 9

42 = 16 ■ ■ ■ ■ ■

The first square number, 1, equals 1 ì 1. The second square number, 4, equals 2 ì 2. The third square number, 9, equals 3 ì 3. The fourth square number, 16, equals 4 ì 4. If this pattern is continued, any square number can be found by multiplying the position of the square number by itself. This is known as squaring a number and is written by an index (or power) of 2. For example, 3 ì 3 can be written as 32.

7/2+%$ß%8!-0,%ß

Find the square numbers between 90 and 150. 4().+ 1

Use your knowledge of tables to find the first square number after 90.

102 = 10 ì 10 = 100

2

Find the square numbers which come after that one but before 150.

112 = 11 ì 11 = 121 122 = 12 ì 12 = 144 132 = 13 ì 13 = 169

3

78

72)4%

Write the answer in a sentence.


(too big)

The square numbers between 90 and 150 are 100, 121 and 144.


7/2+%$ß%8!-0,%ß

Write the two whole numbers between which 5.72 will lie. 4().+

72)4%

1

Write the whole numbers either side of 5.7.

5.7 is between 5 and 6.

2

Consider the square of each whole number.

5.72 is between 52 and 62.

3

Simplify 52 and 62 then write the answer in a sentence.

So 5.72 is between 25 and 36.

4

your answer with a calculator.

3QUAREßROOTS ■ ■

■

■

Evaluating the square root of a number is the opposite of squaring a number. By writing 42 = 16, we mean that 4 multiplied by itself is equal to 16. The opposite of this is to say that the square root of 16 is 4, or 16 = 4. Using the illustrations of the squares above, a square of area 16 square units must have a side length of 4 units. To find the square roots of larger numbers, it helps to break the number up as a product of two smaller square roots with which we are more familiar. For example, 900 = 9 ì 100 = 3 ì 10 = 30

7/2+%$ß%8!-0,%ß

Find: a

49

b

3600 .

4().+ a b

Find a number which when multiplied by itself gives 49 (7 ì 7 = 49).

72)4% a b

49 = 7

1

Write 3600 as the product of two smaller numbers for which we can find the square root.

2

Take the square root of each of these numbers.

= 6 ì 10

3

Find the product.

= 60

3600 =

36 ì 100

7/2+%$ß%8!-0,%ß

Between which two numbers will 74 lie? 4().+ 1

Write the square numbers either side of 74.

2

Consider the square root of each number.

3

Simplify 64 and 81.

4

your answer with a calculator.

72)4%

74 is between 64 and 81. 74 is between 64 and 81. So 74 is between 8 and 9.

#HAPTERß


79


1. Square numbers are written using an index (or power) of 2 and are found by multiplying the number by itself. 2. The opposite of squaring a number is finding the square root of a number. 3. To find the square root of a number we can use our knowledge of square numbers or use a calculator. %8%2#)3%ß

# ).$)6)$5!,ß 0!4(7!93 eBoo k plus eBook

Activity 3-C-1

Squares and square roots doc-1681 Activity 3-C-2

More squares and square roots doc-1682 Activity 3-C-3

Advanced squares and square roots doc-1683

3QUARESßANDßSQUAREßROOTS &,5%.#9 1 Evaluate and your answers with a calculator. a 82 b 112 c 152

d 252

2 7%ßß a Find the square numbers between 50 and 100. b Find the square numbers between 160 and 200. 3 7%ßß Write two whole square numbers between which each of the following will lie. a 6.42 b 7.82 c 9.22 d 12.52 4 7%ßAß Find: a

25

81

b

c

144

d

400

d

160 000

5 7%ßBß Find and your answers with a calculator. a

4900

b

14 400

c

360 000

6 7%ßß Between which two numbers will 60 lie? 7 Write the two whole numbers between which each of the following will lie. a

14

b

90

c

200

2

d

5.$%234!.$).' 8 a Find the even square numbers between 10 and 70. b Find the odd square numbers between 50 and 120. 9 -#ß For which of the following square roots can we calculate an exact answer? A

10

B

25

C

50

D

75

E

82

10 -#ß For which of the following square roots can we NOT calculate the exact value? A

160

B

400

C

900

D

11 Evaluate the following. your answers with a calculator. a 22 +

25

b 92 - 36 c 52 ì 22 ì

49

d 32 + 22 ì 16 e 32 - 22 ó f 80

4 + 49

9 ì 42 - 144 ó 22


2500

E

3600

NUMBER AND ALGEBRA „ß.5-"%2ß!.$ß0,!#%ß6!,5% 2%!3/.).' 12 Explain why we cannot find the exact value of 10 . 13 Megan has 3 game scores that happen to be square numbers. The first 2 scores have the same

three digits. The total of the 3 scores is 590. What are the 3 scores? 14 The difference of the squares of two consecutive odd numbers is 32. What are the two odd numbers?

2%&,%#4)/. Because square numbers form a shape (or figure), they are called figurate numbers. Can you think of any other figurate numbers?

3D

#UBESßANDßCUBEßROOTS #UBICßNUMBERS ■

Cubic numbers are numbers that can be arranged in a cube, as shown below.

13 = 1

23 = 8

33 = 27

#HAPTERß


81


■ ■ ■ ■

The first cubic number, 1, equals 1 ì 1 ì 1. The second cubic number, 8, equals 2 ì 2 ì 2. The third square number, 27, equals 3 ì 3 ì 3. If this pattern is continued, any cubic number can be found by writing the position of the cubic number 3 times and multiplying. This is known as cubing a number and is written by an index (or power) of 3. For example, 43 = 4 ì 4 ì 4 = 64.

7/2+%$ß%8!-0,%ß

Find the value of 53. 4().+

72)4%

1

Write 53 as the product of three lots of 5.

2

Evaluate.

53 = 5 ì 5 ì 5 = 125

#UBEßROOTS ■ ■

■

■

The opposite of cubing a number is finding the cube root of a number. The cube root is found by looking for a number that can be written three times and multiplied to produce the given number. The cube root symbol is similar to the square root symbol but with a small 3 written in front, as shown: 3 . From the worked example, we can see that 3 125 = 5.

7/2+%$ß%8!-0,%ß

Find 3 27 . 4().+

72)4%

27 = 3 ì 3 ì 3

Look for a number that when written three times and multiplied gives 27.

3

27 = 3

1. When a number is written three times and multiplied, this is called cubing a number and is written using an index (or power) of 3. 2. The opposite of cubing a number is finding the cube root of a number. This is calculated using our knowledge of cubic numbers or using a calculator. %8%2#)3%ß

3D

#UBESßANDßCUBEßROOTS &,5%.#9 1 7%ßß Find the value of 43. 2 Find the value of: a 23

b 33

3 Write the first 10 cubic numbers. 4 7%ßß Find 3 8 . 82


c 63

d 103


).$)6)$5!,ß 0!4(7!93 eBoo k plus eBook

Activity 3-D-1

Cubes and cube roots doc-1684 Activity 3-D-2

More cubes and cube roots doc-1685 Activity 3-D-3

Advanced cubes and cube roots doc-1686

5.$%234!.$).' 5 Find each of the following. your answers with a calculator. a 3 64 b

3

216

c

3

343

3

d 729 (Hint: Use your answer to question 3.) 2%!3/.).' 6 The first 5 square numbers are 1, 4, 9, 16, 25. If we find the difference between these numbers,

we get 4 – 1 = 3, 9 – 4 = 5, 16 – 9 = 7 and 25 – 16 = 9. These numbers all differ by 2. Representing this in a table, we get: Square numbers First difference Second difference

eBoo k plus eBook

Digital doc

WorkSHEET 3.2 doc-1688

1

4 3

9 5

2

16 7

2

25 9

2

Repeat this process for the first 6 cubic numbers. How many times did you need to find the difference until they were equal? If you look at 14, 24, 34, 44, . . ., how many differences would you need to find until it they were equal? 2%&,%#4)/. What would be the first 4 numbers that could be arranged as a triangle-based pyramid (all triangles equilateral)?

#HAPTERß


83


3UMMARY Index notation ■ ■

Index notation is a shorthand way of writing a repeated multiplication. The number being multiplied is the base of the expression; the number of times it has been written is the index (or power). Prime numbers and composite numbers

■ ■ ■ ■ ■

■

■ ■

A prime number is a whole number which has exactly two factors, itself and 1. 20 A composite number is one which has more than two factors. The number 1 is neither a prime number nor a composite number. A factor tree shows the prime factors of a composite number. 4 The last numbers in the factor tree are all prime numbers, therefore they are prime factors of the original number. 2 2 Every composite number can be written as a product of prime factors; for example, 20 = 2 ì 2 ì 5. The product of prime factors can be written in shorter form using index notation. Lowest common multiples and highest common factors can be determined by expressing numbers as the products of their prime factors.

5

Squares and square roots ■

■ ■

Square numbers are written using an index (or power) of 2 and are found by multiplying the number by itself. The opposite of squaring a number is finding the square root of a number. To find the square root of a number we can use our knowledge of square numbers or use a calculator. Cubes and cube roots

■

■

When a number is written three times and multiplied, this is called cubing a number and is written using an index (or power) of 3. The opposite of cubing a number is finding the cube root of a number. This is calculated using our knowledge of cubic numbers or using a calculator. MAPPING YOUR UNDERSTANDING

Homework Book

84

Using from the summary above, and other if you wish, construct a concept map that illustrates your understanding of the key concepts covered in this chapter. Compare your concept map with the one that you created in What do you know? on this chapter’s opening page. Have you completed the two Homework sheets, the Rich task and two Code puzzles in your Maths Quest 7 Homework book?



#HAPTERßREVIEW &,5%.#9

02/",%-ß3/,6).' 1 I am a three-digit number. I am divisible by 6. My

1 Evaluate:

62

a c 192

142

b d 802

2 Write the two whole numbers between which each

of the following will lie. a 3.82 c 10.62

5.12

b d 15.22

3 Find: a

49

b

256

c

900

d

1369

4 Evaluate: a 43 c 153

b 73 d 303

5 Find each of the following. a

3

c

3

27 1000

b

3

125

d

3

8000

6 Write the following using index notation. a 2ì3ì3ì3 b 5ì5ì6ì6ì6ì6 c 2ì5ì5ì5ì9ì9ì9 7 Use your calculator to evaluate: a 35 c 84

b 73 d 115

8 List all of the prime numbers less than 30. 9 How many single digit prime numbers are there? 10 Find the prime number which comes next after 50. 11 Find the prime factors of: a 99 c 125

middle digit is a prime number. The sum of my digits is 9. I am between 400 and 500. My digits are in descending order. What number am I? 2 Explain why we cannot find the exact value of 10 . 3 Write down the following numbers in the order of

size, starting with the smallest. 5, 64, 2, 3 27 4 Find the smallest possible number which, when multiplied by 120, will give a result that is a perfect square. Now find the smallest possible number that will give a result that is a perfect cube. 5 List the prime numbers up to 100. Some prime

numbers are separated by a difference of 2 or 6. (For example, 5 - 3 = 2 and 19 - 17 = 2.) a Find the prime number pairs up to 100 that have a difference of 2. b Find the prime number pairs up to 100 that have a difference of 6. c Why are there no prime number pairs with a difference of 7? 6 What is the smallest natural number that is both a

perfect square and a perfect cube? What is the next smallest number? 7 The last digit of 42 is 6. What is the last digit of

4100?

8 Complete the following sequence 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13,

___, ___, ___ 9 Write each of the numbers 250, 375 and 625 as a

b 63 d 124

12 Express 280 as a product of prime factors. 13 Express 144 as a product of prime factors in index

form. 14 Write the following numbers in expanded form

using index notation. a 1344 b 30 601

product of prime factors in index form. Find the highest common prime factor. Find the HCF. 10 A motor boat requires an engine service every

5000 nautical miles, refueling every 300 nautical miles and an oil change after 2250 nautical miles. How many nautical miles will the motor boat have travelled before all three services are required simultaneously?

15 Determine the highest common factor and lowest

common multiple of the following pairs of numbers by first expressing each number as a product of its prime numbers. a 120 and 384 b 72 and 224 #HAPTERß )NDICESßANDßPRIMES

85

NUMBER AND ALGEBRA „ß.5-"%2ß!.$ß0,!#%ß6!,5% 11 By folding a sheet of paper in half, you divide it

into 2 regions. a If you fold it in half again, how many regions are there? b Set up a table similar to the one below and fill it in. How many times can you fold the page in half? c How does the number of regions increase with each new fold? d Write a formula for the number of regions (R) for n folds. n (number of folds)

R (number of regions made)

0

1

1

2

2

4

3 4 5 6

86


12 Look at this table. As you read down each column,

you’ll notice that the equations follow a pattern. Continue the patterns to complete the table. 25 = 32

35 = 243

24 = 16

34 = 81

23 = 8

3? = 27

22 =

32 =

21 =

31 =

20 =

30 =

2–1 =

3–1 =

What do you suppose 50 equals? What does 2–2 equal?

eBoo k plus eBook

Interactivities

Test yourself Chapter 3 int-2737 Word search Chapter 3 int-2587 Crossword Chapter 3 int-2588

eBook plus

!#4)6)4)%3

Chapter Opener Digital docs

™ Hungry brain activity Chapter 3 (doc-6426) (page 67) Are you ready?

(page 68) SkillSHEET 3.1 (doc-6427) Finding the square of a number SkillSHEET 3.2 (doc-6428) Finding the square root of a number SkillSHEET 3.3 (doc-6429) Finding the cube of a number SkillSHEET 3.4 (doc-6430) Finding the cube root of a number SkillSHEET 3.5 (doc-6431) Order of operations with squares and square roots SkillSHEET 3.6 (doc-6432) Consecutive numbers

Digital docs

™ ™ ™ ™ ™ ™

3A

Index notation

Digital docs (page 70) ™ Activity 3-A-1 (doc-1675) Famous astronomer ™ Activity 3-A-2 (doc-1676) Famous mathematician ™ Activity 3-A-3 (doc-1677) Famous physicist

3B

Prime numbers and composite numbers

Digital docs

™ Activity 3-B-1 (doc-1678) Prime numbers and composite numbers (page 75) ™ Activity 3-B-2 (doc-1679) More prime numbers and composite numbers (page 75) ™ Activity 3-B-3 (doc-1680) Advanced prime numbers and composite numbers (page 75)

™ Spreadsheet Sieve of Eratosthenes (doc-1689) (page 76) ™ WorkSHEET 3.1 (doc-1687) (page 77) Weblink

™ Prime number game (page 77) 3C

Squares and square roots

(page 80) ™ Activity 3-C-1 (doc-1681) Squares and square roots ™ Activity 3-C-2 (doc-1682) More squares and square roots ™ Activity 3-C-3 (doc-1683) Advanced squares and square roots Digital docs

3D

Cubes and cube roots

(page 83) ™ Activity 3-D-1 (doc-1684) Cubes and cube roots ™ Activity 3-D-2 (doc-1685) More cubes and cube roots ™ Activity 3-D-3 (doc-1686) Advanced cubes and cube roots ™ WorkSHEET 3.2 (doc-1688) (page 83) Digital docs

Chapter review

(page 86) ™ Test yourself Chapter 3 (int-2737) Take the end-ofchapter test to test your progress. ™ Word search Chapter 3 (int-2587) ™ Crossword Chapter 3 (int-2588) Interactivities

To access eBookPLUS activities, log on to www.jalus.com.au

#HAPTERß )NDICESßANDßPRIMES

87

eBook plus

)#4ß!#4)6)49

7EßAREßNOTßALONE SEARCHLIGHT ID: PRO-0096

images from the planet indicate that the planet’s inhabitants have two hands like Earthlings. At this stage the images are not clear enough to show how many fingers they have. Scientists are assuming that they may have developed a number system based on the number of fingers on each hand, just like the Earthlings did centuries ago.

Scenario ‘ALERT! ALERT! Those alien Earthlings have finally discovered our planet! We must send them a message of peace immediately! WHAT? They do not use our language? Find one that they will understand. Look at their number systems, surely they must have one!’ The year is 2123AD. Earthlings have colonised the Moon and Mars. Earth scientists have now discovered that we are not alone in the Universe. Not much is known about the inhabitants of the planet, but new

88


Your research centre has the best mathematical team on Earth, so it will be up to you to communicate with these inhabitants and the best way is by numbers. Until more detailed images arrive you must research and prepare for whatever number system may be required.

Task You will need to research the development of number systems as part of your background knowledge leading to an understanding of these number systems. From your research, you will create an e-poster that will inform your partner of your findings. You will then create a worksheet to ensure your partner’s understanding of the number systems you have researched.

■

■

■ ■

■

■

Process ■

■

Open the ProjectsPLUS application for this chapter in your eBookPLUS. Watch the introductory video lesson, click the ‘Start Project’ button and then set up your project team. You will invite another member of your class to form a partnership. Save your settings and the project will be launched. Team member 1 will research the ancient number systems of the Mayans, Romans and Egyptians and report back to your partner.

■

■ ■

■

Team member 2 will SUGGESTED research the modern SOFTWARE era number systems of ‡ ProjectsPLUS the Chinese, Hindu/ ‡ 0LFURVRIW:RUG Arabic and Binary and ‡ 0LFURVRIW report back to your PowerPoint partner. ‡ 0LFURVRIW3XEOLVKHU ‡ 0LFURVRIW)URQW3DJH Visit your Media centre ‡ &URVVZRUGPDNHU and view the selection of images of other number systems. Navigate to your Research Forum. Follow the Weblinks given to find out how various cultures throughout history developed and used their number systems. Navigate to the Worksheets, and complete a Worksheet for each of the different number systems. Submit these completed Worksheets to your teacher for assessment. Create an e-poster for each number system that helps explain that number system. Create a quiz of 20 questions and solutions to test your class’s understanding of these number systems. Complete the quiz provided by your partner. Write a report that includes your quiz, the results of your quiz and a critical evaluation of the strengths and weaknesses of your quiz. Submit this to your teacher for assessment. , Earth needs to be safe — and to do that, communication is vital!

Interactivity Interactivity THE BINARY CLOCK SEARCHLIGHT ID: int-2355

7KHUHKDYHEHHQPDQ\¬QXPEHUV\VWHPVGHYHORSHG WKURXJKRXWKLVWRU\DQGZLWKLQGLIIHUHQWFXOWXUHV 8VHWKHLQWHUDFWLYLW\The binary clockWRLQYHVWLJDWH WKHELQDU\QXPEHUV\VWHP

)#4ß!CTIVITYß°ßPROJECTSPLUS

89

Overview 26281t

More details 6y5l6z

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