Methods And Media Of Health Education 575a5e

Methods and Media of Health Education

Methods and Media of Health Education Methods of health education are the techniques or ways in which series of activities are carried out to communicate ideas, information, and develop necessary attitudes and skills. Broadly we can classify the methods into three different categories, which are described below: 1. Individual method 2. Group method 3. Mass method

Contd………………………. 1. Individual method This method involves person-person or face-to face communication, which provides maximum opportunity for two-way flow of ideas, knowledge, and information. Adequate interaction between the health educator and his client help provide health education successfully resulting and expected behavior change. The examples of individual

Contd……………….. 2. Group Method This method involves a group of limited persons in teaching-learning situation who have some kind of health education need about certain health problem. This small group also can get some opportunity to ask questions and shares ideas, information and experiences. In spite of the advantage of individual methods a health educator cannot use them because of time limitation and shortage of manpower. So it will be more practicable for him to provide health education in group situations as well. Examples of group methods are, demonstration, group discussion, role playing, discussion, study trip, project assignment, symposium, case study, mini lecture, training workshop etc

Contd………………………. 3. Mass Method This method is especially meant for a large number of heterogeneous people. Such group of people is commonly termed as mass. Because of the nature of mass a health educator may have quite a problem to provide health education by this method. Because of its complexity there is no opportunity for two-way communication between the teacher and learners. This methods helps in reaching broad section of the target population at a time and makes them aware of their health problem. Example of mass method are lecture or public speech, exhibition, campaign etc.

Methods of Health Education • Individual Methods – Interview – Counselling

• Group Methods – – – – –

Demonstration Role Playing Group Discussion Discussion Project assisgnment

• Mass Methods – Lecture

    

Symposium Brain Storming Buzz Session Workshop Study trip

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Interview

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Contd…………………….. Interview Interview means to meet and talk each other and collect information and provide suggestion tactfully. In this process there occurs some exchange of ideas between the interviewer and interviewee. In a way it is the process of providing health education through question and answer between the health educator and learner.

5. Advantages Disatvantages Advantages – – – – –

Helpful to know individuals knowledge, attitudes and behaviour Helpful for Intensive and systematic teaching with exchange of ideas and feelings Easy to conduct with less cost and limited fascilities except in few extensive formal interview. Even illiterate person can be interviewed and taught Helpful to reach a better conclusion for the solution of the problem

Diadvantages – Time consuming – Small range of people covered – Some extensive formal interview may be costly

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Counselling

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Counselling Definition – ..is the process of encouraging and helping individuals in identifying:  his or her health problem,  the cause of the problem,  the ways of the solution  and also encourages taking necessary actions to solve it.

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Settings • Hospital

– Important for chronic or uncureable diseases, or psychosocial problems

• School

– Important in connection with drug abuse or excessive dinking and smoking

• Home

– Important for e.g. breastfeeding, immunization, family planning, sanitation, smoking, drinking and even HIV-Aids

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Techniques of counselling • Building rapport • Identifying client´s need or problem – No advice, but provision of information to facilitate the decicion of the client • Maintaining patience • Keeping secret – Maintaining confidence • Follow up – To be planned with the client

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Approach /Method of counseling • • • •

GATHER G-Greet the client A-Ask about their problem T- tell the client about detail information • H-Help to make decisions • E-Explain about any misunderstanding • R-Return to follow up

ABHIBADAN • • • • •

ABHIBADAN-

“ABHIBADAN” approach:A:- “ Abhibatan i.e. to greet namaskar ”. Bhi:- “ bhinna nathani sodhpuch garne ” i.e. asking without discrimination . By :- “ Baadha hataune i.e. to deal with problems ” . D:- “Dutta chitta bhai sahyog garhe ” i.e. help whole heartedly. N:- “ Namaskar gardai punnah auna anurodh garne ” i.e. big

Qualities of counsellor she/he should be:

• Friendly, sincere, cooperative and social • Capabel of judging things closely and in detail • Patient to listen • Dealing with problem with respect • Able to convince his client to take necessary actions to solve his health problem

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Advantages - Disatvantages

Advantages

– Counselling is helpful in dealing with the individual client and motivate him to take necessary action to solve his health problem. – Provides maximum opportunity for feed back and helps to maintain two way communication process. – Enables to solve even serious or complicated health problems – Even illiterate people can be taught by this method – Easy to make follow-up studies on the basis of counselling records

Disadvantages – Time consuming – Small range of people covered – Difficult to maintain patience

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GROUP METHOD

Demonstration

 ..process of providing knowledge and skills as well as developing attitudes through the manipulation of appropriate teaching device or materials.  Teaching by demonstration involves Verbal and visual explanation of facts And process which takes about 45 Minutes to complete the demonstration but depends upon the nature Of topic and number of learners.

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Examples for Demonstrations • On: – Food preparation – Preparation of oral rehydration solution – Artificial respiration – Proper bathing of child – Correct use of contraceptives

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Organizing and conducting 1. Slection of topic 2. Preparation for demonstration – Check list – Procedure

3. Starting and conducting 4. End – Summary

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Advantages - Disatvantages Advantages – Demonstration is very much helpful to know individual knowledge,attitude and practice. – Develops skills – It is very effective teaching learning method due to various learning experiences like seeing,hearing,tasting, feeling and smelling depending upon the topic of demonstration. – It is cheap,practicable,accessible and useful for different categories of learners. – It is helpful to reach a better coclusion for problem solving.

Disadvantages Time consuming – Difficult to find necessary equipment – Not appropriate in case of cognitive topic – Sometime teaching may not be effective due to lack of attractive and interesting materials 23

Role playing

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Role playing  Role playing is a acting out of real life situation through conversation and use of skill.  Role is the set of expectations with regard to position – E.g.: teacher, doctor, mother....

 Ideally 5-6 characters and 15-20 audience  Role playing is also known as social drama.

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Conducting role play  Selecting topic  Determine time, place, situation  Set stage  Selecting the characters:  Prepare material  Discuss about role play

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Advantages - Disatvanages Advantages – Gives learners opportunity to express ideas – Enables learners to see things through the eyes of others – Develops power of quick thinking and expression – Active learning opportunity – Inexpensive – Suitable in different situations... Disadvantages – Taken as a recreational activity and no educational effect – Not everybody is an actor – Not everybody can participate

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Group discussion

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Group discussion  Verbal exchange of knowledge, ideas, experiences to achieve the objectives..  to identify health problems and solve them  Max. 1 hour  Ideal group: 6-12 ,  according to J. James: 8-9

 enough to get a variety of opinions

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Process of Group Discussion • Introduction • Getting familar with topic • Establish good norms (rules and procedures) • Participation • Reaching consensus in goal achievment 30

of group and their role • Leader or Chairperson • Recorder • General

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Advantages - Disadvantages Advantages – Develops creativity – Helps learners to a group decision and solve their common problem – Lerners are active – Helps to develop positive attitude to working together

Disadvantages – Self-conscious may not have a chance – Prolonged discussion without being fruitful

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discussion discussion is one of the methods of group teaching. It can be adopted both for school students and community people in order to provide health education.  The will be a group of experts normally 3 or 4 persons who themselves enter into question and answer process regarding a specific topic of discussion.  The health educator can manage to identify and bring the experts. He can work as a coordinator to introduce topic and the experts, and also help conduct the discussion. 

Advantages 1.  Provides varied knowledge, ideas and experiences about the subject of concern to the learners. 2.  Interesting and .can draw attention of the audience or learners. 3. Learners get opportunity to ask questions and comments, which help, in teachinglearning process.  Disadvantages  1. Sometimes it is difficult to get the appropriate experts. 2.  Difficult to set definite time to suit the experts.

Symposium A series of formal lectures/speech/ talks presented as a systematic manner by different experts/speakers by dividing and convening subject matter into many phases of the same subject matter is called symposium.  The numbers of speakers may vary from 2-5. Each speaker is expected to highlight his/her point within the stipulated time which takes normally 15 to 25 minutes  In a ideal symposium there is no discussion in between the presentation of speakers. usually the audience are ive and are expected to raise the questions or queries at the end of the session. 

Contd…………………………. Advantages  The symposium provides concise information to the audience at a time.  The frequent change of speakers keeps the audience alert during presentation.  It develops the habit of listening and critical thinking.  It doesn’t require special kinds of materials and equipment. Disadvantages  Symposium method of teaching is a non participation of the audiences.  Difficulty to get appropriate experts  It may be more time consuming  It needs more planning.  Difficult to adjust time at the convenience of the experts.

Study Trip What is study trip? A study trip is a planned visit to a place outside the classroom to provide practical knowledge in real situation. It is also called a field trip or an educational excursion or an educational tour. The participants of a study trip are primarily observers and not doers. They learn through observation of real situation. This is learning through direct experience in real life situation.

What should be done during the study trip? 1. Brief the guide on the purpose of the trip, points of interest, and the nature of the student group 2. Make sure that every student can hear what the guide has said. Students must also see the things and ask question to clarify their doubts. 3. Teacher should regularly check the group to make sure that nobody has been left behind

4. Provide short rest after the tour. 5. Arrange on-the-spot discussion during the trip to exchange knowledge, ideas and experiences. 6. The trip should not be heavily instructional and dull. Some entertainments through songs, dances and games could be encouraged.

What should be done after the study trip? 1. Follow-up discussion to evaluate the achievements. Give students a chance to talk about their experience and to exchange their ideas and views. See if the objectives are met. Both the students and supervisor teacher should the discussion session. 2. Encourage students to put into practice of what has been learnt. Learning should have practical implication. 3. Prepare a brief report of the trip to help improve future trip.

Problems and limitations of study trip

1. Difficult to organize in of money, time and other facilities. 2. There may be problem in establishing coordination with concerned agencies or authorities. 3. Cannot be organized for every kind of learning group, for every kind of topic or subject, and in all situations.

Buzz session  Buzz session is just brief meeting of few people to bring quick ideas and help the group to make a decision. The Whole group will be divided into smaller buzz groups to buzz together about a problem and produce some ideas to solve it. The collected ideas are brought forth to the original group by the leader of each buzz group .  A health educator can adopt this method of buzz session to encourage the learners to think and express quickly .It is also a good teaching method with learner’s active participation.

Contd…………………..

Advantages  Help to pull out different ideas from different member of the learner group.  Helps to reach to fruitful group discussion.  Practicable to conduct. No need of special arrangement and pre-planning. Disadvantages  Does not provide adequate time to think and discuss  Sometimes the ideas collected may not be relevant to the solution of the problem.

Brainstorming  Brain storming is also called ‘Creative Ideation’. This is a modern method of eliciting from the participants , their ideas and solutions on debatable issues or current problems .  Instead of discussing a problem at great length the participants in brain storming session are encouraged to make a list in a short period of time all the ideas that come to their mind regarding some problems without debating amongst themselves about the pros and cons of their own ideas.

Advantages

 Brainstorming is helpful for exploring the ideas openly without fear of criticism.  It makes perfect or qualified to learner for problem solving  It makes success participants to exchange the idea. Disadvantages  Brainstorming process is time consuming.  It may be difficult to conduct because of immediately collect the explorer ideas by participants.

Workshop Workshop is a type of group methods of health education intended to train or educate a group of people who belong to a specific discipline or allied disciplines. A workshop may consist of about fifteen participants. Objectives are predetermined and intended to be achieved within few days time period.

Techniques of conducting workshop 1. Receive the participants 2. Discuss on the purpose and schedule of the workshop. 3. Give the participants an opportunity to know each other. 4. Conduct workshop session. There may be one or two sessions a day. Chairperson is elected for each session or for whole day by the participants. 5. Chairperson encourages the participants to take active part in the discussion.

6. The workshop organizer may throw some light on the objectives of the workshop. The experts or the consultants may also express their opinion and provide necessary information during the discussion period whenever needed. 7. Sometimes a full discussion may be necessary and it will be done through small group discussions. Small group discussions are more alive with adequate exchange of ideas and experiences.

8. The decisions made by the small groups will be reported to the plenary session. Plenary discussion provides wide range of knowledge and experiences and help to reach to a better decision. 9. Some brain storming exercises can be made both in the small group discussion and plenary session to pull quick ideas. 10.After the conduction of workshop prepare a workshop report to be made available to the sponsor, organizing office, participants and consultant.

Advantages 1. Helps to provide up-to-date knowledge and skills as well as to develop appropriate attitude. 2. Provides opportunity for participatory learning with maximum interactions and encourages for team approach in learning and solving health problems. 3. Provides varied learning experiences like listening, speaking, seeing, discussing etc. 4. Enhances participant’s power of thinking and critical learning.

Disadvantages • Takes long time to organize the workshop. • Needs more money, materials and physical facilities. • Sometimes it may be difficult to get appropriate consultant.

Contd……………………..  The flow of action and reactions among the constantly provide necessary health knowledge to the audience gathered in front of them at a particular time and place. Advantages 1. Provides varied knowledge, ideas and experiences about the subject of concern to the learners. 2. Interesting and can draw attention of the audience or learners. 3. Learners can get opportunity to ask questions and comments, which help in teaching learning process.

Mass Methods

Lecture Exhibition Campaign

Lecture Meaning and definition   Lecture is an oral presentation of information and ideas by a person to a large group of people or mass and generally in a face-to-face situation at a particular place. Lecture is organized at a particular time usually for the people gathered together at a determined place for a common purpose.

Advantages • One person can teach or provide health education to many people at a time even without the help of any other teaching materials. • Not expensive. • Message can be made systematic for presentation in case of written speech.

Disadvantages • Lecture is one-way communication method. There is no provision for interpersonal reaction between the speaker and the audience. The lecturer cannot observe the gestures of the individuals in the mass. • Message learnt from lecture will be retained only for short period of time, so may not lead to expected behaviour change.

• Cannot be evaluated if the audience has understood the lecture and put it into practice. • It is difficult to draw the attention of the audience for longer period of time. • It is abstract representation of what it symbolizes, and so difficult to understand. • No skill development like, for constructing a pit latrine, for making diagnosis of a disease, etc.

Exhibition Definition Exhibition is the systematic and meaningful display of educational materials with an intention to educate large number of people within a limited period of time and at a particular place. Exhibition consists of the use of different teaching materials and methods to illustrate and explain the points of teaching.

Advantages • Provide better learning through varieties of experiences like hearing, seeing, touching, feeling and tasting. • Opportunity may be provided for practical learning through demonstration, manipulation of objects and through practice. • Interesting and attractive because of decorations, good setting, and other lively displays. • Helps students to develop creativity. Organizing exhibition can also help learn some new knowledge and skills.

 

Disadvantages • Difficult to organize in of money, materials and manpower. • Difficult to organize to suit different kinds of people with different needs, background, interest, etc. • Difficult to get appropriate place and adjust to the available time due to lack of resources, unfavourable weather, etc.

Campaign

What is health education campaign? Health education campaign termed as health campaign.

is

often

It is organized to create public awareness on a particular health issue. It is conducted on a mass scale with an intention of motivating large number of community people to take necessary actions to solve their health problem.

Importance of Campaign • Health education campaign helps to inform people about health problem. • Campaign encourages community people to actively participate in action programmes conducted in the community. • In the campaign the information is provided through series of activities using different channels of communication and varied methods of health education.

Health education campaign can be organized on different subject areas of health as necessary. For example: • No smoking campaign • Children nutrition campaign • Pit latrine construction campaign • Children immunization campaign • Cleaning campaign   Each method of teaching will be adaptable to various learning situations.

Health Education Media

Media are the teaching aids through which knowledge, information and ideas are communicated. No widespread change of knowledge, attitude and practices is possible without the active and serious involvement and participation of the community as a whole and this is not possible without innovative use of media. The play important role in creating awareness, and in enforcing learning. They provides varieties of learning experiences . The are used in different ways and at different situations of individual, group and mass teaching. Media are commonly used while providing health education

The media are also called audio visual aids. Audio visual aids can be broadly be categorized into three different types. The are  Audio aids  Visual aids  Audio-visual aids

Audio Aids They compromise aids through which learning occur by hearing. The examples of audio aids are radio, tape recorder or cassette player etc.Radio is mostly used in mass teaching where cassette player is used in individual and group teaching. Audio aids are considered less effective for providing health education.

Visual aids Visual aids are the media through which people learn by seeing. Poster, bulletin board, flannel graph, model, slides, wall chart, graph, pamphlets, flash cards, film strips, overhead transparencies, epidiascope,photographs,displays,diagra etc are the examples of visual aids. Visual aids are more effective than audio aids. Learning by seeing is better than learning by hearing. Visual aids are used to present things in appropriate size to compare between two or more things, to present steps of doing a task, to show something which cannot be seen in real life situation. Visual aids are used in individual, group and mass teaching.

Audio-visual aids These are the aids through which learning occurs both by seeing and hearing. Examples are television, videotape and movie -film with sound. Audio aids are more effective to give health education than audio or visual media alone because they only involve more sensory experiences at a time e.g. hearing and seeing together. Teaching by the use of audio-visual aids help to present a

Audio aids Radio Radio is the audio aid through message are relayed to a heterogeneous and large group of people who are not physically present before the communicator. It is a mass media which provided one-sided communication. Health educators recommend and practice radio channel with an intention of creating awareness about the health problem. Health message can be relayed in the form of lecture, story songs,news,drama,dialouge etc.

Contd…………………… Advantages 1. Listening to radio message is helpful to the illiterate people. The message should be simple to understand. 2. One can give up-to date information to a large number of people in a very short period of time. 3. It leaps the barriers of distance and space. 4. Radio transistor can be carried with and attend the radio health programme anywhere the individual goes. Disadvantages 5. It is a one-way communication system. Not good for education and behavior change. 6. The communicator cannot be sure if people are listening to and understanding his message 7. Sometimes there may be problems of electricity and batteries 8. Sometime there may be language barrier to certain group of audience

Tape Recorder Tape recorder is a small portable machine or equipment ,which is operated with the help of electricity or batteries. It is used for the purpose of providing health education to the group of audience. These days ‘cassette tape and cassette player is commonly used for the same purpose of providing health education. Different cassettes can be recorded with different health message and be used according to the need and interest of the audience group. Even some music can be recorded to make the presentation attractive.

Advantages-Disadvantages Advantages 1.It can be used to open a discussion ,which lead to giving health education to a group. 2. It can be played at learner’s speed of learning by stopping in between or by playing over and over repeatedly as needed. 3. Message can be recorded and played easily at various places at home, in the office, in the school, in the community place et. Message can be saved for future use. 4. It can be played with the help of batteries where there is no electricity supply. Disadvantages 1. Cassette player or tape recorder may be costly to afford. 2. There is added problem of repairing. 3. Break of electricity supply or lack of batteries might pose problem.Management for recording may take more time. 4. Learning by hearing only is not effective.

Visual aids a. Poster A poster is a picture or drawing designed for public display to convey a message on certain subject. Usually a relevant caption is also included to explain the meaning of the picture. In fact a poster must contain the following four basic parts. . Caption . Picture . Course of action suggested . Logo( official symbol or name of the office for validity of the poster

Advantages-Disadvantages Advantages 1. Poster is useful for catching the attention of reader. 2. It is an attractive and effective teaching material. 3. It covers the larger number of people. 4. It encourages the people to put knowledge into practice. 5. It can be easy to carry from one place to another place. 6. Even illiterate people can learn something by looking at the picture of the posters. Disadvantages 7. Posters communicates very limited information and provides one way communication. 8. Colour printing every posters is very expensive and printing services may not be available everywhere especially in rural area. 9. The poster can get damaged through improper storage or transported. 10.You cannot be sure if the intended group have seen or read the displayed posters.

Pamphlet Pamphlets are visual media which are considered as mass media of health education. A pamphlet give a short description of different aspects of specific topic. The message can also be written in the form of poem or song. It can also be written in the form of dialogue. Pamphlets can be produced in the form of leaflets or folder to convey health message. A leaflet is also called the handbill .Some pamphlets may also includes relevant pictures to illustrate the point of teaching. It should not exceed more than four pages.

Advantages-Disadvantages Advantages Help in propagating message rapidly in mass scale through wide distribution. They are easy to carry with from one place to another. People can read them at free time and understand the message well. Easier to prepare and produce in large scale at low cost. Can be kept safe to read again which help as remainder of the message. Disadvantages Provide only one-way communication. No t useful for illiterates. Printing service may not be available everywhere especially in rural places and small towns. Cannot be sure if people or target population have read and understood the distributed pamphlets.

Flip Chart Flip chart is a simple visual aid, which is just like a photo album. It is the series of related chart or posters assembled in a booklet form .It is also called flipbook or turnover chart. They are meant to be shown one after another. Each chart is "flashed" or displayed before a group as the talk is being given. The message on the charts must be brief and to the point. These charts are primarily designed to hold attention of the group and help the lecture to proceed.

Flannel graph • • • • •

Consists of flannel board and a series of cut pieces. Made from flannel cloth and the rigid cardboard sheet . Size of cloth- preferably 40cm*30 cm. Size of cut piece- 8cm*6 cm. Not more than 12 pieces.

Bulletin Board

Display board which uses pictures, graphs, charts, cuttings etc. Board size- 60 cm*40 cm Usually kept in the common public location where target group can see. Materials can be replaced as per peoples’ need and interest. Thus, economical.

Overhead Projector

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Often used in educational classes and training sessions. Visual messages can be projected in the screen. Use of a reusable transparent plastic sheet Need of appropriate message size Distance between screen and projector (2-3)meters

Puppet Show Types: Hand or glove/ String/Shadow/ Stick or rod The movement of the puppet and speech/dialogue adjusted accordingly.

Audio-Visual aids

Television Television has become the most popular of all media. It is effective not only creating awareness, but also to an extent influencing public opinion and introducing new ways of life. It is raising levels of understanding and helping people familiarise with things they have not seen before, including crime and violence which are shown as part of feature programmes. TV is a one - way channel. It can only be an aid to teaching. It cannot cover all areas of learning. It has much potential for health communication.