Periodic Table Crystal Structure 5u40j
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Periodic table (crystal structure)
1
Periodic table (crystal structure) The thermodynamically stable structures of metallic elements adopted at standard temperature and pressure (STP) are color-coded and shown below. The only exception is mercury, Hg, which is a liquid and the structure refers to the low temperature form. The melting points of the metals (in K) are shown above the element symbol. Most of the metallic elements crystallize in variations of the cubic crystal system, with the exceptions noted. "Non-metallic" elements, like the noble gases, are not crystalline solids at STP, while others, like carbon, may have several meta stable allotropes at STP which of course can also occur for typical metals like e.g. tin.
Table • • •
v t [1] e
Crystal structure of elements in the periodic table H
He
453.69 1560 Li Be bcc h
B
C
N
O
F
Ne
370.87 923 Na Mg bcc h
933.47 Al fcc
Si
P
S
Cl
Ar
1357.8 692.68 302.91 Cu Zn Ga fcc h
Ge
As
Se
Br
Kr
505 Sn
904 Sb
Te
I
Xe
At
Rn
336.53 1115 1814 1941 2183 2180 1519 1811 1768 1728 K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni bcc fcc h h bcc bcc bcc h fcc 312.46 1050 1799 2128 2750 2896 2430 2607 2237 1828 Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd bcc fcc h h bcc bcc h h fcc fcc 301.59 1000 Cs Ba bcc bcc Fr
973 Ra bcc
1235 Ag fcc
594 Cd
2506 3290 3695 3459 3306 2719 2041.4 1337.33 234.32 Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg h bcc bcc h h fcc fcc fcc Rf
Db
Sg
Bh
Hs
Mt
Ds
430 In
577 Tl h
600.61 544.7 527 Pb Bi Po fcc
Rg
Cn
Uut
Fl
1193 1068 1208 1297 1315 1345 1099 1585 La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd dh fcc dh dh dh bcc h
1629 Tb h
1680 Dy h
1734 Ho h
1802 Er h
1323 2115 1841 1405.3 917 912.5 1449 1613 Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm fcc fcc dh dh
1323 Bk dh
1173 Cf dh
1133 Es fcc
Fm
Uup
Lv
Uus Uuo
1818 1097 1925 Tm Yb Lu h fcc h Md
No
Lr
Periodic table (crystal structure)
2
Legend: The top number in the cell is the melting point (in K)
bcc: body centered cubic
fcc: face centered cubic (cubic close packed)
h: hexagonal close packed
dh: double hexagonal close packed unusual structure nonmetal unknown or uncertain
Unusual structures Element
crystal system
coordination number
notes
Mn
cubic
distorted bcc – unit cell contains Mn atoms in 4 different environments
Zn
hexagonal
distorted from ideal h. 6 nearest neighbors in same plane- 6 in adjacent planes 14% farther away
Ga
orthorhombic
each Ga atom has one nearest neighbour at 244 pm, 2 at 270 pm, 2 at 273 pm, 2 at 279 pm.
Cd
hexagonal
distorted from ideal h. 6 nearest neighbours in the same plane- 6 in adjacent planes 15% farther away
In
tetragonal
slightly distorted fcc structure
Sn
tetragonal
4 neighbours at 302 pm; 2 at 318 pm; 4 at 377 pm; 8 at 441 pm
Sb
rhombohedral puckered sheet; each Sb atom has 3 neighbours in the same sheet at 290.8pm; 3 in adjacent sheet at 335.5 pm.
grey metallic form.
Hg
rhombohedral 6 nearest neighbours at 234 K and 1 atm (it is liquid at room temperature and thus has no crystal structure at ambient conditions!)
this structure can be considered to be a distorted h lattice with the nearest neighbours in the same plane being approx 16% farther away
Bi
rhombohedral puckered sheet; each Bi atom has 3 neighbours in the same sheet at 307.2 pm; 3 in adjacent sheet at 352.9 pm.
Bi, Sb and grey As have the same space group in their crystal
Po
cubic
6 nearest neighbours
simple cubic lattice. The atoms in the unit cell are at the corner of a cube.
Sm
trigonal
12 nearest neighbours
complex h with 9 layer repeat, ABCBCACAB....
Pa
tetragonal
body centred tetragonal unit cell, which can be considered to be a distorted bcc
The structure is related to Iodine.
white tin form (thermodynamical stable above 286.4 K)
[2]
Periodic table (crystal structure)
3
U
orthorhombic
strongly distorted h structure. Each atom has four near neighbours, 2 at 275.4 pm, 2 at 285.4 pm. The next four at [3] distances 326.3 pm and four more at 334.2 pm.
Np
orthorhombic
highly distorted bcc structure. Lattice parameters: a=666.3 [4][5] pm, b=472.3 pm, c=488.7 pm
Pu
monoclinic
slightly distorted hexagonal structure. 16 atoms per unit cell. Lattice parameters: a= 618.3 pm, b=482.2 pm, c=1096.3 pm, [6][7] β= 101.79 °
Usual crystal structures Close packed metal structures Many metals adopt close packed structures i.e. hexagonal close packed and face centred cubic structures (cubic close packed). A simple model for both of these is to assume that the metal atoms are spherical and are packed together in the most efficient way (close packing or closest packing). In closest packing every atom has 12 equidistant nearest neighbours, and therefore a coordination number of 12. If the close packed structures are considered as being built of layers of spheres then the difference between hexagonal close packing and face centred cubic each layer is positioned relative to others. Whilst there are many ways can be envisaged for a regular build up of layers: • hexagonal close packing has alternate layers positioned directly above/below each other, A,B,A,B, ......... (also termed P63/mmc, Pearson symbol hP2, strukturbericht A3) . • face centered cubic has every third layer directly above/below each other,A,B,C,A,B,C,.......(also termed cubic close packing, Fm3m, Pearson symbol cF4, strukturbericht A1) . • double hexagonal close packing has layers directly above/below each other, A,B,A,C,A,B,A,C,.... of period length 4 like an alternative mixture of fcc and h packing (also termed P63/mmc, Pearson Symbol hP4, strukturbericht A3' ).[8] • α-Sm packing has a period of 9 layers A,B,A,B,C,B,C,A,C,.... (R3m, Pearson Symbol hR3, strukturbericht C19).[9] Hexagonal close packed In the ideal h structure the unit cell axial ratio is
~ 1.633, However there are deviations from this in some
metals where the unit cell is distorted in one direction but the structure still retains the h space group—remarkable all the elements have a ratio of lattice parameters c/a < 1.633 (best are Mg and Co and worst Be with c/a ~ 1.568). In others like Zn and Cd the deviations from the ideal change the symmetry of the structure and these have a lattice parameter ratio c/a > 1.85.
Periodic table (crystal structure)
4
Face centered cubic (cubic close packed) More content relating to number of planes within structure and implications for glide/slide e.g. ductility. Double hexagonal close packed Similar as the ideal h structure, the perfect dh structure should hava a lattice parameter ratio of 3.267. In real dh structures of the 5 lanthanides (including β-Ce)
~
variates between 1.596 (Pm) and 1.6128 (Nd).
For the 4 known actinides dh lattices the corresponding number variate between 1.620 (Bk) and 1.625 (Cf).[10]
Body centred cubic This is not a close packed structure. In this each metal atom is at the centre of a cube with 8 nearest neighbors, however the 6 atoms at the centres of the adjacent cubes are only approximately 15% further away so the coordination number can therefore be considered to be 14 when these are included. Note that if the body centered cubic unit cell is compressed along one 4 fold axis the structure becomes face centred cubic (cubic close packed).
Trends in melting point Melting points are chosen as a simple, albeit crude, measure of the stability or strength of the metallic lattice. Some simple trends can be noted. Firstly the transition metals have generally higher melting points than the others. In the alkali metals (group 1) and alkaline earth metals (group 2) the melting point decreases as atomic number increases, but in transition metal groups with incomplete d-orbital subshells, the heavier elements have higher melting points. For a given period, the melting points reach a maximum at around group 6 and then fall with increasing atomic number.
References [1] http:/ / en. wikipedia. org/ w/ index. php?title=Template:Periodic_table_(crystal_structure)& action=edit [2] A.F Wells (1962) Structural Inorganic Chemistry 3d Edition Oxford University Press [3] Harry L. Yakel, A REVIEW OF X-RAY DIFFRACTION STUDIES IN URANIUM ALLOYS. The Physical Metallurgy of Uranium Alloys Conference, Vail, Colorado, Feb. 1974 [4] Lemire,R.J. et al.,Chemical Thermodynamics of Neptunium and Plutonium, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2001 [5] URL http:/ / cst-www. nrl. navy. mil/ lattice/ struk/ a_c. html [6] Lemire,R.J. et al.,2001 [7] URL http:/ / cst-www. nrl. navy. mil/ lattice/ struk/ aPu. html [8] URL http:/ / cst-www. nrl. navy. mil/ lattice/ struk/ a3p. html [9] URL http:/ / cst-www. nrl. navy. mil/ lattice/ struk/ c19. html [10] Nevill Gonalez Swacki & Teresa Swacka, Basic elements of Crystallography, Pan Standford Publishing Pte. Ltd., 2010
General • Actinides and the Environment, Edited by P.A. Sterne, A. Gonis and A.A. Borovoi, NATO ASI Series, Proc. of the NATO Advanced Study Institute on Actinides and the Environment, Maleme, Crete, Greece, July 1996, Kluver Academic Publishers,. p. pp.59–61. ISBN 0-7923-4968-7. • The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements, Edited by L.R. Morss, Norman M. Edelstein, Jean Fuger, 3rd. Edition, Springer 2007 ISBN 1402035551. ISBN 978-1402035555.
Periodic table (crystal structure)
External links • Strukturbericht Type A – structure reports for the pure elements (http://cst-www.nrl.navy.mil/lattice/struk/ atype.html) • Crystal Structures for the solid chemical elements at 1 bar (http://wwwhomes.uni-bielefeld.de/achim/ ele_structures.html)
5
Article Sources and Contributors
Article Sources and Contributors Periodic table (crystal structure) Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=595779889 Contributors: Axiosaurus, Benjah-bmm27, Chris the speller, DePiep, Double sharp, Headbomb, Icairns, Khazar2, Lfh, LilHelpa, Magioladitis, Morning277, Nergaal, OlEnglish, Raistuumum, Rjwilmsi, Savantas83, StringTheory11, Suchit Verma, Swpb, Wham Bam Rock II, Widefox, 71 anonymous edits
Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors File:Asterisks one.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Asterisks_one.svg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: :DePiep File:Asterisks two.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Asterisks_two.svg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: :DePiep File:Asterisks one (right).svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Asterisks_one_(right).svg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: :DePiep File:Cubic-body-centered.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Cubic-body-centered.svg License: GNU Free Documentation License Contributors: Original PNGs by Daniel Mayer, DrBob, traced in Inkscape by :Stannered File:Cubic-face-centered.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Cubic-face-centered.svg License: GNU Free Documentation License Contributors: Original PNGs by Daniel Mayer and DrBob, traced in Inkscape by :Stannered File:Hexagonal close packed.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Hexagonal_close_packed.svg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: DePiep, Torsch File:Hexagonal.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Hexagonal.svg License: BSD Contributors: Original er was Danieljamesscott at en.wikipedia
License Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 //creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/
6
1
Periodic table (crystal structure) The thermodynamically stable structures of metallic elements adopted at standard temperature and pressure (STP) are color-coded and shown below. The only exception is mercury, Hg, which is a liquid and the structure refers to the low temperature form. The melting points of the metals (in K) are shown above the element symbol. Most of the metallic elements crystallize in variations of the cubic crystal system, with the exceptions noted. "Non-metallic" elements, like the noble gases, are not crystalline solids at STP, while others, like carbon, may have several meta stable allotropes at STP which of course can also occur for typical metals like e.g. tin.
Table • • •
v t [1] e
Crystal structure of elements in the periodic table H
He
453.69 1560 Li Be bcc h
B
C
N
O
F
Ne
370.87 923 Na Mg bcc h
933.47 Al fcc
Si
P
S
Cl
Ar
1357.8 692.68 302.91 Cu Zn Ga fcc h
Ge
As
Se
Br
Kr
505 Sn
904 Sb
Te
I
Xe
At
Rn
336.53 1115 1814 1941 2183 2180 1519 1811 1768 1728 K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni bcc fcc h h bcc bcc bcc h fcc 312.46 1050 1799 2128 2750 2896 2430 2607 2237 1828 Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd bcc fcc h h bcc bcc h h fcc fcc 301.59 1000 Cs Ba bcc bcc Fr
973 Ra bcc
1235 Ag fcc
594 Cd
2506 3290 3695 3459 3306 2719 2041.4 1337.33 234.32 Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg h bcc bcc h h fcc fcc fcc Rf
Db
Sg
Bh
Hs
Mt
Ds
430 In
577 Tl h
600.61 544.7 527 Pb Bi Po fcc
Rg
Cn
Uut
Fl
1193 1068 1208 1297 1315 1345 1099 1585 La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd dh fcc dh dh dh bcc h
1629 Tb h
1680 Dy h
1734 Ho h
1802 Er h
1323 2115 1841 1405.3 917 912.5 1449 1613 Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm fcc fcc dh dh
1323 Bk dh
1173 Cf dh
1133 Es fcc
Fm
Uup
Lv
Uus Uuo
1818 1097 1925 Tm Yb Lu h fcc h Md
No
Lr
Periodic table (crystal structure)
2
Legend: The top number in the cell is the melting point (in K)
bcc: body centered cubic
fcc: face centered cubic (cubic close packed)
h: hexagonal close packed
dh: double hexagonal close packed unusual structure nonmetal unknown or uncertain
Unusual structures Element
crystal system
coordination number
notes
Mn
cubic
distorted bcc – unit cell contains Mn atoms in 4 different environments
Zn
hexagonal
distorted from ideal h. 6 nearest neighbors in same plane- 6 in adjacent planes 14% farther away
Ga
orthorhombic
each Ga atom has one nearest neighbour at 244 pm, 2 at 270 pm, 2 at 273 pm, 2 at 279 pm.
Cd
hexagonal
distorted from ideal h. 6 nearest neighbours in the same plane- 6 in adjacent planes 15% farther away
In
tetragonal
slightly distorted fcc structure
Sn
tetragonal
4 neighbours at 302 pm; 2 at 318 pm; 4 at 377 pm; 8 at 441 pm
Sb
rhombohedral puckered sheet; each Sb atom has 3 neighbours in the same sheet at 290.8pm; 3 in adjacent sheet at 335.5 pm.
grey metallic form.
Hg
rhombohedral 6 nearest neighbours at 234 K and 1 atm (it is liquid at room temperature and thus has no crystal structure at ambient conditions!)
this structure can be considered to be a distorted h lattice with the nearest neighbours in the same plane being approx 16% farther away
Bi
rhombohedral puckered sheet; each Bi atom has 3 neighbours in the same sheet at 307.2 pm; 3 in adjacent sheet at 352.9 pm.
Bi, Sb and grey As have the same space group in their crystal
Po
cubic
6 nearest neighbours
simple cubic lattice. The atoms in the unit cell are at the corner of a cube.
Sm
trigonal
12 nearest neighbours
complex h with 9 layer repeat, ABCBCACAB....
Pa
tetragonal
body centred tetragonal unit cell, which can be considered to be a distorted bcc
The structure is related to Iodine.
white tin form (thermodynamical stable above 286.4 K)
[2]
Periodic table (crystal structure)
3
U
orthorhombic
strongly distorted h structure. Each atom has four near neighbours, 2 at 275.4 pm, 2 at 285.4 pm. The next four at [3] distances 326.3 pm and four more at 334.2 pm.
Np
orthorhombic
highly distorted bcc structure. Lattice parameters: a=666.3 [4][5] pm, b=472.3 pm, c=488.7 pm
Pu
monoclinic
slightly distorted hexagonal structure. 16 atoms per unit cell. Lattice parameters: a= 618.3 pm, b=482.2 pm, c=1096.3 pm, [6][7] β= 101.79 °
Usual crystal structures Close packed metal structures Many metals adopt close packed structures i.e. hexagonal close packed and face centred cubic structures (cubic close packed). A simple model for both of these is to assume that the metal atoms are spherical and are packed together in the most efficient way (close packing or closest packing). In closest packing every atom has 12 equidistant nearest neighbours, and therefore a coordination number of 12. If the close packed structures are considered as being built of layers of spheres then the difference between hexagonal close packing and face centred cubic each layer is positioned relative to others. Whilst there are many ways can be envisaged for a regular build up of layers: • hexagonal close packing has alternate layers positioned directly above/below each other, A,B,A,B, ......... (also termed P63/mmc, Pearson symbol hP2, strukturbericht A3) . • face centered cubic has every third layer directly above/below each other,A,B,C,A,B,C,.......(also termed cubic close packing, Fm3m, Pearson symbol cF4, strukturbericht A1) . • double hexagonal close packing has layers directly above/below each other, A,B,A,C,A,B,A,C,.... of period length 4 like an alternative mixture of fcc and h packing (also termed P63/mmc, Pearson Symbol hP4, strukturbericht A3' ).[8] • α-Sm packing has a period of 9 layers A,B,A,B,C,B,C,A,C,.... (R3m, Pearson Symbol hR3, strukturbericht C19).[9] Hexagonal close packed In the ideal h structure the unit cell axial ratio is
~ 1.633, However there are deviations from this in some
metals where the unit cell is distorted in one direction but the structure still retains the h space group—remarkable all the elements have a ratio of lattice parameters c/a < 1.633 (best are Mg and Co and worst Be with c/a ~ 1.568). In others like Zn and Cd the deviations from the ideal change the symmetry of the structure and these have a lattice parameter ratio c/a > 1.85.
Periodic table (crystal structure)
4
Face centered cubic (cubic close packed) More content relating to number of planes within structure and implications for glide/slide e.g. ductility. Double hexagonal close packed Similar as the ideal h structure, the perfect dh structure should hava a lattice parameter ratio of 3.267. In real dh structures of the 5 lanthanides (including β-Ce)
~
variates between 1.596 (Pm) and 1.6128 (Nd).
For the 4 known actinides dh lattices the corresponding number variate between 1.620 (Bk) and 1.625 (Cf).[10]
Body centred cubic This is not a close packed structure. In this each metal atom is at the centre of a cube with 8 nearest neighbors, however the 6 atoms at the centres of the adjacent cubes are only approximately 15% further away so the coordination number can therefore be considered to be 14 when these are included. Note that if the body centered cubic unit cell is compressed along one 4 fold axis the structure becomes face centred cubic (cubic close packed).
Trends in melting point Melting points are chosen as a simple, albeit crude, measure of the stability or strength of the metallic lattice. Some simple trends can be noted. Firstly the transition metals have generally higher melting points than the others. In the alkali metals (group 1) and alkaline earth metals (group 2) the melting point decreases as atomic number increases, but in transition metal groups with incomplete d-orbital subshells, the heavier elements have higher melting points. For a given period, the melting points reach a maximum at around group 6 and then fall with increasing atomic number.
References [1] http:/ / en. wikipedia. org/ w/ index. php?title=Template:Periodic_table_(crystal_structure)& action=edit [2] A.F Wells (1962) Structural Inorganic Chemistry 3d Edition Oxford University Press [3] Harry L. Yakel, A REVIEW OF X-RAY DIFFRACTION STUDIES IN URANIUM ALLOYS. The Physical Metallurgy of Uranium Alloys Conference, Vail, Colorado, Feb. 1974 [4] Lemire,R.J. et al.,Chemical Thermodynamics of Neptunium and Plutonium, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2001 [5] URL http:/ / cst-www. nrl. navy. mil/ lattice/ struk/ a_c. html [6] Lemire,R.J. et al.,2001 [7] URL http:/ / cst-www. nrl. navy. mil/ lattice/ struk/ aPu. html [8] URL http:/ / cst-www. nrl. navy. mil/ lattice/ struk/ a3p. html [9] URL http:/ / cst-www. nrl. navy. mil/ lattice/ struk/ c19. html [10] Nevill Gonalez Swacki & Teresa Swacka, Basic elements of Crystallography, Pan Standford Publishing Pte. Ltd., 2010
General • Actinides and the Environment, Edited by P.A. Sterne, A. Gonis and A.A. Borovoi, NATO ASI Series, Proc. of the NATO Advanced Study Institute on Actinides and the Environment, Maleme, Crete, Greece, July 1996, Kluver Academic Publishers,. p. pp.59–61. ISBN 0-7923-4968-7. • The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements, Edited by L.R. Morss, Norman M. Edelstein, Jean Fuger, 3rd. Edition, Springer 2007 ISBN 1402035551. ISBN 978-1402035555.
Periodic table (crystal structure)
External links • Strukturbericht Type A – structure reports for the pure elements (http://cst-www.nrl.navy.mil/lattice/struk/ atype.html) • Crystal Structures for the solid chemical elements at 1 bar (http://wwwhomes.uni-bielefeld.de/achim/ ele_structures.html)
5
Article Sources and Contributors
Article Sources and Contributors Periodic table (crystal structure) Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=595779889 Contributors: Axiosaurus, Benjah-bmm27, Chris the speller, DePiep, Double sharp, Headbomb, Icairns, Khazar2, Lfh, LilHelpa, Magioladitis, Morning277, Nergaal, OlEnglish, Raistuumum, Rjwilmsi, Savantas83, StringTheory11, Suchit Verma, Swpb, Wham Bam Rock II, Widefox, 71 anonymous edits
Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors File:Asterisks one.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Asterisks_one.svg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: :DePiep File:Asterisks two.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Asterisks_two.svg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: :DePiep File:Asterisks one (right).svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Asterisks_one_(right).svg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: :DePiep File:Cubic-body-centered.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Cubic-body-centered.svg License: GNU Free Documentation License Contributors: Original PNGs by Daniel Mayer, DrBob, traced in Inkscape by :Stannered File:Cubic-face-centered.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Cubic-face-centered.svg License: GNU Free Documentation License Contributors: Original PNGs by Daniel Mayer and DrBob, traced in Inkscape by :Stannered File:Hexagonal close packed.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Hexagonal_close_packed.svg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: DePiep, Torsch File:Hexagonal.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Hexagonal.svg License: BSD Contributors: Original er was Danieljamesscott at en.wikipedia
License Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 //creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/
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