Policy Implementation.ppt 6jp5s

POLICY IMPLEMENTATION

POLICY IMPLEMENTATION DEFINITIONS “Implementation involves all of the activities designed to carry out the policies enacted by the legislative branch. These activities include the creation of new organisations – departments, agencies bureaus, or the assignments of new responsibilities to the existing organisations.” Thomas R. Dye It forms a bridge that allows the objectives of the public policy to be achieved as outcomes of governmental activity

POLICY IMPLEMENTATION DEFINITIONS “POLICY IMPLEMENTAION ENCOMES THOSE ACTIONS BY PUBLIC AND PRIVATE INDIVIDUALS AND GROUPS THAT ARE DIRECTED AT THE ACHIEVEMENT OF GOALS AND OBJECTIVES SET FORTH IN PRIOR POLICY DECISIONS “ Van Meter and Van Horn “IMPLEMENTATION AS SEQUENCE OF EVENTS TRIGGERED OFF BY A POLICY DECISION, INVOLVING THE TRANSLATION OF POLICY INTO OPERATIONAL TASKS TO BE CARRIED OUT BY A VARIETY OF FACTORS AND AGENCIES, AND SUBSTANTIAL COORDINATING ACTIVITY TO ENSURE THAT RESOURCES ARE AVAILABLE AND THAT THINGS HAPPEN AS INTENDED” Barrett and Fudge

POLICY IMPLEMENTATION ELEMENTS OF IMPLEMENTATION

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CLARITY OF GOALS ADEQUATE RESOURCES CAPACITY OF PERMANENT EXECUTIVE MECHANISM OF COORDINATION POLITICAL AND JUDICIAL

PERSPECTIVES ON IMPLEMENTATION

• IMPLEMENTAION AS EVOLUTION • IMPLEMENTAION AS WORK MECHANISM • IMPLEMENTATION AS POLITICS

POLICY IMPLEMENTATION CONDITIONS FOR SUCCESSFUL IMPLEMENTATION • The policy contains unambiguous directives and structures of the implementation process • Leaders of implementation agencies possess substantial managerial and political skill and professional knowledge • The policy is actively ed by organised constituency groups, legislature and judiciary • The relative priority of statutory objectives is not significantly undermined over time by the emergence of conflicting public polices or by change in relevant socio – economic conditions that undermine the statutes’s technical theory or political

APPROACHES TO POLICY IMPLEMENTATION 1.TOP- DOWN MODEL •

IDEAL IMPLEMENTAION IS PRODUCT OF ARMY LIKE ORGANISATION WITH CLEAR LINES OF AUTHORITY

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NORMS WOULD BE ENFORCED AND OBJECTIVES ARE PROVIDED

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PEPOLE ARE EXPECTED TO DO WHAT THEY ARE TOLD

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PERFECT COMMUNICATION BETWEEN UNITS OF THE ORGANISATIONS

APPROACHES TO POLICY IMPLEMENTATION 2.BOTTOM- UP MODEL • IT UNDERLINES THE IMPORTANCE OF INITIATIVES COMING FROM THE BOTTOM LEADING TO EFFECTIVE IMPLEMENTAION •

THIS HAS ASSUMED IMPOTANCE AS IN RECENT TIMES DUE TO “DELEGATED LEGISLATION” EXECUTIVES HAVE GOT MUCH DISCRETION IN FARMING RULES AND REGULATIONS HAVING DIRECT BEARING ON IMPLEMENTATION

APPROACHES TO POLICY IMPLEMENTATION 3.POLICY ACTION MODEL

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IT IS A BEHAVIOURAL MODEL VIEWING IMPLEMENTAION AS ACTION BY ACTORS WHICH IS CONSTRAINED BY THE WORLD OUTSIDE THEIR ORGANISATIONS

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MORE EMPHASIS IS PLACED ON ISSUES OF POWER AND DEPENDENCE, INTERESTS, MOTIVATIONS AND BEHAVIOURS

APPROACHES TO POLICY IMPLEMENTATION 4. MANAGERIALIST APPROACHES •

UNDER THIS APPROACH , THERE IS EMPHASIS ON APPLICATION OF MANAGERIAL APPROACHES LIKE I) OPERATIONAL MANAGEMENT ,II) CORPORATE MANAGEMENT , AND III) PERSONNEL MAMANGEMENT

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THIS APPROACH ARGUES FOR MARKET DRIVEN DECENTRALISATION PROCESS EMPHASING SHIFT FROM HIERARCHY TO PARTICIPATION AND TEAMWORK

POLICY IMPLEMENTATION ROLE OF LEGISLATURE

• PARLIAMENTARY QUESTIONS • ADJOURNMENT MOTIONS • FINANCIAL CONTROL (BUDGET) • SHORT DURATION DISCUSSIONS • LEGISLATIVE COMMITTEES • COMPTROLLER & AUDITOR GENERAL

ROLE OF EXECUTIVE IN IMPLEMENTATION • TRADITIONALLY IT WAS VIEWD THAT POLITICAL EXECUTIVE MAKES POLICIES AND PERMANENT EXECUTIVE IMPLEMENTS POLICIES • IN PARLIAMENTARY FORM OF DEMOCRATIC GOVERNMENT , POLITICAL EXECUTIVE IS RESPONSIBLE TO PARLIAMENT FOR EFFECTIVE IMPLEMENTATION OF POLCIES

ROLE OF EXECUTIVE IN IMPLEMENTATION ROLE OF PERMANENT EXECUTIVE : • •

SEEK GUIDANCE AND HELP FROM POLITICAL EXECUTIVE RESIST UNCALLED PRESSURES OF POLITICAINS, SOCIAL LEADERS AND INTEREST GROUPS

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TO HAVE CLEAR UNDERSATNDING OF POLICY STATEMENT, ITS GOALS AND OBJECTIVES TO FORM PUBLIC OPINION THROUGH FORMAL AND INFORMAL CHANNELS TO ENSURE EFFECTIVE MONITORING AND EVALUATION TO PRIORITISE THE WORKS TO BE UNDERTAKEN TO ALLOCATE HUMAN, FINANCIAL AND PHYSICAL RESOURCES CAPACITY BUILDING OF HUMAN RESOURCES

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ROLE OF EXECUTIVE IN IMPLEMENTATION ROLE OF PERMANENT EXECUTIVE : STARTIVE REFORMS COMMISSION LAID DOWN THE FOLLWING NORMS : • THE OBLIGATIONS OF EVERY PUBLIC SERVANT TO IMPLEMENT FAITHFULLY ALL POLICIES AND DECISIONS OF THE MINISTERS EVEN IF THESE BE CONTRARY TO THE ADVICE TENDERED BY HIM

• FREEDOM OF PUBLIC SERVANTS TO EXPRESS THEMSELVES FRANKLY BY TENDERING ADVICE TO THEIR SUPERIORS INCLUDING MINISTERS • OBSERVANCE BY PUBLIC SERVANTS OF THE PRINCIPLES OF NEUTRALITY, IMPARTIALITY AND ANONYMITY

ROLE OF EXECUTIVE IN IMPLEMENTATION ROLE OF POLITICAL EXECUTIVE :

REPRESENTING THE GOVERNMENT POLICY WITHIN STRATION EXERCISING STATUTORY POWERS GURANTEED UNDER THE CONSTITUTION PROVIDING LEADERSHIP AND EXERCISE CONTROL OVER PERMANENT EXECUTIVE IN IMPLEMENTAION

POLICY IMPLEMENTATION ROLE OF JUDICIARY • CLARIFYING THE PROVISIONS OF POLICY OR BILL IN CASE THOSE ARE VAGUE AND SUCEPTIBLE TO DIFFERENT INTERPRETAIONS • ING JUDEGEMENTS ON THE ACTIONS TAKEN DURING IMPLEMENTAION INCROACHING RIGHTS OF THE CITIZEN OR AGAINST THE SPIRIT OF CONSTITUTION • JUDICIARY HAS POWER TO STRIKE SUBORDINATE OR STRATIVE LEGISLATION • ISTARTIVE TRIBUNAL CREATED TO ABJUDICATE DISPUTES REGARDING EXECUTION OF ACT OR POLICY

POLICY IMPLEMENTATION ROLE OF NGOs • TO SUPPLEMENT GOVERNMENT PROGRAMMES • TO SERVE AS EYES AND EARS OF THE VILLAGERS • TO ACTIVATE AND IMPROVERESPONSIVENESS OF THE DELIVERY SYSTEM TO MEET THE FELT NEED OF THE POOR • TO DISSEMINATE INFORMATION ABOUT SAILENT FEATURES OF THE GOVERNMENT POLICY • TO MOBILISE AND ORGANISE THE POOR TO DEMAND QUALITY SERVICE AND IMPOSE A SYSTEM OF ABILITY ON THE PERFORMANCE OF GRASSROOT GOVERNMENT FUNCTIONARIES

PROBLEMS IN POLICY IMPLEMENTATION

“ THE OUTSIDERS BELIEVE A PRESIDENT’S ORDER IS CONSISTENTLY FOLLOWED. NONSENSE, I HAVE TO SPEND CONSIDEARBLE TIME SEEING THAT IT IS CARRIED OUT AND IN THE SPIRIT THE PRESIDENT INTENDED.” Dr. Henery Kissinger, Ex – Secretary of State

PROBLEMS IN POLICY IMPLEMENTATION POLICY STATEMENT

ING SERVICES LACK OF STAFF FINANCIAL AND INFRASTRUCTUTRAL LACK OF FROM TOP SHORTAGE OF TIME GIGANTIC TARGETS

PROBLEMS IN POLICY IMPLEMENTATION PRESSURES ON IMPLEMENTORS POLITICAL PRESSURE CITIZENS NOT COOPEARTIVE VESTED INTEREST IMPLEMENTOR INCLINATIONS LACK OF WILL LACK OF INITIATIVE LACKOF TEAM SPIRIT CORRUPTION LACK OF MOTIVATION LACK OF ABILITY

Cause and Effect Policy Statement

Policy Statement is not Clearly Worded

ing Services Lack of Staff Lack of Halp and from Top Legal Terminologies Without Explanations

Financial Constraints

Lack of Farsightedness

Shortage of Time

Gigantic Targets

Delay in Policy Implementation Lack of Will

Political Pressures Citizens are Not Cooperative Vested Interests

Officials Made Corrupt by Vested Interests

Lack of Initiative

Lack of Team spirit In Implementing Policies Lack of Motivation

Pressures on Implementors

Lack of ability Implementors Inclinations

EFFECTIVE POLICY IMPLEMENTAION MECHANISM IT WOULD INCLUDE POLITICAL STRATEGIES STARIVE STRATEGIES EDUCATIONAL STRATEGIES