Practical Poultry Raising 5cz6w

different

of

because

(ME)

calories/lb.

calories/kg

1,250 1,280 1,335

2,750 2,815 2,950

they

to meet the

cient if

the

total

is for

body are

amino

essential

for

functions. those

of various acids.

tissue

cannot

High

quality

sources

are

amounts

of

building

Essential

which

chickens.

Amino

those the

which

essential

amino

com-

the

acids

likely

requirements

acids

has enough to meet

protein contain amino

larger

the

that

you will

ma1 protein

acids. 137

these

acids

they

to meet.

It

amino

are is

acid

a feed

which

In order

requirements is

need at source.

and

because

three.

it

and

important

be in

minimum

amino

even

require-

other

will

these

acids

Of these,

most

all

of

be defi-

of the

difficult

that

it

content

be met first

most

could

methionine

the

in

minimum

amino

protein

are

and

be made by the

five

lysine,

limited

essential

feed

adequate.

should

are

these

are

and therefore

these

Mixed

in

in

formulation,

is

nutrients.

listed

the most

of

and

lysine,

sources,

cystine

consists

protein

many protein difficult

low qual-

and tryptophan feed

are

and

and vege-

arginine,

in

An-

meal

acids

cystine

requirements

Protein

E for

E, only

importance

ments

of

considered

amino

(degree

feed

binations

are

See Appendix

Energy

Protein

quality,

ity.

are:

O-8 weeks 8-20 weeks 20 weeks on

high

proteins

formulation,

Metabolizable

as fish

table

are

amino

quality.

such

on age,

For

chickens

proteins,

depend

and en-

essential

in protein

meat meal,

(layers)

for

low

low in

require-

temperature)

as other

are

energy

conditions

confinement,

ages

Those

most least

of likely one ani-

flavin.

Vitamins l

Vitamins

are

required

in

ties

essential

but

health

organic

extremely

compounds

small for

normal

l

quantigrowth,

and productivity. s Vitamin A--Requirements are expressed in United States Pharmacopoeia units (U.S.P.), which are the same as International Units (I.U.). Vitamin A is easily destroyed by sunlight and heat, minerals or rancid with air, Vitamin A is found in oils. sorghum, soybean, alfalcorn, fa and all green leafy vegetables.

l

Vitamin E--Since cereal grains contain a large amount of Vitamin E, deficiency is not likely in most poultry feeds.

l

Riboflavin--Feeds cereal grains in probably deficient

acid--Rations riboflavin pantothenic

will acid.

Other vitamins--Vitamin K, thiamin, pyridoxin, niacin, choline are other biotin, vitamins required by chickensjbut deficiency is not probable in an otherwise balanced feed mix.

Minerals Minerals required

Vitamin D--Requirements are expressed in International Chick Units (I.C.U.), which measure only the quantity of D3 and not D2 because chickens can utilize only D3. Chickens under daily sunlight can make their own D3. Other chickens must have D3 in their feed. Use of artificial VT?-amin D3 is usually necessar; for contained units.

l

Pantothenic with enough have enough

for

port

functions.

sary

minerals

otherwise eral

are use

in

will

supplements

elements

many life

Not

balanced

(See Appendix

basic

all

the

be found feed. must

supnecesin

an

T'nus min-

be added.

E.)

m Salt--Will have to be added to the feed mix unless fish meal with a very high salt content is included in the mix.. l

with only the mix are in ribo13s

Calcium and phosphorus--Of particular concern are calcium and phosphorus, which most certainly will have to be provided separately (for laying hens).

Non-nutrient Feed Substances

Ingredient Use Limits Appendix

consists of small .-Grit-- Grit stones which are used in the gizzard of the chicken to grind up feed. It is usually provided in a feeder separate from the mash. Water --Necessary

for

all

ingredients only

tion

tinm c&I.-

Some reasons

a list

should

be used

amount

in

for

this

of

a feed iimita-

are: in the m Crude fiber--Content feed will be too high if more than the recommended amount of some ingredients is used.

Medications--To control coccimedications often are diosis, mixed into the feed. Coccidiosis medications are called Antibiotics coccidiostats. sometimes are included at very low levels in feed for growth promotion. When used for medical purposes, high levels for short periods of time as per specific disease control is recommended. Antibiotics are not used for disease prevention because if fed at a constant level over an extended period of

l

Toxins--Cottonseed meal contains a toxin and should be used only in limited amounts. So does soybean meal unless it is heat-treated.

e

Palatability--Excessive use of some ingredients or its texture (too powdery or gummy) will make the feed unpalatable to the chickens, resulting in lower feed consumption.

0

Fishy tasting result if too is used.

~ntibi~tic-rPsistan+

bacteria biotics growth age of

which

to a limited

mix.

life.

E contains

will result. Antiare not used for stimulation after the 20 weeks.

@

139

eggs--Will much fish

meal

Poor nutrient balance--Too much of any ingredient (over 50 percent rice polish, for example) will make it difficult to balance the ration. The listed amounts are given in some cases to simply help you in attaining a balanced ration.

feed

Sources of Feed Nutrients

ble

(ration)

requires

amount

patience

of

trial

a consideraand error,

and determination.

But,

with

a good formula

will

save money and control

costs,

which

is

the

the

farmer feed

farmer's

major

expense. The charts the

amount

in Appendix

of nutrients Using

the

requirements

listed

in

ces,

methods

the late

following

sources. meat

from

house

to cook,

grind.

up,

and potential

appendion

area. feed

own list

of

in

bananas,

papaya,

are

formulation

protein

sun and

quantity

bread-

Consult

with

information

on

a feed

of and/

essential

amino

come close,

local

source

ingredients

to

they

concerned

safe

and recommended.

source.

methionine

with

140

(amounts acids).

meeting for

lysine

(methionine

in place

alone

will

methionine

for

To

pro-

Be particularly

tine,

requirements chicken

both

use one animal

requirements

Formulating a Ration

the

and one vegetable

tein

are

by satisfying

and quality

unconventional

a balanced

on the

a local

requirements,

regarding

at

listed

formulating

l--Start

authorities

Arriving

not

may have

actual

in your

charts,

in

and

of all

feedstuffs

Steps

price,

availability

they

Step

siaughter-

sp.),

ensure

the

are:

(Leucena

beans.

If

them.

termites,

the

with

characteristics

nutritionist

a local

dry

ipil-ipil

or winged

the

to use as nutrient

scraps

value,

other

feed.

You may have

fruit,

nutritive

you can calcu-

You can add your ingredients

in

nutrient

outlined

pages,

a balanced

Become familiar

contained

33 sources.

and the

D list

the and + cys-

of methionine

do). for dre

Meeting lysine generally

and most

difficult they

are

anced.

of

all,

the

first

While

tein

which

calculating

such

sources as maize

cassava

for

Some protein

found

in

this

these

costs. methionine

other

check

requirements

are

2--Next,

tein

and energy

needs.

will

low-energy

If

the

ens will

eat

less

meeting

the&r

energy

but

their

other

a .diet, should

the

the

than

protein. protein

be increased.

to keep

of it

percent.

per

kg (per

lb.)

acid calorie requirement

2,750

calorie content

3,000

20%

(1,250)

protein requirement

=

pro-

more of

energy,

especially

Try

the

content

(1,3;

21.9% protein level adjusted for energy content

I

This

in

not

calculate

to meet

eat

ration

one.

all

contents.

energy

high

ensure

balance primarily

energy

have

met.

eat

mnsthey

and

amino

Step

their

feed

lysine

to

In

Example--If feed for chicks (20 percent protein requirement) has 3,000 cal. per kg (1,373 cal. which is more than per lb.), the 2,750 (1,250) needed, protein content must be increased to 21.9 percent.

and

total

essential

Poultry

be

requirements

been met,

too

will

Once the

short.

fiber

five

protein

polish-

sources

can reduce

fall

also,

feed.

below

the

wheat,

and rice

ings,

than

crude

the

car'bo-

exceed

step

total

energy,

(corn),

flour

this

look

low-cost

to

minimum

pro-

also

high-energy,

hydrate

safer

why

to be bal-

requirements,

for

is

a

a high-

ration the

feed,

is

protein

thus

ious

needs--

to

such

in

stay

of

line of

within

the

to

the var-

birds.

Try

two percent

of

ratio. ratio:

of

simplicity,

orie/protein

ratio

141

calories

with

Calorie/protein poses

is

ration

needs

the

content It

the

chick-

needs,

In

Keep

For purthe

is

cal-

calculated

by dividing centage

the

points

requirement type

number

of

number

in

or

is

as a guideline

in

be sure

you have

tein

the

tein

as much calcium

energy,

the

2,750

calories

Since

the

we had

To test

the

and

the

calcium

feed

content up to 21.9

is must

137, be

percent,

in: =

feed. 60 percent

requirement

itself

if

the

in

flock

to a calcium-source

4--Most

fish

or meat meal,

contain

salt.

Therefore,

add about

0.25

percent

that

is per

Step

Cal/protein ratio ratio

have

Step

oz.

calorie/protein

proper

resulting

correct

about

need

the

birds

hopper.

Cal/protein ratio

150

protein

3,000 21.9

You only

has access

is:

protein

in

foods,

salt

250 g

137, ratio.

some

to the

per

5--Balancing

ration,

100 kg

contents requires

lations.

An easier

of varimany calcuand accep-

ted

way to meet

with

a commercial

vitamin-min-

eral

supplement.

If

the

supplement's

the

birds

get

without

excesses.

(4

the vitamin

ous foods

needs

142

especially

100 lbs.).

and-mineral =

adjusted

the

ratio

twice

the

protein.

For the

as phosphorus

of

is:

3,000 20

the

you

and a 20% pro-

between

ratio

pro-

The rati"

example

balance

to meet

cioout

enough

requirement.

or bone meal

effectively,

feed

calories

dicalcium

to use both

The calorie/protein

3,000

is

to

and 20 percent

prior

formula

add limestone,

phosphate

chick

137

your

checking

per

In the

low,

in

and

requirements.

least

=

age or

calcium

only

need at

2,750 20

the

phosphorus

otherwise.

For

3--If

useful

feed.

is meaningless

kg

Step

The resulting

ratio

Example:

per-

protein

of a given bird.

in

the

of

these

needs

you follow

directions, enough

is

of

any harmful

their

Example of Feed Formulation for Chicks

Assume

the

following

is

available: Percentage of protein

cost

# Source

Protein per kg

cost per

--

--

100 kg

100 lbs.

$ 4.95

$ 2.25

8.25

3.75

9

--

--

9.90

4.50

8.5

--

--

7.70

3.50

44

18~

17.60

8.00

50

35

16

24.20

11.00

60

40

18

lb.

Carbohydrate: 22.

Rice

24.

Sorghum

5.

polish

Maize

(corn)

11

Protein: 7.

Cottonseed

27.

Soybean

ll3.

Fish

meal meal

meal

Balance

the

quantity

least

1.1

0.75

2,750

calories

kg

(1,250

protein

meal source,

for

of the

feed

bean meal and will

is

the

but

it

(see is

the next

help

balance

low

lysine

lb.).

equal

protein

about

same.

the

polish

cheapest

cent)

because

can't

est.

Although

198).

in

much Vitamin Soy-

this

it

the

maize A, it

second

the

source.

are

use

maxi-

(50 per-

is

ghum as the

143

its

rate

cheapest,

of

energy,

example

at near

Instead,

content

of

contents

expensive.

rela-

three

supply

amounts

mum permissable

be

All

sources

and their

rice

15 percent

page

meal.

Therefore,

ME per

per

more than

and

contain-

of

calories

Cottonseed

about

methionine

a ration

cottonseed

carbohydrate

pro-

lysine, (or

in

ing

tively

20 percent

methionine

the

Chicks

percent

+ cystine)

used

protein

and quality.

need at tein,

ration's

8~

cheap-

supplies still

is

use sorcarbohydrate

too

ample Test Formulation Methionine

Lysine

Protein

Q

ME* Calories

Cystine

polish

45

11

4.9

0.5

0.22

0.2

0.09

-% 0.11

'rghum

20

9

1.8

0.2

0.04

0.16

0.03

0.15

0.03

66,000

ttonseed 15 meal

45

6.6

1.8

0.27

0.66

0.10

0.90

0.135

30,030

;i;y

-20

50

10.0

3.2

0.64

0.7

0.14

0.74

0.15

50,600

tal kg

100

-%

ce

kg

test

951 calories needed,

-%

-kg

z

&g

23.2

* Total

This

2

1.17 x calories

ration per

per

To find

0.049

148,500

0.364

0.36 kg

kJ$

ME per

lb.,

295,130

divide

by 2.2.

has about kg,

more than

so more protein

should

added. calorie

requirement

2,750

20%

protein

requirement

21.5%

adjusted protein level needed in this ration

=

calorie

The test

Protein Lysine Methionine

requirement

ration

2,951

actually

+ Cystine

has:

Test ration content

Requirement

23.30% l.i7 0.17

21.5% 1.2 0.8

144

(adjusted)

The test protein

ration

quantity,

lysine

is but

meal might

for

some cottonseed

since

the

former However,

be short

total

proportion

might

be increased,

tonseed

meal

protein

level

cally

the

be substi-

ration

of

ration

because

If

lysine

soybean

still

will

meal

leaving

the

cot-

of

then

the

(rice

but

of

meal,

in

already

be uneconomi-

of

is

sorghum

at

polish

the

is

substituted

for

quality the

first

the

needs

protein

test

high,

should

a

and methion-

Since too

test

cost,

protein the

which first

its

lysine

some is

quantity

meal,

in

be met.

soybean

is,

would

included

ine.

The

fish

wasn't

good source

meal,

on methionine.

as it

However,

in

has a higher

would

in

+ cystine.

tuted

content.

high

deficient

and methionine

Some soybean

too

ration proportion

be increased

already

is

the maximum level

being

used

allowed).

high.

Example Second Test Formulation

Protein Rice polish Sorghum

Lysine

Cystine

Methionine 2

45

-% k& 0.5 0.22

25

0.2

ME Calories

5

kJ$

0.2

!z 0.09

0.11

0.049

148,500

0.05

0.16

0.04

0.15

0.037

82,500

Cottonseed meal 15

44

6.6

1.8

0.27

0.66

0.10

0.9

0.135

30,030

Soybean meal

5

50

2.5

3.2

0.16

0.7

0.035

0.74

0.037

12,320

-10

60

6

5.2

0.52

2

0.2

0.95

0.095

26,400

Fish meal Total kg

100

22.2

1.22

0,465

145

0.353

299,750

The second 1.22

percent

methionine quality

test

ration,

lysine

and 0.82

+ cystine,

meets

requirements.

ME is

2,997

adjust

cium,

percent

Looking

protein

per

level

to

kg.

at

0.35

level:

percent

calorie requirement

2,997

ond test

21.8%

adjusted protein level needed in this ration

content

ration, higher

need,

protein requirement

=

The protein

little

20%

but

22.2 than

that

is

of

the

percent,

the

is

a

adjusted

we find

and other

mineral

that

these have

(The

ration

ine,

more than

required

has

amino been

1.49 the

and 0.25

E, page

fulfilled.

percent 1.2

percent

percent

more than

the

0.20

argin-

tryptopercent

required.) Now that energy,

the you

ration

is

can calculate

balanced cal146

- 2,2

to 1).

percent

salt

ration.

the

will

Vitamin

needs

will

be

commercial

supple-

content

of your

But

this

is

difficult.

and usually

less

to use a commercial supplement

all

you are

in

and mineral

easier,

almost

ratio

the

min/mineral

acid

to keep

calculate

expensive, 204),

side.

You can also

mix. is

safe

percent

this

by the

vitamin

on arginine

(Appendix

requirements

for

in

feed

The min-

percent.

(1.8

to 0.4

be needed

It

and tryptophan

0.3

ration

phosphorus

0.28

range

E,

so add about

calcium/phosphorus

ment.

a good safety

checking

about

add 0.4

provided

margin. Finally,

is

About

the

calcium.

available

recommended

sec-

find

to be on the

Therefore, the

needs.

(Appendix

one percent,

content 2,750

phan,

you will

The ration's

calorie requirement

tables

percent

imum is

energy

and salt

the

2051,

has 0.79

To

that

phosphorus

page

The ration's

calories

protein

with

countries.

adding

other

substance,

tions

on their

available

packages.

in

Finally,

a coccidiostat follow

vita-

the

if or instruc-

sing a Protein Concentrate When commercial rpensive Len is

kd perhaps

a concentrate

Lry to know all : and their ).

the

: has been :operly,

the it

kept

the

feed. is

deteriorate is

im-

may have

To find

be-

work

rme useless.

.ne the !in

square

relative

concentrate

ceded for

method

of

types

I.5 percent

tese

protein), protein

calculations,

with

the

combinations,

the

the larger:

44

in

maize

the

parts a

feed, by the

the

concentrate

parts

maize

percentage

divide total

21.1%

7.5=

In parts

parts

35.5

to obtain ration.

7.5

= 28

of

with

mixed

from

=

To find

protein,

; percent

8.5

44 - 16

hickens.

Lrcent

right

subtracting

numbers

16 -

pro-

and carbohydrate

Example--Concentrate

parts concentrate

to deter-

proportions

particular

the

diagonally,

smaller

Use the

\

desired protein level in feed

old,

transported

vitamins

X

I concetitrate protein percentage

in make-

concentrate or

44

neces-

nutrient

vitamins

If

16%

available,

ingredients

specific

,

ipidly.

the

X

sources,

if

len using

8.5

The con-

formulation, you to balance

a

local

carbohydrate

-11 help

/

\,

which

with

some calcium.

sntrate's

ra-

concentrate

vitamins

parts maize

too

you can mix

protein

or other

are

a complete

impractical,

-so contains -ains

feeds

and mixing

lmmercial

maize protein percentage

each parts:

concentrate

35.5

are

28

r weight:

35.5

147

=

78.9% maize

of number

each of

Mixing Feeds

remaining Don't

Feed must so that anced

all

be mixed

chickens

ration.

thoroughly

receive

Coccidiostats,

min and mineral

supplements

other

additives

are

small

amounts

incorporated in

that

used they

mix very ture

again,

then

with

vita-

separately

to

must

be

First,

5 kg of

additive

and salt

are

several l

put and mixfeed,

add to the

Mixer 148

mixing

the vitamin

phosphorus

such

Then add this

to approximately

mix well

Tumble

well.

mineral

and

1 - 2 kg of an ingredient

pre-mix

before

a bal-

in

gradually.

feed

the

and

the --

total

it.

calcium,

add them feed.

ways of mixing

There

feed.

By hand--You can mix lo-20 kg (22-44 lbs.) of feed at a time in a large tub. Or, you can layer ingredients on a cement floor or sheet of plywood or metal. Shovel the feed out from the center and then back, repeating the process until

Storing Feed

the feed is completely mixed. Repeat several times and when shovelling to the center always to allow the shovelful of feed to fall on the tip of the cone that is being created, which allows more even spread of the nutrients.

Mixed in

hot

ground

with

If

is

it it

it

is

the

rest

Very

the too

out too to

finely

impacted will

chicken

the

feed

tent--

if

and leave

the

it

will

bottom

a bird's

be reluctant

the

rest. sift

of

grain

the

to eat

goes

probably

putting

in

above

the

If

Peace

Corps'

through

Corps

office

feeder.

front

cover).

it. 149

of

or

feed.

ingredients where

on slatted least

they plat-

30 cm

so cats

(1 ft.)

or dogs For other

feed,

Small from

rancidbefore

underneath.

on storing

age Manual

and birds

stop

room,

floor,

ideas

flock

buy one with

or

be stacked

can patrol

will

feed

at

the

container

a pest-tight

raised

con-

deficiencies.

a new supply

forms

fat

or will

to help

Bags of

be

sick

a premix,

the

at

careful

nutritional

Clean

supply

rancid,

get

In

to mix and

has a high

an antioxidant

can become

beak,

it

con-

floor.

a week's

the

When buying

to be

birds

more than

experience

ingredients.

coarse,

fine,

should

coarseness

other

ground in

feed

not

when

should

to a medium

mixed

pick

for

try

Be especially

ity.

be stored

the

a time.

need

Grain

off

weather,

will

Grinding Feed

should

and rodent-proof

raised

store

Powered mixer--If enough local farmers are mixing feed manually, they may want to to build or buy a powered mixer. Agricultural extension agents should have suggestions on designs or sources.

l

a pest-

tainer

Tumble mixer--A clean oil drum, mounted eccentrically on a stand, makes an excellent manual mixer. If fitted with ball bearings, it can handle up to 70 kg (150 Ibis.).

l

feed

obtain

Farm Grain

the from

local

the Stor-

Peace

ICE (see

inside

Vitamin A--Decreased growth in chicks, reduced egg production in layers, along with reduced quality of eggs produced and paling of (Symptoms could egg yolks. be a result of many other Odorless substancauses.) ces in eyes and nasal ages. Staggering walk and nodules in the esophogus.

Nutritional Deficiencies

The definite tional

diagnosis

deficiencies

requires

in

experienced

sophisticated

This

chickens

technicians

pathology

facilities.

of nutri-

is

and

Vitamin E--Deficiency causes uncoordination, poor growth, stumbling, general muscular uncoordination in chicks, beginning no earlier than 3-4 weeks of age. It is frequently most severe when accompanied by coccidiosis disease. Also causes death of chick embryo after incubation. 3-4 days'

laboratory because:

o Deficiency symptoms are noticed until severe.

not

usually

0 Symptoms of any specific nutrient deficiency are similar to symptoms of non-nutritional diseases and/or other deficiencies. Deficiency symptoms are not easily diagnosed, even in a laboratory. The fastest way to diagnose deficiency of amino acids is to calculate the amino acid content of the feed mix and if possible have the feed analyzed by a laboratory for confirmation.

l

Riboflavin--Vitamin B2 deficiency causes poor growth, low hatchability, curled toes (although some chicks have curled toes at hatching, which is probably a genetic problem and not a deficiency symptom). If many chicks develop curled toes after hatching, it could be a riboflavin deficiency.

Vitamin Deficiencies Vitamin perly loss

deficiencies

balanced of'vitamin

rations

are

potency

or storage

conditions.

deficiency

symptoms

in

due

Vitamin D--Deficiency causes weak legs, soft or brittle bones, poor growth, weak egg shells, enlarged ts, low hatchability.

pro-

caused

by

to age

Vitamin

There

include:

and minerals 150

are

many more vitamins

which

can cause

poor

growth,

paralysis,

increased real the

mortality

answer feed

is

being

possibility

foods tially

case

of

inclusion the

reduce

country

where

supplements

in

to the

The

chickens the

of diet the

the

chickens

not

availa-

following

will

substan-

chance

Vitamin A--Edible oils, grasses, yellow maize, alfalfa, clover, most green leafy material.

C defifound

Vitamin D3--Sunshine, oils and concentrates, cured grasses.

fish sun-

Vitamin K--Alfalfa, most green leafy vegetable matter, meat scraps, fish plant oils, meal.

Thiamin--(Vitamin Bl> Whole grain and grain by-products, peanut meal, soybeans, grasses, and alfalfa.

and peanut oil EL2 --Bean meals, dried cow manure, various fermentation products.

Riboflavin--Residues from fermentation processes such as brewery residues, alfalfa, grasses, some fish meals.

Other Deficiencies

Pantothenic acid--Peanut meal, cereal grain brans, alfalfa, grasses, fermentation residues.

Salt--Simply put enough salt For country in the ration. chickens just add a pinch of salt to their feed mixture.

Pyrodoxine-(B ) Rice bran, fish, wheat an Iz rice by-products, alfalfa.

Anti-Gizzard Erosion Factor-Kale, grasses, alfalfa, wheat products, soybean meal.

Niacin--Rice bran, wheat, peanuts, meat, greens and fermentation residues from corn distillers. grains,

Ascorbic acid--Vitamin ciency has never been in domestic chickens.

Vitamin E--Found in all cereals and cereal brans, polishings, green foliage, alfalfa meal.

of vitamin

deficiencies:

Choline--Whole

peanut

Cholic acid--Grasses, kale, alfalfa, wheat by-products, soybean meal.

artificial

are

and polishings, soybean meal.

Biotin--Root tubers, alfalfa, grasses, whole grains.

in

deficiencies.

locations

vitamin ble,

to know sJhat is given

of

In the and in

and so on.

as much as possible,

and avoid,

brans meal,

low hatchability,

Minerals--Other and phosphorus, are not likely

cereal 151

than calcium deficiencies if a variety

as human food.

of ingredients is used in feed. In isolated cases, if there is a mineral deficiency in the soil on which plants and animal ingredients are produced, there also will be a deficiency in the mixed feed. A final

word

those

who don't

mercial

feeds

dients. for

on nutrition

have or

All

dients. weeds

are

Since

little

types

potential

feed

you must

ing

stages

If

you find

of

that

eyes

feeding

some local

common sense.

Some seaweeds

must

be washed

dried

and fed

extent

dur-

research

use

in protein

results.

Use are

and minerals, with only

due to high

fresh

but

water,

to a limited salt

that many plant origin foods are likely to contain toxins--thus restrict use of these substances in large quantities.

done

these.

has been done,

high

l

open

ingredients.

use caution

the

Processing methods used will determine the energy and protein and vitamin content of various feed ingredients. For example, note the differences in the percent of protein content of soybean meal in the Feed Formulation Chart, Appendix D (page 197).

and

has been

content.

Points to Consider Before Using Non-Traditional Ingredients o Don't consider using ingredient that also

an serves 152

to meat.

l

ingre-

insects

research

com-

ingre-

feed

of

on these, early

to

keep your

on alternative

6 It may be even cheaper import eggs or chicken

for

traditional

You must

ideas

access

If energy feed stuffs (or protein feed stuffs) are not available, it will probably be easier and cheaper to import a complete feed.

l

9. Poultry Marketing and Finances Before try

field

farmers

current consider

must

carefully

they

will

do with

families

a market where

the

Suddenly

putting

broilers

up for

munity

may depress

small

numbers

planning 1,000 the

large sale

of

--a

flock

dozen

eggs

low

they

in the

of in

production

ducts

com-

need

rate

tant

advance

50 per-

alSQ

expand

must their

of

other

operations

good years,

p rices

will

Seasonal

enter

for

fall. into

market

inevitably

considerations

plans

as well;

farmer's

that

quality to buy

good progreatest

in

153

farmers

or unable

them,

cult

.spot

to

it

a key is

relucyet

success. diffi-

and correct

practices

and the a loss

to

extremely

problems

Wasteful

at

are

to keep records, are

Without

operate

all

and have

almost

the

unnoticed,

farmers If

be considered.

high

A reputation

them;

cent. The plans

and of

continue

is

to market

must be sure

consumers

good records

even at

of

seasons.

who wants

Many small

100 may produce a year,

fresh

and are

asset.

Even

price.

layers

them.

of

a small

are

are

foods

rainy

products

so that

prices.

numbers

cool,

poultry

Forming

best

in

eggs

as heating

Any farmer

and eggs will the

instance,

of

eaten

what

means identifying

receive

for

thought

flocks,

eat.

and when birds to

India,

poul-

meat and eggs

don't

plan

be mid

the

or expand

they

their

enter

can go

farmer

may even

and not

know it.

Marketing Chickens

Country

although

meat birds, some eggs

for

The worksheet flock If

you are

working

with

began

and brooded

country

t;lere

consumption below with

assumes

ten

chicks

will or

be sale.

that

the

hatched

by a hen. I

consider

chickens,

them primarily

as

t

Country

--Expenses

Chickens

and Income

Expenses Night

shelter,

if

Feed supplement, Nest,

if

Worming

if

...........

any

.......................

any

medication,

Other

.............

any

if

(vaccinations, Total

.........

any

.........

etc.)

....................

expenses

Income About

60 eggs x price

Sale

of

4-5

per per

egg

males

at

x average Sale

of

3-4

year

x average

(210

x --? 15 weeks

price

hens

at

x 3-4 hens

(4.5

x -2 years

l-1/2

price

(3.5

x

i

...................................

Total

income

Less

expenses,

Profit,

(or

loss)

if

any

. . . . . . ..*.................

..............................

154

==========I

age weights

Marketing Medium-Size Broilers

for

vary

meat birds

less

weight

feed

consumed.

sell

them as soon

of

they

gain It

age as possible

weight.

The chart

per

the

mers,

unit

of

flocks,

important

after

eight

if

they

below

are lists

1 2

with

may find

it

flock

and to weigh

of

birds

at least

aver-

158).

Feed Consumption Per Week

lbs.

especially before

Added Weight Per Unit of Feed per Week

medium-size

giving

to it

to the

a sample

of

a week

(see

page

Weight of Feed To Produce 1 Unit of Weight Gain*

lbs.

0.21

kis 0.11

0.25

0.20

0.44

0.15

0.33

0.69

1.43

3

0.39

0.86

0.29

0.64

0.66

1.52

4

0.59

1.30

0.37

0.82

0.54

1.86

5

0.82

1.81

0.48

1.06

0.48

2.08

6

1.07

2.36

0.54

1.19

0.46

2.16

7

1.33'

2.94

0.61

1.35

0.43

2.33

8

1.60

3.53

0.67

1.48

0.40

2.51

9

1.88

4.13

0.72

1.59

0.37

2.65

10

2.16

4.75

0.81

1.78

0.34

2.87

*Multiply this value by the is near the estimated price continuing to feed them will not adjusted for‘mortality.

may

Many far-

helpful

once

feed

on quality

and care).

weeks

Age in Weeks

kg -0.09

feed

feed

Broiler

gain

depending

weigh

to

Feed Consumption--Male Weight of Bird

breed,

(actual

and weight

widely,

are,

is

consumption

a male meat bird

consumption

of The older

and feed

1.19

price of feed per per unit of weight be unprofitable.

155

unit of weight. If the result the birds can be sold for, Figures in this chart are

Feed Consumption--Male

Broiler

&

lbs.

Weight of Feed To Produce 1 Unit of Weight Gain

Added Weight Per Unit of Feed per Week

Feed Consumption Per Week

Weight of Bird

Age in Weeks

(Cont.)

&. 1.98

0.29

3.47

11

2.42

5.32

!s 0.90

12

2.70

5.94

1.00

2.21

0.28

3.56

13

2.95

6.50

1.09

2.39

0.23

4.27

14

3.21

7.06

1,27

2.80

0.20

5.00

Rare

is

the

developing

to

refrigeration.

within

small

world

a few hours

most

broilers

directly

are

of

but

sale,

plenty the

market

kept

cold,

stop

they

it

is

night

good to

eight water

Chickmarket

or wooden

early

day

trip

to the

have

commercial

based bird,

grades

on size,

skin

usually

cerned

with

only

good quality

meat of meat

and condition

not

grading,

the farm's

for

A small-scale

need

tect

stan-

amount

color

factors.

farmer

set

but

be conshould

reputation birds

eating

others

pro-

by sending to market or selling

them locally.

to

In

or more,

assumed

birds

mortality

weather, birds

or

and either

receive

hours

In hot

transport

the

the

countries

and other an

them on the

If

may die.

or in

to the

they

per

either

or through

be sure

and supply

or

live,

system.

feed

takes

‘birds,

unless

baskets

of water.

dards

spoils

can be transported

Don't

access

meat

marketing

crates.

Most

in

Since

sold

in well-ventilated

farmer who has

to consumers

established ens

the

while

at

Actual

morning.

sale

156

the

worksheet

that

good management

and feed producing feed

may very

below,

it

is has kept

consumption

healthy,

consumption considerably.

heavy

down, birds.

and weight

at

100 Male

and Female

Broilers,

Sold

at

9 or

12 weeks--Expenses

and Income.

_

Expenses sold at 398 kg

Feed:

9 weeks (875 lbs.)

x ‘(feed

sold at 636 kg

12 weeks (1,400 lbs.)

price)

x (feed

price)

. . ..*.....e......................

Housing* Waterers,

and other

feeders,

Heating

and lighting

Brooder

and equipment*

IlO-day-old Interest

chicks,

equipment*...

..................... .................. plus

on financing,

.... ..

transport if

any

...........

Contingency for emergencies (medicine, extra feed, etc.), add 10% . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................

Vaccinations Containers

and transport

Total

......

to rarket

expenses

...................

sold at (375 lbs.)

9 weeks x (est.

Income 100 broilers: 190 kg sold at 241 kg

12 weeks (530 lbs.)

x (est.

Value

of manure

sold

price)

or used

price) ............

...... ............................... .Total income .............................. Less total expenses . . . . . ..a........................ Profit, (or loss) *If you think houslng and equinment will last three these expenses for each 14-week cycle (preparation, they will last four years, 6 percent, etc.

157

years, growth

--------==== use 10 percent and sale). If

of

Weighing Chickens

Keeping of

records

a flock

eats in

and the

helps body

feed

the

With

ways.

farmer

this

weight

of

in

the

information, in

two major

f.a,;mer

rates

The easiest chicken

first

in

Adjust

a sheet

the

cone,

from

the It

all

the

five

or

reached

feed

it

metal

cone.

for

its

necessary

percent

to be average-size

a* head-

of

weight

reading.

chickens. ten

uneco-

the weight

or subtract

is not

see

consumption.

to place

scale

scale

of

In addi-

way to weigh

is

the

signs

can more easily have

of

it

losses

or decreases

when meat birds nomical

feed

several

can be spotted.

disease,

live

the weight

weight

consumption,

tion,

of

to weigh

A sample of what birds

will

of appear do.

Weighing a Chicken Sheet Metal Cone

158

Using

a

Storing Eggs for Market

Prior be kept at hot

to marketing,

as cool

4.4

to 12.8'

the

and the eggs

third direct

C (40 to 50"

F).

often

farmer

Don't

isn't

at

One way to store is

neck

in

ground

a shaded around

leave in

to bury

the

pot

of

in

pot

the

collected, cloth

Water

the

pot.

Put

the

pot

C (10'

probably

it

osene,

etc.,

store

resists

lower

eggs with

clean

prices.

protective the

entrance

of

moisture

inside.

water

and eat

removes

cleaning

them lightly

with

emery

or

cloth

this

eggs as

washed

eggs as

A preferred

as possible. of

An coat-

so save washing resort

method

eggs fine steel

is

rubbing

sandpaper, wool.

and

the

Et%

eggs

Grading

are

with

than

eggs

a

The inside will

F) cooler

Eggs absorb don't

the

as soon as they and cover

soon

don't

in

faster

fetch

or the

or broken

and retains

a last

the

eggs

any water

that

Washing

or a mat

the

they

bacteria

to its

but

and damp straw.

5.5'

ly;

area.

to cushion

them above

bottom

in

tempor-

pot

straw

spoil

only

leaking

protection,

eggs

pot,

not

ing

a few min-

a clay

Put

puddles.

keep

of

the

of

by droppings

egg has a natural

a

utes.

contents

ones,

every

eggs for

In

send

least

even

Eggs soiled

pos-

should

leave

sunshine,

arily

must ideally

to market

day.

eggs

as possible,

this

weather,

sible,

Cleaning hw

be about than

strong

outside.

odors

them near

or in mildewed

The main to ity

quick-

orions,

sort eggs

that

ker-

prices.

areas. 159

they

idea

in

them so that are

sent

receive

grading

eggs

is

only

good qual-

to market,

and

the

The simplest

best

possible

and most

important divide

method

of

sorting

eggs

into

three

the

--cracked,

dirty

cracked

eggs

or sold

locally

tion.

are

eaten for

locally

for

three

days,

while

than

sent

quickly

to the

much longer will

fertile

will

stay

in warm weather ones.

family

cleaned

Storing Eggs f& Home Consumption

and

within

clean

major

These

consump-

consumption the

be fertilized.

The

by the

are

not

edible

immediate

ones

to

categories

and clean.

The dirty

sold

is

eggs are marketing

outlet. If

people

pay a

of certain

colors

mer should

sort

Most

countries

size

standards.

your

area,

their

or for

eggs

the

A clean,

far-

egg,

qualities.

established

If

people

sizes, those

have

for

none

may want

edible egg

exist

are

in

Egg Size

Jumbo

to set

only

Categories

2-3/4

- up

57 - 63

2-l/4

- 2-l/2

Large

50 - 56

2

- 2-l/4

Medium

43 - 49

l-1/2

- l-3/4

Small

35 - 42

l-1/2

or less

Large

People

in

a few areas

eggs.

If

you are allow

in for

prefer

an area,

this

by keeping

roosters

with

the

layers.

the

part,

all

eggs

most

fertile

such

But, sold

in

shade,

and untracked should

remain

up to two weeks. ways

without

of

storing

them

refrigeration.

good eggs--use to

There

Store

a candler,

determine

their

if quality.

Oil--A thin film of oil on an egg fills its pores, and reduces evaporation and oxidation of the With a wire basket, contents. dip the eggs into .slightly heatk!d oil, about 11" C (20' F) A light warmer than the eggs. mineral oil is best, but almost any cooking oil (such as coconut) that doesn't turn rancid If you re-use rapidly will do. the oil, filter it and heat it to 116" C (240" F) to sterilize Oiled eggs will last for it. at least three weeks--longer if kept under 10' C (55" F).

Ounces

64 - up

you should

three

possible,

Grams Extra

for

longer

own.

Suggested

kept

unwashed

for

Clay pot--Place buried in the

should

160

eggs ground.

in

clay Cover

pot the

pot tightly water gets

and be sure no into the pot.

Size of Flock

Water glass --For 100 eggs, use a 25-liter (6.5-gal.) pot or Mix 5.25 liters (5 jar. quarts) of previously boiled, cool water with 0.5 liter (l/2 quart) of water glass (sodium Place the eggs in silicate). the pot and cover them with the water glass solution. Cover the pot and keep it in The a cool, shaded place. eggs should keep for anywhere from 1 to 6 months.

To take of

scale,

that

this

a laying

50 to

about

the

as will for

them.

assumes

Packaging eggs--With a mediumsize laying flock, it may be worthwhile to investigate purchasing special cardboard egg containers --100 layers may produce 2,000 eggs or more a month. Place the eggs small end down in the containers to reduce breakage.

161

of

manual flock

100 birds.

as housing

2.3 kg (5 lbs.) Lime water --Mix of quick lime (finely powdered lime) in 6 liters (6.3 quarts) of boiled and cooled water and allow to stand overnight so Place that the lime settles. eggs and the clear lime solution in pot, cover aad keep cool. The eggs should last more than a month.

advantage

recommends contain

at least

Many costs,

such

and equipment, same as for

be the

time

will

smaller needed

The following good stock,

economies

feed

be flocks,

to care worksheet and care.

100 .Layers--Expenses

and Income

Expenses Feed,

to 24 weeks White-egg 1,136 kg

breeds (2,500

lbs.)

x

. .

(feed

price)

price)

Housing'

(feed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..O..................

Feeders,

waterers,

Brown-egg 1,418 kg

breeds (3,120

lbs.)

other

.......................................

Heating

and lighting,

Brooder

equipment

Brooder

fuel

. . . ..I.....

if

any

..................

............................

.................................

115 day-old

chicks2 of

Interest

. .

equipment'

Litter

Transport

x

-.

...........................

chicks

..........................

on financing

........................

Contingency for emergencies (medicine, etc.), add 10% ............................. Vaccine

...................................... Total

Production

initial

investment

Cycle--100

Layers

(adjusted Feed,

for

for

1% per

.............................

month

mortality)

1 year

White-egg 4,150 kg

breeds (9,125

Brown-egg 5,000 kg

breeds (11,000

lbs.)

x (feed

lbs.)

price)

x (feed

price)

Housing

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..c......

Feeders,

waterers,

other

.*

equipment'

. . ..I......

162

'

if

Roosts,

used

Additional Cages,

1

........................... ..........................

litter if

............................

used'

..............................

Nesting

boxes'

Heating

and lighting,

Collection etc.)1

...............

any

and storage (baskets, ...................................

Egg containers, Transport Hired

if

of

labor,

Interest

if eggs if

....................

used and hens

any

pots,

........................ ......................

on financing

Miscellaneous (worming medication, add 1% ...................................

etc.),

...............................

Vaccinations Total

.......

to market

production

expenses

........... ..............

Income Sale

of eggs White-egg

breeds

--

24,000

eggs

x

Brown-egg

breeds

--

23,000

eggs

x

(price)

Sale

or use of manure Total Less

income initial

Profit,

expenses

as fertilizer

Prorate

over

2.

If sexed chicks aren't on equipment and feed,

. . . . . . ...*...............*.. and production

(or

1.

<price) ......

loss)

expected

expenses

.....

.......................

life

of

housing

===========

equipment.

available, buy about 225 chicks, adjust adjust income for sale of 100 broilers.

163

expenses

for

Records

ways

to

(seeking

in

should

analyzing

point records

the

operation

to help and pin-

problems.

To be useful,

should

be uncomplicated

and accurately keep

be kept

track

kept. of

all

A farmer

expenses

to post on the house nearby.

should

(looking

them)

methods

good way to Records

cut

next with

to increase

record

a form

to

inside

a pencil

can be recorded

it).

egg produ,:tion

similar

page

A full

and production

the

the

year's on such

is otn-

chicken

on a string production a form.

A

Egg Production

Record

Breed Source Date Housed Eatch Date Farmer ------r-tl-t--l---rl-rl-~--l 1 --_.1 12 13 (4 15 {6 17 (8 19 ~~n~~~~~2~11~74~15~16~17~18~19~20~ 1

No.

Eggs

I

1.~ -

A.M. A.M.

I

I

P.M.

?

I

P.M. I

TOTAL Birds

1

Removed Pounds Mash

I

Other Feeds

I 21 22 23124

Date A.M. A.M. P.M. P.M.

1

25126 I

27 28 29 30 31 %%@

for First Month

.

NgirZg of

Sold \

TOTAL

1

End of Month

--7--

TOTAL Birds Removed Pounds Mash Other Feeds Month

165

of

19

If extension, mation

you are

working

you will on expenses

in

want

poultry

more

Increasing Poultrv Profits’

infor-

and production,

including: Breed, source, and cost.

hatching

date

Number of birds at the and current number.

start Cutting

Type of feed, daily or weekly consumption and cost. Cost of ment.

housing

and equip-

Feed supplement and cost.

used,

if

or parasite

Type of litter and cost.

used,

Average

weekly

egg production.

Weather change).

(hot,

Number of reasons.

cold,

birds

Receipts from and meat.

sale

Family consumption and meat.

ditions,

and price

and eggs

of

eggs

con-

fluctuations

all

Concentrate

Space utilization--Try for a full but not crowded house, to keep per-bird house expense as low as possible. An experienced farmer can raise a mixedsex flock to ten weeks, filling sell the males as the house, and let the females broilers, grow to laying size, filling the house again.

any,

of

profits.

to market

pro-

Feed wastage--Well-designed, durable feeders are worth the expense, for ttey reduce wastage. Fill them one-third full for minimum wastage.

sudden

culled

responding

increasing

on:

any,

problems if

duction,

can increase

Type of medicine or vaccine istered and cost. Disease present.

costs,

Maintaining production--A 2-kg (4.4-lb.) hen eats about 27 kg (60 lbs.) of feed a year just She to maintain her weight. uses about another 6.8 kg (15 lbs.) to produce her first 100 eggs, about 5.9 kg (13 lbs.) for the second 100, and 6.4 kg (14 lbs.) for the third 100. Good management and culling of of non-layers are essential for profits. 166

--An inexpensive Feed quality feed that is not well-balanced does not save money--it reduces production.

mers have

Breed source--Breeds that produce best usually cost more, but make up for it through increasing sales.

dule

repaying fit

Timing--Try to bring eggs meat to market when prices be highest.

cash needed

loans try

farmers to

hard

raising

is

to

get

often

and will

that

inexperienced

studies

may exceed have

small

farmers

they

will

misuse

One way around

this

is

chases

flock

for

lender.

the

may avoid

the

to have

for money. pur-

made through

Some funding

sources

shown

and

because

It

International agencies--The World Bank, Oxfam, U.S./A.I.D., CARE, UNICEF and others sponsor rural development in some counOften such programs are tries. istered by the host governInformation on these ment. groups and others may be available through your local Peace Corps office or through the Peace Corps Resources Manual.

raising

viewed

business.

failures

to

lender

Government agencies--Most developing countries have agricultural loan programs channeled through istrative or agricultural extension networks.

have

flocks,

high-risk with

don't

start

poultry

are

making

also

sche-

Private lenders--Banks, traditional local money lenders, and marketing middlemen are possible private lenders. Of course, some may be better than others, and all possible sources should be investigated thoroughiy.

Many small

medium-size

to overcome Lenders

that

up a speci-

are:

Sources of Finance

the

may help

loans

of

and repayment

reluctance.

the

lay up to --Chickens Deep litter five percent more eggs when kept on deep litter, in addition to producing more valuable fertilizer.

good record Drawing

loans.

management

fear

Broken or soiled eggs--Good management and frequent collection will minimize losses from broken or soiled eggs.

a very

is

poulas a

true

farmers, successes,

that

small

Others--Cooperatives, credit__ women's groups, chick unions, suppliers, feed manufacturers

but far167

and others sourcesu

may be good

to,

but

the

government,

of

application course

following

would

isn't

Co-ops

limited

bulk

information:

A current

balance

o A chronological plan.

ers

cut

its

can reduce

and increase

op is

well

co-op

usually

run. is

create

if

the

The formation

of

regulated

extension they

marketing

may pro-

side,

costs

inspect

purchase

refrigeration products

they

by pooling

and grade

large-scale

Farmers

a

a farmer's

income,

to distribute

ship-

products,

contracts

and

equipment

during

can

low-price

to sea-

sons.

Poultry and Egg Cooperatives to

own feed,

financing.

transport

store

and

may buy mix-

In addition, low-cost

through chicks

and provide

negotiate

coa

by the 168

also

may profit

ing

to

finance

for

it

and by sharing

other

costs

chicks

ments,

A repayment plan: 10 to 12 weeks later for meat breeds, beginning in seven months for layers.

also

and rear

On the by exten-

feed,

their

vide

Q, A market plan, including names of potential buyers with allowances for losses during transport.

cooperative

monitors

costs

and prepare

advice.

management

or helping

of They

to

and

a A schedule of visits sion personnel.

ing

purchases

breed

sheet.

e A projected income expense statement.

l

also

can cut

equipment.

e A description of the current operation and past successes. l

which

operation.

A good loan include,

credit

.

the

co-op,

by helpby working

experience

with

10. Poultry Extension Good agricultural a two-way

extension

results er;

from

the

person

helped

several

come research

ably

of

in

of

the

actual

results. agent

in

acts

different from

one farmer

information

the

village

tain exten-

of

good

training.

and transfers

units,

Training and Visit System

lished Training Benor booklet

Agricultural and Visit

Extension: System

and James Q. Harrison. describes

a system

worker

other

than

latest,

of orga-

area,

extension

digestible this

farmers,

to make the impact.

recom-

Far-

morsels. service

because

the VEW will

and that

practical,

on

easily

well-timed

time

immediate 169

the

most

small,

what

but

who cer-

in

krzow where

The

(VEW),

in-service

the

be at

VEW will

current

The VEW focuses

by Daniel

the

of visiting in

they

The

is

research

or

offer

system

agricultural

mers welcome

Bank pub-

the

farmers

the

adapted

World

to

The VEW concentrates

supplying

to others.

1977 the

situation.

regular

mendations

In May,

extension

schedule

and receives

to others. can be adapted

extension

has

ideas

has no duties

between

and learns

their

has a set

the

as a relay

farmers

is

that consider-

spreading

The key

The

personnel countries

to any local

both

In addition,

and is

Some of

channeling

information

agent

farm-

come questions

the middle,

directions.

ideas

to

extension

flow

this

From scientists

farmer

agricultural

sion

extension

and suggestions

and reports

the

nizing

system.

and s

is

advice.

on selected

not

to

widest

favor

a few,

possible

farmers

should

not

be the

progressive

farmers,

be the

unwilling tact of

least

to

their

peers help

--

the

recommendations

received

with

spreading

examples

of

those

do and see the

resources

managing

techniques,

the

what

they

nightly) with

the

the

adheres

to

the

farmers

rather of kind

encourages

invite

others

crops,

the

farmer

limit

to a small

for

all

(fort-

sessions

to confer

technical

experts

lenders

or suppliers, for

the

two weeks.

farmers

in

Poultry Farmers

of visits

with of

two weeks) farmer

the

Depending

and

ces,

to

you

either

on local

can apply

formally

this

to your

situation.

VEW recommends

that

the

forming

a good picture

poultry

practices

obvious

production

recommendations his

field,

thus 170

circumstansystem,

or informally,

some

of

best

an area

or bi-weekly

With

portion

is

VEWs in

to attend.

using

immediate,

recommendations

following

gaps,

This

supervisors,

best

VEW concen-

inputs,

same time

one or

use

The VEW rigidly

schedule (the

than

the

of advice of

time.

the

estimated

production

training

and perhaps

and improved

same day every the

use of

weekly

and price

of

results.

done by having

who watch

on the

at

them first

attend

by the majority

area

filling

as

VEW pro-

and informs

important,

observable

traditional the

and lenders

on obvious

serve

purchases

concentrating desired

thus

results.

available

increased

are

addition,

trates

also

The VEW emphasizes

of

to

them immedi-

farmers

for

asked

and pro-

with

and credit

Most

farmers.

neighbors,

discussion

ately.

demand.

is

risk

on availability

supplies

community

as they

several

of

suppliers

In

advice

respect

the

farmer

vides

Con-

new.

farmer's

a comparison

methods. those

local

the

viding

as

should

have

to select

Each share

viewed

something

should

reducing

most

progressive,

try

farmers

should

those

But neither

exceptional. they

community's

As you begin of

local

and the

most

gaps,

you can

on

consult

with

others

farmers.

and identify

Timing of Suggestions

They may be:

Inexperienced with poultry-While the farmer's potential risk and your responsibilities may be greater, you won't have to overcome traditional but inefficient management practices.

Once you have tact

farmer

you have agreed

Experienced with poultry-With experienced farmers, you should know their history and the current condition of their flock and review with them how they can improve. If, for example, the farmer has lost between one and two percent of the flock per month, there may have been a feed, disease or other problem, but the flock may ha-Te potential. If mortality has been much higher, the flock may have less potential for recovery, especially as layers. If there are only a few runts (distinctl/y smaller than hatching mates) in the flock, the farmer can remove the runts and,work with the rest of the flock. If 20 percent or more are runts, the flock probably will not be a good one to work with. In selecting farmers, it may be helpful to review with them from a form similar to the Farmer Specific Assessment Criteria sheet (see Appendix C).

upon

at

general

a farmer

the

signs

of

tion,

talk

about

improved

about the

severe

atten-

flock

infestanot local

cus-

all

fam-

involve

ily

who actually

the

flock.

not

shows

If

feeds. to

chicks

brooding,

treatment,

try

If

of

coccidiosis

about

tom permits,

man-

two weeks.

a shipment

If

and

is

specific

next

talk

egg storage.

it

to receive

expects

a week,

and they

plan,

techniques

during

a con-

a mutually

to discuss

agement

in

farmers

arrived

important

tion

or

identified

work

with

Training In many countries, ians cerned

with

other

poultry.

ists

may have

that

they work.

are livestock

Even poultry

with

field 171

and laboratories

veterinar-

so many other

have

very

little

A good poultry

more conthan specialduties time

for

extensionist place

can help

in

with

the

field

only

a severe

to

invite

short

is

or

course

disease. the

In

the

the

If

extensionists

in

information

you can create training

program,

you can,

writing

answers

visiting If

poultry

experience,

when appro-

both

to people

who may

poultry

and

no previous you should

you can gain

actual

poultry

and production.

to

students

their

for

hens

eggs. the

and the

teachers

dissection how the

and how embryos

incubator

172

interest

in

may have much to offer,

old

able,

exten-

Teachers

'Biology

the seek

in

munity.

work

poultry

is

can be helpful

local

explaining

opera-

assignment

than

you still

away,

problems

other

involvement

as much as

you have

where

far

primary

increasing

and

reading

to local

tions.

poultry

area,

your

something

own in-service

successful

places

If

sion,

are

your

molting,

The farmers

no other

sources

mortem

of

improvement

your

a post

Projects

thus

can tackle

are

layers

POUlQ

or problems.

there

dis-

Special

farmers

applications

specialists

and other

of

chickens

a

two weeks, with

coccidiosis ease control

forced priate.

them

of

thoroughly.

areas

for

problem,

see immediate

other

out

next work

practical

have

time

sick

debeaking

coming

the

learning

and the

the

on treatment

coccidiosis

should

that

for

extensionists

theory

in

recognizing

performing examination

coccidiosis

problem

in:

culling

in

go to an expert

on the

the

that

local

That

ser-

needed.

be emphasized

weeks.

their

extensionists

may agree

should

for

when most

For instance, an area

experience

their

by consulting

them and calling

vices

is

take

If class

com-

can use studies,

various

organs

develop

a thermostat

within is

avail-

can make and use an

and a candler,

obtain

fertile

eggs

(perhaps

dents'

family

flocks),

of

temperatures

from

the

keep

and,

accepted

by local

egg or various

two every

few days

stages

embryo

Math

custom,

and economics

poultry with

in

nutriton

agents

explain

and demonstrate

preparing

eggs

Chemistry

teachers

simple

analysis

dients

with

and poultry

of

their

almost

birds' to

could

their

taking

in

A variation project tion

and carry parents.

would studies,

diets

hone

the

be to having

egg produc-

or

with

the

small

stu-

business

raising

areas

is

for

or assisting

ripe

a poultry helping

their

or

groups

ing

and

problems. such as Peace

with

feeds

by the

training

being

in

can help

Corps

Vol-

chemistry analyze

used and devise

low-cost

with

organi-

improvements.

some ideas

Anyone

The project

zational

and/

ingenuity,

ability

by students

no matter

or by selling

can become

the

in

situation

and nutrition,

stu-

what

and perseverance, his

involved

or her in

background,

projects

such

as:

m.srket. of

the

pullets

sale.

in poultry

farmers

unteers

in

or for

People,

week pro-

be pos-

some started

working

marketing

by a school

dinner,

the

of

limitless.

managed,

may even

egg cooperative,

a

The pos-

be impressed

chickens

birds

if

two or

to supplement

development

ingre-

rations

in

studies

Those

meat.

8-12

be culminate:1

or community

dents'

of broilers

properly

growth,

back

the

flock

be an excellent

should

can

students

It

either

tion,

developing

are

dents

to obtain

feed

sibilities

If

sible

may find

available.

ject.

and

of birds

of

evident

weeks.

can perform

is

A school

become

them

The effects

qualities

and conduct

exercises

groups

day-olds.

three

ways of

laboratory

could

can use

and teachers

with

should

and feeding

small

of various

growth.

Home economics

students.

starting

if

to see

their

rations

to separate

open an

teachers

examples

different

records

and turning,

of

stu-

school

conduct students

e Market promotion --To help deal with seasonal surpluses. a Volunteer in Example: India helped a youth club

flock

nutrimix 173

open a successful shop selling omelets and cold drinks during the hot season when many people otherwise could not eat e&F '

in the design and construction of the actual item and also serve as excellent visual aids for extension. Information

Pest eradication--To improve conditions for everyone, not just poultry farmers. Study local traditions before you start such a project. Grain storage--This benefit everyone, poultry farmers.

the

above

Peace tion

also could not just

in

Exchange

Extension publications--Concise publications in the local language that explain how farmers can improve the management areas under their control can be very helpful. Often feed suppliers, breeding companies or others will help pay for such publications, either through'complete sponsorship or by advertising in them. Model equipment--Small-scale cardboard or paper models of houses, feeders, waterers, can help you or others etc.,

174

contained

publications,

ICE.

You can help from

Corps

that

office

times

valuable

a Peace

Corps

to make farmers network them.

of

resources

far-

accuracy Some-

contribution

Volunteer aware

small

on the

of materials.

most

or

information

and usefulness the

in

available

Peace

through

many of

and Collec-

local

and provide

Use of manure--In some areas, chicken manure is wasted. Help compost it and use it on a demonstration garden, build a model methane gas generator or use the manure to fertilize fish ponds.

is

Information

mers benefit

Feed production--Helping grow and process grain and other agricultural products while keeping in mind the use of by-products as chicken feed.

for

projects

Corps'

your

needed

can make is of

the

broad

available

to

Appendix A: Housing Designs It

is

ers will other

unlikely

h;lve

there

hang

to prevent

a three

overhang

foot

I I

which

from

even in windy

too much with I

or any

must

not

ventilation. overhang

I I

14-5 ft. I I I Gf-------. I r6-8 ft. \k ---- -_- --"

of

look

the

entering

where

interfere

about

roof

isn't

more

the

the

----

30 foot maximum

175

overhang

the local

wall climate

-----..-----3

than

point

In hot helps

up to

and the is

shade The

the

roof

not

per hour).

four where

the building.

can go right

window

k--------.-.-.---------

the

the bottom

the wall.

of

(15 - 20 miles

right

below

meets

interior

window

weather.

where

feqt

climates,

over-

houses

the window

the

Usually is

poultry

or five

construc-

must be sufficient

the building the

shelters

rain

for

any two farm-

In building

alike.

tion

But

night

structures

poultry

exactly

that

point

meet

very

if

windy

The total

height

will

be determined

width

of

the

the

building,

the

be to allow

tion

area.

feet

wide

should

should

feet

full

length

wall

high

for

at

most

loca-

should of

the

by rain,

buildings

attached

to the

tied

extend poultry

woven mat

conditions,

buildings

consistently

bamboo

is the

a woven lower

part

area. also

correct where strong

can be used improperly there

de-

are

winds.

-hinged

176

the

structure.

to

fixtures

to permanently

of

bamboo mat

this

securely

These

part

roof to

the window

a hinged

can be swung down.

can be a permanent

signed weather

which

or a weighted

of

feet

accompanied

may have

building

mat

house. For severe

winds

An alternative

25 to 30 feet five

high

It

20

have windows

especially

attachment

ventila-

15 to

have windows

Windows

high.

the

increased

A building

wide the

higher

A building

three

tions.

The wider

building.

must

least

by the

attachment

End of building rain

entering

best

to have

-the the

In order building, entire

to avoid

except

it

under

is

end closed,

177

for the

a screened roof

gable.

vent

just

The vents air

to rise

be about

serve

to allow

and escape

one foot

wide

hot

high.

and should

must

and two

not

feet

The overhang be adequate

so that

the vents rain

enter.

I I

i I I

over

vent

i

I

T \\ I ---

---~ I

'2 ft. overhang

11

window

area

178

1

does

/,/

in

Raised Floor House Interior floor

1.2 (4 ft.)

house

structure for

59 broilers

of

raised or 25

layers.

For

mates.

Cover

use in hot, floor

with

wood slats

and enclose

wire

or wooden

mesh,

humid

bamboo or house

\ I m

3 nl

3.7

with

or .bamboo slats.

I 0.9 (3 ft.)

cli-

m (12 ft.)

Deep Litter House Cut-away house

for

view

of

warm climates.

in wire

mesh or wooden

slats.

This

broilers

deep-litter

house

or bamboo

can hold

200

or 100 layers.

Enclose

m (4 ft.)

0.9

181

m (3 ft.)

Pole-type House Fole-type to 75 layers. be assembled raised the

.2

into

poles.

laying

house

for

The roof framing in two sections,

50

and secured

Sheeting

may be plywood

local

Leave

openings

small

rafters

can

position

or any available

to

m

ft.)

152

eaves with

slot

at both for

the

ventilation.

plastic,

mats,

cold

weather.

front

substitute. between and rear

Cover windows burlap, etc l

during

,

Kerosene-Heated Incubator

front

door

side

view

Key lamp, 200 watt light other heat source.

A.

Kerosene bulb or

B.

Tin can, about in diameter.

30 cm (12

c.

Exhaust, about in diameter.

10 cm (4 in.)

D.

Damper hole.

E.

Heat inlet, in diameter.

F.

Weight: slide towards heat source to increase internal temperature; away to decrease.

fits

snugly about

over 7.5

G.

Hinged arm suspends damper.

H.

Set screw s from thermostat.

I.

Rod connects

J.

Chamber, sheet metal sealed and venter'.

K.

Dry Bulb thermometc?r, accurate in 35' C (9.5" F) to 40.5' C (105' F) range; bulb of thermometer about 1.25 cm (l/2 in.) above eggs.

L.

Egg tray, 60 x 60 cm (2 x 2 ft.) for 100 eggs; 43 x 43 cm (17 x 17 in.) for 50; made of sheet metal, or wood with fine wire mesh bottom.

M.

Water

N.

Thermostat, liquid or gasfilled disc that expands with contracts with rising heat, falling -- usually purchased.

in.)

exhaust cm (3 in.)

and moves

arm and rod

133

pan,

therlnostat

sheet

and arm. bottom,

metal.

0.

Insulation on cabinet

-- optional, materials.

depending

P.

of soft wood (for Cabinet, insulation value) or two sheets of veneer c;r metal filled with sawdust, r:'.ce hulls or other insulation! in front and back of cabinet, help adjust internal temperature and humidity.

Q- Vents, R.

Latch,

holds

S.

Window

of

T.

Door, metal.

U.

Door hinges.

v.

Wet Bulb humidity.

door

glass

wood or

--

closed. optional.

insulated

thermometer,

sheet

to measure

184

! Appendix Br Other Poultry :

Ducks

domestic

breeds.

Due to eggs,

local

from Domestic

ducks

to

for

easier they

are

care There Khaki

breeds: (lays

are

Campbell

years

under

and Aylesbury reaching seven

the most

than

Muscovies Older

geese).

unfeathered

faces.

Mallards

head), are

normally

raised,

but

ducks

are

classified

ducks,

(male

.

with

wild,

also

smaller

than

per year,

more than depending

can be raised

be deep

submerge

their

true

geese).

for

they

care

are

raised

are

than

using

Farmers for

(the

same is are

be taken litter.

to coccidio-

and tolerant

to

can be transmitted

chickens, usually every

very

on deep

more resistant

to

Waterers them to

should

(Cholera

the

for

Ducks

chickens

by ducks

(male)

heads

great

cholera.

185

produce

enough

sis

on their green

a week).

about

should

Ducks

en-

has

(in

as chickens.

if

widel.y

Duck eggs are

same equipment

messy;

(some-

have

skin

are

meat,

varies

age.

Ducks

in villages,

true

found

for

Muscovy

Muscovies

larged,

three

of duck

eggs and spoil

seldom

on their

or more at

common birds

larger

times

of age.

for

Pekin

3 kg (7 lbs.) weeks

eggs

taste

chicken

60 to 90 eggs

good management);

or White

than

Muscovies

for

year

to area.

more quickly

principal

strong

acceptance

area

larger

chickens,for

three

300 to 350 per

or four

are

than

are much

disease-resistant

hardy,

foragers.

often

the

however.) keep

one drake

two females.

Duck

1

eggs

take

28 days

to hatch;

take

35.

Opinion

is

whether

ducks

(Muscovies broody As in

the

hatching the

divided

case

of

chicks,

for

the

by 2.8'

it

a broody

32.2'

first

week,

C (5'

F) each

weeks,

ducklings

first

is

starter

feed

although

moistened and/or

fresh

Once outside, on grasses

and slugs. growing

garden

in

plucking

in

When catching

ducks

them by the can be held

There breeds

(see

geese).

the

devour feed, scattered evening

house.

by the

not neck

the

noisy

little

attention

and may live

for

geese.

and African

30 years.

recognized Of them, do best

in

black African -- distinctive knob on the head; black bill; light brown head; ash brown Good layer, wings and neck. but dark pinfeathers make it an unattractive meat bird. They produce about 45 - 90 eggs per year.

a

-Chinese -- two varieties brown and white; smaller, more swan-like than other breeds. Good layers -- 40 to 65 eggs per bird per year.

or Muscovies,

wings,

They

aggressive,

domestic

tropics.

the

hardy,

to weed

dogs.

of

the

grain

ability

as watch

for

feathers,

nine

of

wili

eggs,

their

need

raised

at least

Chinese

snails

are

are

the

in

them nearer

that

and will

no supplemental

a trough

large,

when mature do.

them in

of

are

geese large

or act

birds

do well

free

they

a few handfuls

keep

will

let

--

They need

placed

greens ducks

Don't

crops

pellets, whole

meat,

and sometimes

weeks

mash,

garden

Domestic their

early

and insects,

a mature

it

be kept

the

Ducks

wax helps

are valuable;

F)

four

should their

hold

melted

often

but

duck-

following

In

ideal

for

C (90'

warm and dry.

wili

feathers

to pluck,

near

and reduce

their

During

it.

difficult

hen

keep water

at

week.

keep

are

them.

Geese set

grain

to

ducklings.

you use a brooder

lings,

or

use

hen. If

but

Ducks their

so many people

to raise

any discomfort

on

make good mothers

do),

hens

Muscovies

legs.

without

186

Geese Weights Weight

Breed African Chinese

9 kg 5.5 "

i

Toulouse

- 1 year

Emden

old

male

Weight

12

"

4.5

"

10

"

"

26

"

9

"

20

"

12

"

26

"

9

"

20

"

one gander

selectively

should

(male)

and for

have

for

at

every

least

dry

for

the

housed, per

bird

deep

first

allow

0.09

litter. are

than

young

for

needed

need

by the

chicken

which

turn big

swimming,

to do so to breed.

goslings

under

mother, can care

a hen moist, them each for

a hen

they

should

do not

If

Eggs

can be

not

to six

two

need more

12 weeks

are

too they

needed

for

goslings,

warm and

a 20 to 22

and then old.

period.

Geese are

selective eat

in

tough,

and some other

plants.

can be confined

in

A them.

geese

do

- 1 kg

supplemental

not

weeks.

can go on range

growing

will

six

feed

than. 0.5

arc

through

geese

plentiful,

they

as they

be kept

is

week,

them and

after

confine

per

Keep eggs

Goslings

will

bird

up to

goslings

of age.

fence

pasture

and

weeks

for

turn. is

They

form.

(1 - 2 lbs.)

and mark

day, to

but

for

starter

or by a female

(chicks).

No brooder but

protein

1 m (3 ft.)

hatches

six

percent

ft.)

of age on

chickens.

feed

If

m (1 sq.

feeders

need housing

from

two

sq.

Larger

waterers

do not

few weeks.

by two weeks

pellet

females. Geese like

18 lbs.

kg

12

Ideally,

Flocks

female

8

feathered: white -.Fmden -- tipht body. Egg production averages 30 to 40 per year under good management.

life.

old

20 lbs.

Toulouse --loose-feathered; Load, deep body; pale orange beak, dark grey back shading to white breast, deep orange They produce shank and toes. about 35 to 50 eggs per year.

Geese mate

- l-year

feed only

per

until

Provide

grit

grazers; dry

grasses

Thus,

they

orchards,

vine-

yards

and in

(until

blossom

maize

(once

cotton with

fields time),

shoots

shade

and water

1:ttle

grain

have

aren't

Most

geese

are

weigh

five

5 to

are

7 kg

'of

soda

(sodium

areas,

goose

fetches

and

Geese are

wax,

they

and wax

Remelt

and re-

feathers

in

solution

or borax

and washing

carbonate).

In

down

(small

a good price

in

competes

some

market.

(purplish

grey

lavender

guinea

ender

with (all

is

pearl

the

raise

there

are

where species.

In

originated a number

ancient

in

Africa

of wild

times,

Greeks

wild

game

fowl:

of

pearl

with

white

(light

guinea

flecks);

grey

flecks);

or

lav-

and white

The most

common

guinea. fowl

they eggs

are

more difficult than

chickens

are wilder and do not

--

they

take

hide

contain-

They may mate with

ment well, chickens,

but

the

offspring

are

sterile. It

is

diff'icult

male

frOri.

have

a slightly

but

Most

people

female

female

this

is

hard

sounds

sex differentiation

all

voices:

like

the shriek

usually

to see.

to their

buckwheat";

flock

helmet and a coarser

listen call

Males

guineas. larger

a one-syllable the

to distinguish

and wattles,

head,

wheat, fowl

which

varieties

profitably

because their

three

white).

Guinea

the Guinea

by some

meat,

with

white

guinea

(comb)

Guinea Fowl

tasty

are guinea

to

prized

favorably

domestic

feathers) the

are

in price.

are

the wax allowed

feathers

together. wash

old

to 15 lbs.),

often

and the

detergent

weeds

them as meat birds,

their

There

when

months

(11

in melted

wax,

if

marketed

to six

to pluck;

;:laim

evening

they

for

birds

abundant.

difficult

Temoved

people

Start

them a

on breed.

to harden

crops.

and give

depending

dipped

and today

toughened),

provide

the

and Romans raised

beets,

goslings,

in

and grass

strawberries sugar

and some other g-week-old

they

of

"buck-

male has -call

still

but

since

at once, is

diffi-

In

tlr.

In

Lirs. lie

the wild, controlled

usually

* five

guineas

is

flocks

kept

for

in

chicken

one

every

four

a year. from

keets

tised

by their

'oody

hen usually

(chicks)

on the! eggs

Ltched

(about

until

in

the

C (103'

the

!eks,

C ( 104'

!ep the

If

the

you the

that

of

week,

age and

usually

to

3-l/2

American

been

developed

the

should

still

be

to the

mash

find

less

on

while

16 to 18 meat.

1.25

At

to 1.5

kg

lbs.).

at

are

smaller

than

order

turkeys

wild

cousin size

at

slightest

189

fences

many meaty

but mainly

You can

that --

are

they

and thus,

to panic

can breed

and break

are

stupid

and stampede

actual They

closer

have much

The new breeds

prone

the have

varieties,

birds,

or

of

turkeys

and the White.

breast

the

bird

forests, into

more easily.

afternoon

shelter

Bronze

provocation. eggs

she

a hardy

North

the

mash until

they

late

a

.ght. Guinea

her

for

weigh

Originally

and

grower

feed

the to

to

are

when sold

age they

C

have

then

to a 15 percent

return

returning

Turkeys

F) each week

starter

the

so that

the

37.8'

should

protein

Feed in

they

old

(2-3/4

three

F) for

first

keets

lpplementing nge.

disturb

difficult-to-breed

.x weeks ritched

in

it,

laying.

weeks

leresfter.

1 percent

find

three

(no

first

at

educe by 2.8O C (5'

Ideally,

two or

use a brooder,

temperature

.OO" F) for

safe

100 eggs

at

a still-air

for

1st week.

but

oz.).

Eggs also

m) incubator and 40'

the

chicken

incubated F) in

feels

Guineas

and perhaps

evening.

:y be artificially

is

all

when you

and don't

are

keeping

grass,

them to enter

lelter

job,

40 g (1.4

hen may lay

a nest

it,

most

averaging

Collect

the hen

a

a better

28 days),

of wet

caching

but

does

laying

Lets out

may be

mothers,

eggs,

A well-managed

females.

Guinea

1.4'

mate

or

can run their

imagined into necks

walls or

pile

into

corners

and smother.

Poults

(chicks)

may starve

unless

they

taught

drink. are

are

Very too

large

felt

catch

also

are

but is

well

less

the

with

both In

(male)

Eggs

to hatch.

should

chickens

take

are

possible, six

to

need

they

of

exercise

grass,

and protein.

may eat

to 8.2

age when kg

(10

When

up to 45 kg

of well-balanced of

supple-

feed

they

will

by

weigh

to 18 lbs.).

be un-

is

A broody

chicken

but

increases

with

26 to

the

the

--

Turkeys

they

the

pigeon,

one

that

can be kept,

do a good job,

larger

breeds

chance

of

and

susceptible

chicken

Eggs under

Giant

are

throngs but

coccidiosis

house

only

portion

to

of

chickens 190

the

will

King

Homer.

do, of

city

better,

the White

Any waterproof,

to

estab-

The common Rock

self-sustaining. turkeys

is

can be practically

parks,

diseases: the

lished,

they

of pigeons

business.

the are

Once a flock

eggs.

a difficult will

each

28 days

gobblers

and brooding

artificially

and blackhead;

they

if

one gobbler

to breed

to break

two protozoan

when

grain

lbs.)

4.5

better,

turkeys

with

24 weeks

head

is

chickens.

Pigeons

Watch

Hatching

coccidiosis.

loss

diarrhea,

flocks,

hens.

disease.

(100

feed

than

and plenty

confined,

species.

needed

that

pox and

starter

has much experience

turkey

try

mented

(lethargy,

away from

farmer

on range

need

old.

Growing

dangerous

Turkeys

is

often

most

yellow death).

raised

ten

their

weeks

suscep-

fowl

it

to buy poults

and are

blackhead

appetite,

darkens,

be

Poults

equipment

All-in-all,

chickens.

easily

turned. protein

and larger

often

more

than

cold

parasites,

of

and

eight

co coccidiosis,

disease

eat

turkeys

to disease

subject

to

be hand

a 28 percent

artificially.

Turkeys

'l'hey

to death

to mate and must

inseminated

tible

must

as will

a shed.

house,

place

easily

cleaned

an unused In dark

corners

nesting

shelves

I

with

lips

so that

the

roll

off.

Cats,

dogs,

rats

eat

pigeons,

house

on legs

they

for

need

parasites

the

containment.

If

them well-

feed.

Treat

them

and coccidiosis treat

pair

or more squab

each year,

as

chickens.

A breeding

will

produce

(young

pigeons)

two at a time.

usually

are

25 to

30 days

completely

eaten

when

old,

to

fly.

weigh

400 to

At

that

are

have

not

age they to

may live

or more and may weigh

are

they

but

680 g (14

pigeon

Squabs

they

when

feathered

begun

A mature

and

to home,

give

chicken

you would

ten

close

contained,

balanced

snakes

so place

stay

don't

are

don't

or poles.

Pigeons so they

eggs

24 oz.). 12 years

800 g (l-3/4

lbs.).

191

Appendix C: Farmer Specific Assessment riteria Date: 1.

2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

8. 9. 10. 11.

12. # -7 13,

14.

Farmer name: Location: Number of birds: Age of birds: Breed source: Meat: Feed source: System of operation: History of prior advisory assistance received: Visual appearance of birds: Number of years farmer has kept chickens: Other: Other: SUBJECT

Existing

Potential,

Breed Sauce Egg production Meat production Body weight avg. Feeding/Nutrition a. Nutrition b. Feeding equip. c. Water equip. d. Layout e. Grit/shells f. Feed storage g. Feed sources

193

Eggs:

Gap/Comments

Ref.

Page #

SUBJECT 15.

Disease 6 Control a. Vaccinations - Newcastle - Fowl pox - Marek's - Inf. branch. - Other b. Coccidiosis c. Other disease d. Antibiotics

16.

Parasite Control a. Internal b. External

17.

Cannibalism

i8.

Rodents, Wild Birds & Predators

19.

Nesting Prov. a. Space B. Mgt.

20

Brooding/Rearing a. 1 day to 8 wks. b. 8 to 20 wks.

21

Mgt. Systems a. Range b. Deep litter c. Cage d. Slatted floor

22

Layer mgt. a. Stress b. Other

23

Housing a. Range b. Deep litter c. Slatted floor d. Cage

Existing

Potential

194

Potential

SUBJECT

-1

I II 1

General Mgt. a. TLC - Interest - Routine b. Sanitation - All out/in - Cleaning - Isolation - Hygiene - Dis. dip. - Feed storage c. Daily sanitation - Waterers - Feeders - Litter/droppings d. Cost reduct-lon - Egg collection - Feed wastage - Space use - Culling - Upkeep - Keeping males - t efforts Sex Separation

.

Stress Reduction - Disturbances - Feed changes - Caretaker changes - Routine changes - Violent weather - Moving birds - Dampness - Ventilation contr Lighting Marketing - Prices - Seasonal - Yolk/shell

consid. color

195

Gap/Comments-

Ref.

Page #

Existin

SUBJECT -

Egg cleanliness Meat qualities Egg grading Meat grading : Handling & storage

Other a. Incubation - Natural - Artificial I b. Country chicken - Breed improve, - Debeaking - Night protect. - Feeding c. Forced molting - Methods - Economics of d. Progress gauge - Body weight gai - Egg production durve - Uniformity of growth - Feed consumptio - Mortality rate

4

Potential

Gap/Comments

Ref.

Page #

Appendix D: Feed Formulation

197

/ FatTI‘-?--‘Fi~r------~~t. Protein Pounds in Mix I Amt.1 I Amt. I

rngredient

-

.027 .Ol ^_ ^ .UlY

)

.06 --1.035 I.023 1.012 1.016

1 I 1 I i

-1.001 10 11 1.2 13 14 15 16 17 18

Feather meal Fish meal, anchovie Fish meal, herring Fish meal, menhaden Fish meal, sardine Limestone flour Meat meal w/bone:45% Meat meal w/bone:50Z Meat meal: 55%

1850 1650 1706 1600 1650 ,450 1506 1550

-~~

-

i

I.030 I.038 I.075 I.075 ~~ I.040 I '.080 .095 .080

1 1 I

I

I

nca

.260 .Ol a-,. . u3u

, Amt.

iKcal/lb 490 1400 4 ?.A,.

i

1 lLU3

)

I

.12 ^^^

I 1

1 1 I

.040 .llO .llO .008 .OlO .OOl .OOl .OOl .OOl

1 I

1475 _910 1000 1010 1078 1020 1350

27 28 29 -30 31

I% I

1 Soybean meal: 5C IWheat bran I [Brewers' dried yeast1 \Dicalcium phosphate 1 [Bone meal. straight 1

1soo-

(150 [446

,.-A .OOl

I.015 .O03 .OOl ,002 .ooo .002 -002 IO02 .002 ,002 .045 .0:29 .050 .045

.002

1300

1 I

I

i2n

780 870 910 -iinn

1000 1500

I

1 .llO/ 1 . 1061

I

I

TOTALS VALUES FOR RATION ADJUSTED VALUES ~ALL~WANCES 0~ REQUIR! * This means that in every kilogram of alfalfa meal

nnnl

of alfalfa is 0.170

j 1

I .051

I

I

I

;-r--.7z!&jq-

fun

I

nl-2

.065 .070 . 030 1 1120 .030 1

r..Yh .OOl

_

, n-l

.002 .OOl ,001 .270 nnr-l

a-L----.003 --l-x%--t-x nnh i .007 .OlO .014 i ,191 I 7 -I/

1597

l OOl

.002

1100 1020 1150 510 840

-0021 ,002

u..v

i

I

-+---

I

pound there

.Oll .014 .008 .028 .022 .028 .027

-I--oso+--

t

T V AV AR

)

I

1200

1 1

1

.070 .028 .035 .005 .nn5 --_.030 ,011

I

JCalcium--rPhosphorus 1 Amt Amt. I I

.178

.025 .020 .025 I

Energy IAmt.

meal there is 0.170 kilograms of protein,

pounds of protein, and so on.

and in

every

-

-

-

-

2

-

-

-

!

0 r,E I-

- - 1 E: 0 3 23 .

.

-

1

z> . -

.. --

i

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-

.

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2 0

.

-

I

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-2 3. T;3. --

t

:: C

/ I ~ --I--lt’l-i’

-1

30 ? 10, 1 .I

-

1 I I

r

; >. I

-

-

n x

-3 G -

$ .

-

-

iD 0 0

.

-

-3 it? g. 0

I

- 2 3* ;>. I

u c C

.

-1 3 1.

I

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n 2

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i

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-

.

U

-3

r

w I ( I

c I

-

-

-

r

P

a

-

.-

U> I r

cc I I N I (

I

1

’

IKey I 1 1

I. Leucine Leucine Ilb/lb I Amt.Ilb/lb 1 Amt. 1 ,009 1 1 ,013 1

I 2! 3 4 5 6 I

-

I iii9 I ..,.1’;

2 ’

I

i

-,,,

i

.016 .021 . UlY -ill, ; ,030 I1 .um

]

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iI

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1t .060 au13 ]1

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nq/.

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30 31 32 33 T v AV AR

.006 t .021 .025 .028 An7 I .UUI .021

I

I

^.

-

fin<

I

I .uuo .008 1I . --I ^^_ I1 ,020 .uu3 I1

I

1I I

1

.022 -028 .024 _ --^^^ .023 1 .UZB

,014 .015 .n14 I . --_ ^ . ^ 1( .u4u .023 1

-Xl5 .005 i . --^^_ 11 .008 .UUb 1 )

I

I

I 1

I/

.012 -015 -.013 --^^, .uz4 .018

11

I I

.020 -025 .022 - --m-v .,029 Ub3

I(

I

.UJsi

’

1

. ULU

. ULD

. ULO

, uuu

. ULl

.052 .052

.052 .052

1 1

.020 ,020

,023 .023

.023 .023

.007 .005

.019 .018

.030 ,026

.015 .018

.015 -018

.002 -002 ---~ .005 .006 .OOl

.015 -017

.oi3 -014

,031 -035 _ --,025 .017 .003

1

. nnc ““”

I

.016 .033

.005 .012 .002 .027

1 1 1I

.029

,029

I

I

.UI/ -0'19 I1 . --_

I

.VJ/

I

I

;;

23 24 25 26 127 ,-ICI I

I

. UJI

.028 -031 _---

I

I

I

,011 .076 ii26 1I e-n

. UJL .030 ,031 ,015 -017

1 Methionine 1 P. Alanine (Threonine ( Tryptopimo.sine IValine 1 Amt.1 lb/lb 1 Amt.] lb/lb 1 Amt.Jlb/lb 1 Amt.] lb/lb 1 Amt.1 lb//b bt.1 lb/lb ! Amt, 1 1 .003 I 1 .008 1 1 .007 I 1 .002 I I .008 1 I .OlO 1 _ I I n'l'l I I I .009 fI 1I .UII .002 .007 .004 J ;002 .004 .007 .003 .002 .OOl ,005 .004 .OOl .005 . 001 ‘..c)lfI ,029 .014 .002 .OlO .022 --I . I 1 1 .007 1

.006 .005 ,002 .008 --. ,018

.005 .023 i

.069

1 .009

.006

.^

12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 91

!

)xe 1 lb/lb 1 ,010

.037 *1-l II .1,11 _ --ncl?I

. U3L

I

L

I

.032 nn7 II .---_ UL, I n-J*

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1

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nnn

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Key 1

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I

Sodium II_ lb/lb (Amt mg/ nn3

I

1 a1

I

7

7

I

n3n

.05 .48 .48 .48 .48

I

I I :nn; i-

1680

n 7

I I

--I

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90 ;;

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I 1

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1

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"-3 ;;

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n

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I

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I I --

I

Appendix E: n 4 Peed Requirements Energy Requirements

Metabolizable

energy

O-8 weeks

8-20

20 weeks

weeks

and on

(ME)

calories

per

lb.

1,250

1,280

1,335

calories

per

kg

2,750

2,815

2,950

Vitamin Requirements

O-8

weeks

9-20 weeks

20 weeks

and on

(units

per

Breeding Chickens

kg /lb.)

Vitamin

Al

2,640/1,200

2,640/1,200

4,400/2,000

4,400/2,000

Viatmin

D32

200/90

200/90

500/225

500/225

(amount Vitamin

K

in

mg

per

kg /lb.)

0.5/0.24

Thiamin

1.7/0.8

Riboflavin3

2.4b.3

1.7/0.8

2.211

3.711.7

9.2/4.2

9.214.2

4.612.1

9.214.2

2.9D.3

2.911.3

Panthothenic

acid4

Naicin

26/12

Pyridoxin

2.911.3

203

9-20 weeks

O-8 weeks Biotin

0.09/0.04

Choline

1,320/600

Vitamin Notes--l.

E--Needed

2. 3. 4.

in

feeds,

but

requirements

20 weeks and on

Breeding Chickens

unknown.

International Units (IU). International Chick Units (ICU). Feeds only containing grain may not have Feeds that have enough riboflavin usually tothenic acid.

enough riboflavin. have enough pan-

Protein and Amino Acid Requirements (percentage

Crude

protein

Amino acids 2 Arginine* 2 Lysine* 2 Methionine* 1 Cystine* 2 Tryptophan" Glycine 2 Histidine 2 Isoleucine 2 Leucine

2. 3.

9-20 weeks

20

16

feed) 20 weeks and on 16-18

unknown

Broilers - 0 weeks to sale 22

0.80

1.20

1.10

0.70

0.50

1.10

0.45

0.35

0.28

0.45

0.35

0.30

0.25

0.35

0.20

0.18

0.15

0.20

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

0.30

0.15

0.15

* Many feeds Notes--l.

O-8 weeks

1.20

(minimum)

of total

unknown

0.60

II

0.80

0.80

1.40

II

1.20

1.40

do not

have enough

of

these

acids.

cystine is synthesized from methionine and is not essential unless methionine is limited. The essential amino acids. Tyrosine is synthesized from phenylalanine and is not essential unless phenylalanine is limited.

204

O-8 weeks

Broilers - 0 weeks to sale

9-20 weeks -_

20 weeks and on

unknown

0.70

0.90

'henylalaline (minimum)

0.90

lyrosine

0.70

II

1.00

0.70

'hreonine

0.60

II

0.55

0.60

raline

0.80

11

0.80

0.80

Mineral Requirements (percentage

of

total

feed)

O-8 weeks

9-20 weeks

20 weeks and on

.cium

1

1

2.75

jsphorus

0.60

0.60

0.60

0.60

.t

0.50

0.50

0.50

0.50

:assium

0.20

0.16

(amount lganese

55/25

line

l-1/0.5

gnesium

490/220

:e--Mineral overuse

in

mg

per

.

Breeding --chickens 2.75

kg /b.) 33115

-

contents of a feed should of one may block utilization

0.4/0.2

not

greatly exceed these levels; or digestion of another.

Maximum Limits of Feed Ingredient Use Percentage of total feed weight

# Source 1.

Alfalfa

2.

Blood

5-10

meal

4-5

meal 205

l.UO.5

Percentage of total feed weight

# Source Barley

4.

Coconut

6.

Maize

7-9. 10. 11-14.

6-18,

20

3.

oil

meal

(corn)

gluten

Cottonseed

15-40 15

meal)

meal

5-7

meal

10-15

meal

4

15.

Limestone

31.

Meat and bone meals

19.

Groundnut

20.

Rice,

21.

Rice

bran

lo-15

22.

Rice

polish

50

23.

Sesame seed meal

30

Soybean

30

25-27.

flour

(peanut)

10 35

meal

30

broken

meal

15

28.

Wheat bran

29.

Brewer's

yeast

32.

Cassava

(yucca,

Sweet

potato

5-10

maniac)

meal

chicks layers

- 10 - 20 20

meal

Wheat

50

Salt

0.5

Straw

(depending on fiber content)

10-15

meal

Feather Fish

(copra

and rice

0

hulls

206

(30% of high quality and low in fiber)

Appendix F: Bibliography and Resources Resources

1,

433,

Murray

New York Peace

Corps

Publications

Several

other

Peace

Corps

plement

the

material

in

They may be obtained Peace

Corps

staff

or by writing

to

tion

D.C.

this

Peace

20525,

com-

$15.00

or

the

provide

them

Corps

in-country

Corps,

New York,

U.S.A.

Enclosing

for

less,

handling

Collec-

U.S.A.

10016,

one.

country,

Information

and Exchange,

ington,

manuals

your

Station,

Payment 9 especially

through in

Hill

saves

charges.

orders

of

postage

and

In some cases

free

of charge, resource

ICE will

to Peace centers

or

Volunteers.

Wash-

Bibliography

The-Y

include: Self-Help Construction of One-Story Buildings, Manual Number M6 (Peace Corps). Farm Grain Manual NumberM2

Storage (Peace

Small

Note

Manual, Corps/VITA).

E'AO Pubaications The United tural

Organization

helpful are

Food and Agriculoffers

publications,

listed

obtained your

Nations

below. through

country,

a number

the

of

or write:

Unipub,

below

books

overseas

good

idea

order

the

include are

in

the

you can order

Box

Peace 207

Corps

is in

a

the

U.S.

you and forward generously

Otherwise, airmail your

to change. through office

send

It

someone for

with

subject

normally

by mail.

books

it

publishers

do not

to have

estimate

be

FAO office

listed

them by mail.

some of which They might

on ordering--Most

postage

and

order.

Prices

In your

some cases local

or through

ICE.

to

Chicken

Husbandry

The International Trade Development Board of the Poultry and Egg Institute of America, 1815 N. Lynn Street, Arlington, Virginia 22209, U.S.A., which cooperates with the Foreign Agricultural Service of the U.S. Department of Agriculture, will try to help you find layer chick suppliers with experience in breed requirements and import regulations in your country. They ask that you be as specific as possible about the objectives of your project, including the number of birds you desire, the houstemperature conditions and ing plan, medical and technical assistance Through their affiliation available. with the World Poultry Science Association, they also may be able to provide advice on unusual technical Again, the more specific problems. and detailed your request, the better they will be able to serve you.

ABC of Poultry Raising, J. H. Florea. Dover Publications, Inc., 180 Varick St., New York, New York 10014, U.S.A., Although directed to 1977, 142 pp. farmers in northern temperate zones in industrialized nations, this book contains basic information needed to raise smalland medium-scale chicken flocks successfully. USS4.00. Poultry Husbandry II: Notes for students of animal husbandry, G. J. Price and J. E. Reed. FAO, 1971, Describes poultry management 91 PP= systems, housing and equipment. uss2.00. Poultry Keeping in Tropical Areas, W. Thomann. FAO, 1968, 56 pp. Manual intended for agricultural leaders in applied nutrition projects, and for rural poultry producers. uss3.00.

Breeding

Poultry Science, M. E. Ensminger. The Interstate Printers and Publishers, Danville, Illinois, 1971, 276 pp. This is one of several good textbooks covering all aspects of poultry husbandry with a United States perspective. Breed

Source

1979-1980 Who's Who International in the Egg and Poultry Industries. Watt Publishing Company, Mount Morris, Illinois 61504, U.S.A., 204 pp. Contains breeder performance characteristics, world poultry production outlook, and an international buyers' guide in English, German, French, Italian and Spanish for poultry and products in 73 countries. us$10.00.

Practical Poultry Breeding, Warren. MacMillan Company, 1966. A good book on basic breeding principles.

D. C. U.S.A., poultry

The Genetic Basis of Selection, LerJohn Wiley and Sons, ner I. Michael. New York, New York, U.S.A., 1965. Another good breeding reference for those needing more detailed genetic information. Nutrition Amino-acid Content of Foods and Biological Data on Protein. FAO Nutritritional Studies No. 24, 1970, 285 Tables show amino acid levels PP. in 384 foods, plus data on biological value, digestibility, net protein

208

utilization and protein efficiency Intended for use in human rate. nutrition, but valuable for poultry as well. US$15.00.

The Morrison Publishing Company, Ithaca, New York 14850, U.S.A., 1956, 1165 pp. An excellent source of information on feedstuffs, feed mixing and nutrition pr-nci?le=. Found in most agricultural libraries around the world.

Poultry Feeding in Tropical and SubFAO Agricultropical Countries. tural Development Paper No. 82, 1965, special problems 96 PP* Discusses of feeding poultry in tropical countries and lists sample rations used in 36 nations. uss4.50.

Cooperatives Training and Extension in the Coonerative Movement, A. F. Laidlaw. FAO Agricultural Development Paper No. 74, 1962, 78 pp. The author describes training and extension experience in India, concentrating on teaching methods.

Marketing Marketing Eggs and Poultry, G. F. Stewart and J. C. Abbott. FAO Marketing Guides No. 4, 1961, 194 pp. Reviews organizations, methods and services of marketing, with detailed information on quality standards, handling methods, packing and container specifications. Feeds

Extension Agricultural Extension: The Training and Visit System, Daniel Benor and James Q. Harrison. Publications Unit, World Bank, 1818 H Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20433, U.S.A., 1977, copies. 57 PP* No charge for single Probably the best booklet on extension.

and Feeding

The Scientific Feeding of Chickens, Titus and Fritz. Fourth Edition. The Interstate Printers and Publishers, Danville, Illinois, U.S.A., An excellent source 1972, 247 pp. of information on priciples of feed mixing and nutrition of poultry. It is found in most agricultural libraries around the world.

Guide to Extension Training, D. J. Bradfield. FAr? Economic and Social Development Series No. 6, 1966, 176 Deals with teaching methods, PP* social and cultural factors, evaluation, etc. USS6.50.

Poultry Feed Mixing Manual, Pran Vohra. U.S. Agency for International Development, New Delhi, India, 1962. This, and an edition revised by Peace Corps Volunteer Keith Pheuler, is by far one of the best introductions to practical feed mixing. Copies are available in the ACTION library. Feeds

and Feeding,

Frank

Diseases Salsbury's Manual of Poultry Diseases, Dr. Salsbury's Laboratories, Charles This is a superCity, Iowa, U.S.A. ior manual and one of a kind in quality in of functional value to It is the poultry extensionist. almost mandatory. This manual is condensed, filled with color photographs and covers most disease information essential to poultry work. Do

B. Morrison.

209

Glossary

Uroiler

--

Chicken

grown

Breeder

--

Sexually mature used to produce eggs.

Capon

--

Castrated

Cockerel

--

Male chicken less one year old.

Fryer

--

Young broiler, usually less than one year old.

Grower

--

Intermediate stage chick and adult.

Hen

--

Female chicken year old.

Layer

--

Female chicken, usually 21 weeks or older, kept for eggs.

Pullet

--

Female chicken one year old.

Roaster

--

Fat, ally old.

Rooster

--

Male chicken more than one year old. Also called cock.

male

for

meat. chicken fertile

chicken.

over

less

heavy broiler, more than ten

than

between one

th8n usuweeks

21.1

Index

Advantages , poultry keeping, 3 Aflatoxins, 115 Air, 25, 89 Air cell, 22, 53-55 Amino acids and requirements, 131, 137, 204, Anatomy, external, 23, 24, 128-130 Anatomy, internal, 25-27 Antibiotics, 139 Assessment -- checklist, (Appendix C, 193-196), ii, -- information sources, 18, 19, 26, 33, -- observation, 16, 17 -- country fowl, 33-35 "Automatic" waterers, 103, 104 Basket brooder, 60 Battery cages, 15 Blood, 24, 25 Blood spots (eggs), see Candling Body weight, 2, 43-45, 155, 156, 193 Breathing, 25, 89 (see also Diseases) Breeds, dual purpose, 44, 45 Breeds (meat types), 44 Breeds, layer types, 43,44 Breeds and breeding/sources -- choosing a breed, 37-42, 44-46 -- classification, 2, 3, 43-45 -- country fowl, 37-39 -- improvement breeding, 37-39, 48, -- dual purpose, 44, 45 -- layers types, 43, 44 -- meat types, 44 Broilers, see Meat Chickens 213

49

205

3-6, 9-20, 32-35 166 (Appendix F, 207-210)

Broiler management schedule, 56-65 Bronchial tubes, 25 (see also Diseases and Post Bronchitis, 120,121 Brood hens, 12, 47 Brooder designs, 58-61 Brooder guard, 60 Brooding, operation and management, 56-65 -- preparation, 56 -- hovers, 58-60 -- temperatures, 60, 61 -- feeders, 61 -- waterers, 18, 62, 76, 77, 100-104, 139 -- layout, 63 -- houses, 86, 87 -- country fowl, 36 Broodiness, 12, 47 Budgets, 18, 33, 153-157, 161-168 -- layers, 162, 163 -- meat type, 157 Buildings (see Housing) Cages -- vs floor layers, 15, 66 -- design and construction, 94-100 Calcium, 66, 110, 138 Candler, 52 Candling, 54, 55 Cannibalism, 75-79, 87, 94 Caponizing, 37, 136 Carbohydrates, 37, 136 Castration, 2 Catching chickens, 28, 29 Ceca, 25, 122, 123, 130 Cecal coccidiosis, 122, 123, 130 Cecal worms, 5, 65 Chickens -- external anatomy, 21-24 -- general information, l-8 -- getting to know, 21-29 -- internal anatomy, 25-27 Chick guard, 60 Chicks -- buying of and cost, 42, 45, 157, -- color of, 21-24 -- country type, care of, 36, 55 214

162

Mortem)

-- debeaking, 77-79 -- feeding, 36, 61, 63, 104-108, 134, -- hatching of, 46 -- improved breed management schedule, -- sexed vs unsexed, 45 -- watering, 62, loo-104 Chlorine, 50 Cholera, 83, 116 Claw, 22 Coccidiosis, 64, 116, 122-124 Cocks, cockerals, 22, 37, 76 Colds, 116, 124, 125 Colony brooders, 59 Colony cages, 98 Colony nests, 112 Comb, 22 Confinement and range rearing, 35-36, 81-99 Control concept in managment, of environment, Cooperatives, 19, 168, 173 Coryza, 116, 124, 125 Country fowl, 2, 3, 10, 11, 31-39 Costs, 16 -- broilers, 157, 166 -- country chickens, 33, 154 -- layers, 162, 163, 166 Crop, 25 Crop, impacted or bound, 57 Crowding, effects of, 87-89 Culling, 66, 72-74, 86 Cultural beliefs, 5, 32 Day length, 65-71, 76 Dead chickens, 66 -- disposal of, 76, 128-130 Debeaking,' 77-79, 94 Deep litter, 14, 56, 57, 75, 83, 84 Diagnosis of diseases, 65, 118, 128-130 Diarrhea (see Coccidiosis) Digestive system, 25 (see also Nutrition) Dipping, matching eggs, 50 Dirty eggs, 48, 111, 159, 160 Disadvantages , poultry raising, 3, 4. Diseases, 115-130 -- diagnosis, 65, 118, 128 215

137, 56-65

17

143,

155

-- mortality rates, 76, 116 -- nutritional deficiencies, 150-153 -- prevention, 92, 115-130 -- resistance, 2, 3, 39 -- vaccinations, 116-121 Disinfectants, 52, 56 Disinfectant dip, 92 Down, 22 Drowning, 36 Dual purpose chickens, 2, 3, 44, 45 Ducks, 185, 186 Dust, 87 Ear lobes, 23 Economics (see Records, Finance, Marketing) Eggs, 16, 17, 21, 26, 33, 38, 66 -- breakage prevention/handling, 111, 112, 159 -- candling, 52, 55 -- cleaning, 48, 111, 159 -- color of, 2, 43, 44, 66, 67 -- dipping, 50 -- grading, 159, 160 -- hatching, 47-50 -- production, 39, 67, 166, 167 -- quality, 52-55 -- stoiage, 159, 160 -- thin-shelled, 66, 71, 77, 110, 138 of, 2, 6, 19, 20, 153, 154, 159-163 J%gs 9 marketing -- eggs vs meat, 41, 42, 88, 89 -- planning for, 6, 19, 20 34, 153 -- seasonal considerations, 34, 167 Egg breeds, 2, 3 -- buying and starting, 42-46, 56-65 -- starting time, 34, 167 Egg shell hopper, 110 Embryo, 48 Energy in feed, 136, 137, 203 Energy, for equipment -- electric brooder, 58 -- kerosene brooder, 59 -- kerosene incubator, 183 -- lighting, 65-71 -- solar, 59 -- wood, 59 216

Energy, from litter/methane gas, 37, 174 Environment, 2, 22, 32, 75-79 -- control, 17 Equipment/materials, 81-114, 183, 184 -- brooding and rearing, 58-63 -- brooder, -- cages, 85, 94-100 -- catching, -- cleaning, 56 -- country chickens, 31, 35, 36 -- debeaking, 77-79 -- disinfectant dip, 92, 93 -- egg candling, 54, 55 -- feeders, 104-108 -- feed mixings, 148, 149 -- floor space, 87-89 -- grit hoppers, 109, 110 -- incubation, 48, 51 -- layers, 65-67, 88, 89 -- lighting, 67-70 -- litter, 56, 57 -- meat breeds, 65, 88, 89 -- nests, 111, 113 -- planning for, 18, 19, 193 -- pullets, newly housed, 46, 66 (see -- rat control, 79 -- records, 164-166 -- roosts, 113 -- vaccination, 117, 118 -- waterers, loo-104 Erosion, gizzard, 84 Esophagus, 25 Examination

,

-- external., 22-24, 27-29 -- internal, 25-27 -- post mortem, 119, 128-130 Extension, 169-174, 193-196 --special projects, 172-174 Eyes, 23 (see also Diseases) Farmer assessment (see Farm location, 87 Fats, 136 Feathers, 22, 23

Assessment)

217

Lighting)

Feather mites, 126, 127 Feather pulling (see Cannibalism) Feces, 25 (see Deep litter) Feed (see also Nutrition) -- concentrates, 147 -- consumption, layers, 66, 106 -- conversion, broilers, 155, 156 -- country chickens, 36, 37 -- deficiencies, 150-152 -- feeding, 61 -- formulation, 140-146 -- grinding, 149 -- ingredients, 131-152 -- mixing, 148 -- nutrients, 136-140 -- storage, 149 -- wastage, 77, 84, 104, 105 Females vs males, 2, 22, 24, 26, 37 Fertilized vs unfertilized eggs, 5, 22, 26 Fertilizer, 3 (see also Deep litter) Finances, 18, 33, 153-157, 161-168 (see also Marketing) --increasing profits, 104, 105, 166, 167 --sources of finance, 167, 168 Flock -- sizes, 3, 4, 132, 161 -- upgrading, 37-39 Floor, flooring, 87-89, 92-97 -- deep litter, 15, 83 -- raised, 15, 84 -- cage, battery, 15, 85 Fly control, 58 Food poisoning, 57, 128 Foot, 22 Forced molting, 71, 72 Fowl cholera, 83, 120, 121 Fowl pox, 64, 65, 115, 120 Free range, 10-12, 81 Fryer, 2 Fumel, 26 Gall bladder, 26 Gap (existing vs potential), Geese, 186-188 Gizzard, 25, 109

16,

17,

33,

218

34 (see Assessment)

ssary, 211 in 134 (see also Feed) en feed, 31, 131, 134 t, 104, 110, 139 uer mash, 134 wth rates, 155, 156, 158 nea fowl, 188, 189 dling -- eggs, 111, 112 -- chickens, 27-29 thing, 22, 46-55 (see also Incubation lth (see Diseases) t stroke, 76 ting sources (see Brooding, Incubation) s (see Layers) sing, 81-94, 175-182 -- cages, 85, 86, 94-100 -- construction, 86-94 -- contained systems, 83 -- country fowl, 35, 36 -- deep litter, 83-85, 92, 93 -- floor space requirements, 89 -- free-range, 11, 12, 81 -- limited range, 13, 81, 82, 83 -- principles, 86-89 -- raised floor/slatted floors, 84, -- ventilation, 89 weather, 75, 76, 87, 89 'ers, 58-61 idity, 52, 84, 86 acted crop, 57 ome -- eggs, 154, 162-167 -- meat, 154, 157 ubation -- artificial, 22, 49-55 -- broody hen/natural, 22, 47, -- egg selection for, 47-50 -- equipment, 183, 184 ia poultry, 7, 8 ectious bronchitis, 120, 121 ectious coryza, 116, 124, 125 1

48

219

and Eggs)

93,

94

Information sources and gathering, Ingredients, feed, 198-202 Ingredient use limits, 139, 205 Intestine, 25 Intestinal coccidiosis, 64, 116, Intestinal worms, 5, 65, 125 Investment, 16, 33 -- layers, 154, 162, 163 -- meat-type, 154, 157 -- return on, 166 Isolation pen, 76 KeeL bone, 71-74 Kerosene brooder, Kidneys, 26, 130 Killing chickens,

18,

19,

26,

33,

166,

207-210

122-124 c

59 128

Larynx, 25, 129 Laryngotracheitis, 121 Layers, 2, 22, 37-39 breed source, 43-46 costs, returns and profits, 154, 162, 167 culling nonlayers, 72-74 equipment (see Equipment) feed consumption, 66, 106 floor space, 89 forced molting, 71, 72 housing (see Housing) lighting, 67-71 management principles, 65-71 production, eggs, 39, 67, 166, 167 records, 164, 165 replacement flocks, 42, 44-46, 63-66 second year, 71, 72 start of lay ages, 66, 67 stress, 2, 75-79 upgrading through breeding, 37-39, 48, 49 vs meat/broiler operations, 41, 42, 65, 84, Lice, 47, 126 Lighting, 65-71 -- step-up vs step-down, 70 -- in forced molting, 71, 72 Lime on litter, 58 Limited range, 13, 81, 82 --

--

--

--

--

--

--

--

--

--

--

--

--

--

--

--

we

--

220

88,

89

Litter

(see also Deep litter) built-up, 58 changing, 56 depth, 57 eating, 57 fertilizer vaiue, 3, 83, hot weather and humidity, management, 56-58 types of, 56, 57 Liver, 26, 130 Location of poultry houses, 87 Lungs, 25 ---------

84 58,

83,

Males vs females, 2, 22, 24, 26, 37, 76 Management schedules -- broilers, 63-65 -- layer flock replacements, 63-66 -- layer flocks, 66-70 Marek's Disease, 121 Manure, 3, 83, 84 Marketing, 32, 34 -- eggs, 2, 6, 19, 20, 153, 159-163 --

--

meat,

2,

6, 19, 20, 155-157 6, 19, 20, 34, 153

planning, seasonal considerations, 34, -- weight, broilers, 155-160 Mash and grain feeding, 134, 135 Meat vs eggs, 41, 42, 65, 84, 88, 89 Meat breeds, 44, 65 -- growth rates, 155, 156 -- marketing, 155-157 Medications, 139 -- coccidiosis control, 122-125 -- worms, 125, 126 Methane, 37, 174 Minerals, 138, 151, 205 Mites, 126, 127 Molt, forced, 71, 72 Mortality rates, 76, 116 Moving, 75 --

Nests, 36, 111, 112 New Hampshires, 43 Newcastle Disease, 63,

64,

116,

118,

167

119

84

Night protection, 35 Nitrogen-free extract, 136 Noise, 75 Non-Layers, 72-74 Nose (nostrils/beak), 25 Nutrient requirements of poultry, 136-139, 203-206 -- energy, 136, 203 -- minerals, 138, 205 -- protein/amino acids, 131, 137, 204, 205 -- vitamins, 138, 203, 204 -- other, 139 Nutrition, 18, 66, 131-152 -- country fowl, 36, 37 -- commercial feed, 133, 134 -- feeding methods, 134, 135 -- home-mixed feed, 135 -- mixing and formulation, 140-148 Oats (for cannibalism), Other poultry, 185-191 Ovary, 26 Oviduct, 26 Oyster shells, 110 (see

77

Calcium)

Parasites -- external, 65, 84, 126 -- internal, 65, 84, 125, 126 Peanut shells (see Deep litter) Peat moss (see Deep litter) Pecking (see Cannibalism) Phosphorus, 138 Pigeon pox (see Fowl pox) Pigeons, 190, 191 Piperazine, 65, 66 Pipping, 22 Pits, disposal, 76, 128-130 Post mortem examination, 119, 128-130 Poultry keeping -- advantages, 3 -- disadvantages, 3, 4 -- methods and systems, 81-86 -- prerequisites, 4-6 -- products, demand for (see Marketing) Pox (see Fowl pox)

222

Predators, 10, 35, 75 Production -- eggs, 16, 17, 21, 33, -- meat, 16, 17, 33, 38, Profits (see Finance) Protein/amino acids, 131, 137, Proventriculus, 25 Pubic bones, 71-74 Pullets, 22, 46 Pullorum, 122 Quarternaryammonia, Raised Range

floor,

84,

38 155,

156

204,

205

50 93,

94

-- free, 11, 12, 81 -- limited, 13, 81-83 Rats, 35, 75, 79 Rearing (brooding), 56, 65 Records, 153-157, 164-166 Reproductive system, 25 Returns on investment (see Finances Rhode Island Red, 43 Rice hulls (see Deep litter) Roaster, 2 Roosters, 37-39 Roosts, 66, 113 Routine, 75 Salmonella pullorum, 45, 122 Salt, 151 (see also Cannibalism) Sanitation (see Diseases) -- cleaning between flocks, -- disinfectant dip, 92 Sexed or unsexed chicks, 45 Sexual maturity -- female pullets, 21, 22 -- males, 22 Shank, 22 Shavings, 56 Shells, -- hoppers, 110 -- starting chicks, 66 -- thin eggs, 138

and Marketing)

52,

56

223

Water,

139 -- hot climates, 101 -- cleanliness, 37 -- consumption, 100 -- in incubation, 51, 52, 53 -- requirements of iayers, 47 -- requirements of starting chicks, -- space requirements/length/volume, Waterers, loo-104 Weather, 3, 4, 75, 76 Weight, 2, 155-157 White Leghorns, 43 Whole grain, 134 Windows, 91 Wing, 22 Wire cages, 94-100 Worms, treatment and control, 5, 65, 66, Yolk,

sac,

36, 56, 100

62

125

22

GPO

225

tl83-307

more than 80,000 U.S. citizens have rerved Since 1961 uhtn the Peace Corps wan created, living and working among the people of the Third aa Volunterrm in developing countries, Today 6000 PCVs art involved in programs deaigncd World aa colleagues and co-workero. to help l trangthen local capacity to l ddrer@ much fundamental concerns as food nutrition and health education and production, water l upply, energy devclopncnt, refnrertation.

Peace Corps over8eaa

offices:

BELIZE P.O. Box 407 Belize City

FIJI p.0.

BEh’Ih’ BP1

GABON -98

Cotcnou

Librtvllle

BP5 Banako

BOTSWAKA P.O. Box 93 Clborone

GAMBIA, The p.0. Box 582 Banjul

MAURITANIA BP 222 Nouakchott

SOLOHDKISLANDS P.O. Box 547 lioniara

HCRONESIA P.O. Box 336 Saipan, U8riana Islands

SWAZILAND P.0, Box -362 Hbabane

HALAYSIA

Box 109:

Suva

177 Jalan Baja Huda Kuala Lunpur

SEYCHELLES Box564 Victor ia SIERRA LEONE Privrtc? Bag

HAL1

Frtttown

CAEROOK

GHANA

BP 817 Yaounde

P.O. Box 5796 kcra (North)

CEWTSIRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC 3iTimr tingul

GUATEHALA 6s Avtnlda l-46 Zona 2 Guatemala

K)ROCCO 1, Rue Btnztrre Rabat

TANZANIA Box 9123 Dar t6 Salem

CHILE -1. 27-D Santiago

HONDURAS

NEPAL P.O. Box 613 Katfrmandu

THAILAND 12 Soi Somprasong 2 Petchburl Road Bangkok 4

COLOKBIA Carrera 9 #86-26 Bogota

IVORY COAST BP 1127 Abid j&n

NIGER BP 10537 Nianey

COSTA RICA Apartrdo Postal 1266 San Jose

JAMAICA 9 Musgrove Avenue Kingston 10

OMAK p.0. Box 966

DOMINICAK REPUBLIC

KENYA p.o.Box Nairobi

PAPUA NEW GUINEA c/o htrican Embassy Port brtsby

TUNISIA 8. Ave. Louis Braille Tbnis

KOREA Gwang Wha tloon P.O.Box 521 Seoul

PARAGUAY c/o Ibrtrican Asuncion

UPPER VOLTA BP 537~!Samandln Ouagadoug ou

LESOTHO P.O. Box 554 Cereru

PHILIPPINES P.O. Box 7013 M8nlla

LIBERIA Box Honrovia

RWANDA ‘-erican Kigal f

!ExL

SENEGAL BP 254

Apartado 1414

Postal

Apartedo Postal c-5 1 Ttgucfgalpa

30518

TOGO

BP1

TONGA BP7 Nuku'Alofa

Muscat

Santa Domingo EASTERN CARRIBBEAN Incl&ling: Ibtigua Barbados, CrcGda, kmtrcrrat, St.

94

Embassy

Kitt8-Ntvi6,

St .Iucia,St. Vincent, Dominica “Erln COurt” Birhops Court Hill P.O. Box 696-C BrIdgetown, Rarbados ECUADOR ~&ill. 635-A Quito

Box 208 Lllongwe

Ihkfar

WESTERNSAMA P.O. Box 880 Apia tibaasy

YEEN P.O. Box 1151 Smo'a ZAIRE BP 697 Kln6hasa

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