Primary And Secondary Sources 166h5b
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Primary and Secondary Sources
1 de 7
https://library.ithaca.edu/sp/subjects/primary
Primary and Secondary Sources ■ Research 101
■ Table of Contents Primary vs. Secondary Serials Books Visual and Audio Materials Archival Material
Government Documents Tertiary Sources Examples Research 101 Video When in Doubt …
■ Primary vs. Secondary For some research projects you may be required to use primary sources. How can you identify these?
Primary Sources A primary source provides direct or firsthand evidence about an event, object, person, or work of art. Primary sources include historical and legal documents, eyewitness s, results of
1
Starting Your Research
2
Finding Articles
3
Primary & Secondary Sources » Take the Quiz
4
Scholarly, Trade, & Popular Journals
5
Evaluating Resources
6
Plagiarism
7
Annotated Bibliographies
8
Literature Reviews
18/12/2016 09:41 p.m.
Primary and Secondary Sources
2 de 7
experiments, statistical data, pieces of creative writing, audio and video recordings, speeches, and art objects. Interviews, surveys, fieldwork, and Internet communications via email, blogs, listservs, and newsgroups are also primary sources. In the natural and social sciences, primary sources are often empirical studies—research where an experiment was performed or a direct observation was made. The results of empirical studies are typically found in scholarly articles or papers delivered at conferences.
https://library.ithaca.edu/sp/subjects/primary
■ Video
"Primary vs. Secondary Sources" from Lynda.com (3 min)
Secondary Sources Secondary sources describe, discuss, interpret, comment upon, analyze, evaluate, summarize, and process primary sources. Secondary source materials can be articles in newspapers or popular magazines, book or movie reviews, or articles found in scholarly journals that discuss or evaluate someone else's original research.
■ Serials Journals, magazines, and newspapers are serial publications that are published on an ongoing basis. Many scholarly journals in the sciences and social sciences include primary source articles where the authors report on research they have undertaken. Consequently, these papers may use the first person ("We observed…"). These articles usually follow a standard format with sections like "Methods," "Results," and "Conclusion."
■ When in Doubt … If you're not sure if a given source is primary or secondary for the purposes of your research project, ask your instructor. There are many gray areas and your instructor's interpretation may not entirely match the Library's.
In the humanities, age is an important factor in determining whether an article is a primary or secondary source. A recently-published journal or newspaper article on the Brown v. Board of Education Supreme Court case would be read as a secondary source, because the author is 18/12/2016 09:41 p.m.
Primary and Secondary Sources
3 de 7
https://library.ithaca.edu/sp/subjects/primary
interpreting an historical event. An article on the case that was published in 1955 could be read as a primary source that reveals how writers were interpreting the decision immediately after it was handed down. Serials may also include book reviews, editorials, and review articles. Review articles summarize research on a particular topic, but they do not present any new findings; therefore, they are considered secondary sources. Their bibliographies, however, can be used to identify primary sources.
■ Books Most books are secondary sources, where authors reference primary source materials and add their own analysis. "Lincoln at Gettysburg: the Words that Remade America" by Gary Wills is about Abraham Lincoln's Gettysburg Address. If you are researching Abraham Lincoln, this book would be a secondary source because Wills is offering his views about Lincoln and the Gettysburg Address. Books can also function as primary sources. For example,Abraham Lincoln's letters, speeches, or autobiography would be primary sources. To locate primary sources in the library catalog, do a keyword search and include "sources" in your search. The search results for "Abraham Lincoln" and "Sources" would include include "The Civil War: the First Year Told By Those Who Lived It", a book that includes letters written by Abraham Lincoln.
■ Visual and Audio Materials Visual materials such as maps, photographs, prints,
18/12/2016 09:41 p.m.
Primary and Secondary Sources
4 de 7
https://library.ithaca.edu/sp/subjects/primary
graphic arts, and original art forms can provide insights into how people viewed and/or were viewed the world in which they existed. Films, videos, TV programs, and digital recordings can be primary sources. Documentaries, feature films, and TV news broadcasts can provide insights into the fantasies, biases, political attitudes, and material culture of the times in which they were created. Radio broadcast recordings, oral histories, and the recorded music of a particular era can also serve as primary source material.
■ Archival Material Manuscripts and archives are primary sources, including business and personal correspondence, diaries and journals, legal and financial documents, photographs, maps, architectural drawings, objects, oral histories, computer tapes, and video and audio cassettes. Some archival materials are published and available in print or online.
■ Government Documents Government documents provide evidence of activities, functions, and policies at all government levels. For research that relates to the workings of government, government documents are primary sources. These documents include hearings and debates of legislative bodies; the official text of laws, regulations and treaties; records of government expenditures and finances; and statistical compilations of economic, demographic, and scientific data.
18/12/2016 09:41 p.m.
Primary and Secondary Sources
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https://library.ithaca.edu/sp/subjects/primary
■ Tertiary Sources Tertiary sources contain information that has been compiled from primary and secondary sources. Tertiary sources include almanacs, chronologies, dictionaries and encyclopedias, directories, guidebooks, indexes, abstracts, manuals, and textbooks.
■ Examples
18/12/2016 09:41 p.m.
Primary and Secondary Sources
6 de 7
https://library.ithaca.edu/sp/subjects/primary
Primary Source
Secondary Source
Lincoln's Gettysburg Address
"Lincoln at Gettysburg: the Words That Remade America" by Gary Wills
The poem "Human Chain" by Seamus Heaney
"His Nibs: Self-Reflexivity and the Significance of Translation in Seamus Heaney's Human Chain." by Michael Parker in Irish University Review (November 2012), pp. 327-350.
The table "Number of Offenses Known to the Police, Universities and Colleges" in the FBI's Uniform Crime Reports, 2012
An article in the Ithacan entitled "Study Finds Eastern Colleges Often Conceal Campus Crime"
Mackey, S., Carroll, I., Emir, B., Murphy, T., Whalen, E., & Dumenci, L. (2012). Sensory pain qualities in neuropathic pain. The Journal Of Pain, 13(1), 58-63. doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2011.10.002 [a study published in a peer reviewed journal]
Vance, E. (2014). Where Does It Hurt?. Discover, 35(4), 28-30. [an article in a magazine that includes quotes from Sean Mackey, author of the peer reviewed article on pain]
Cynthia Scheibe's doctoral dissertation on the developmental differences in children's reasoning about Santa Claus
An article in Parents Magazine discussing experts' views on the harm of lying to children about Santa Claus
ABOUT Hours Floor Maps Jobs Policies
SERVICES For Faculty For Alumni Ask a Librarian Forms Hardware &
DEPARTMENTS Archives Circulation Multimedia Music Research Help
RESOURCES Databases Journals Catalog DVDs Guides
18/12/2016 09:41 p.m.
Primary and Secondary Sources
7 de 7
Staff Directory Videos FAQs
https://library.ithaca.edu/sp/subjects/primary
Software Interlibrary Loan (ILL) Print, Copy, Scan Reserves Request a Purchase
Research 101 Digital Commons Cite New Titles Site Search
Ithaca College Library, 953 Danby Rd, Ithaca, NY 14850‑7002 tel. (607) 274-3206
18/12/2016 09:41 p.m.
1 de 7
https://library.ithaca.edu/sp/subjects/primary
Primary and Secondary Sources ■ Research 101
■ Table of Contents Primary vs. Secondary Serials Books Visual and Audio Materials Archival Material
Government Documents Tertiary Sources Examples Research 101 Video When in Doubt …
■ Primary vs. Secondary For some research projects you may be required to use primary sources. How can you identify these?
Primary Sources A primary source provides direct or firsthand evidence about an event, object, person, or work of art. Primary sources include historical and legal documents, eyewitness s, results of
1
Starting Your Research
2
Finding Articles
3
Primary & Secondary Sources » Take the Quiz
4
Scholarly, Trade, & Popular Journals
5
Evaluating Resources
6
Plagiarism
7
Annotated Bibliographies
8
Literature Reviews
18/12/2016 09:41 p.m.
Primary and Secondary Sources
2 de 7
experiments, statistical data, pieces of creative writing, audio and video recordings, speeches, and art objects. Interviews, surveys, fieldwork, and Internet communications via email, blogs, listservs, and newsgroups are also primary sources. In the natural and social sciences, primary sources are often empirical studies—research where an experiment was performed or a direct observation was made. The results of empirical studies are typically found in scholarly articles or papers delivered at conferences.
https://library.ithaca.edu/sp/subjects/primary
■ Video
"Primary vs. Secondary Sources" from Lynda.com (3 min)
Secondary Sources Secondary sources describe, discuss, interpret, comment upon, analyze, evaluate, summarize, and process primary sources. Secondary source materials can be articles in newspapers or popular magazines, book or movie reviews, or articles found in scholarly journals that discuss or evaluate someone else's original research.
■ Serials Journals, magazines, and newspapers are serial publications that are published on an ongoing basis. Many scholarly journals in the sciences and social sciences include primary source articles where the authors report on research they have undertaken. Consequently, these papers may use the first person ("We observed…"). These articles usually follow a standard format with sections like "Methods," "Results," and "Conclusion."
■ When in Doubt … If you're not sure if a given source is primary or secondary for the purposes of your research project, ask your instructor. There are many gray areas and your instructor's interpretation may not entirely match the Library's.
In the humanities, age is an important factor in determining whether an article is a primary or secondary source. A recently-published journal or newspaper article on the Brown v. Board of Education Supreme Court case would be read as a secondary source, because the author is 18/12/2016 09:41 p.m.
Primary and Secondary Sources
3 de 7
https://library.ithaca.edu/sp/subjects/primary
interpreting an historical event. An article on the case that was published in 1955 could be read as a primary source that reveals how writers were interpreting the decision immediately after it was handed down. Serials may also include book reviews, editorials, and review articles. Review articles summarize research on a particular topic, but they do not present any new findings; therefore, they are considered secondary sources. Their bibliographies, however, can be used to identify primary sources.
■ Books Most books are secondary sources, where authors reference primary source materials and add their own analysis. "Lincoln at Gettysburg: the Words that Remade America" by Gary Wills is about Abraham Lincoln's Gettysburg Address. If you are researching Abraham Lincoln, this book would be a secondary source because Wills is offering his views about Lincoln and the Gettysburg Address. Books can also function as primary sources. For example,Abraham Lincoln's letters, speeches, or autobiography would be primary sources. To locate primary sources in the library catalog, do a keyword search and include "sources" in your search. The search results for "Abraham Lincoln" and "Sources" would include include "The Civil War: the First Year Told By Those Who Lived It", a book that includes letters written by Abraham Lincoln.
■ Visual and Audio Materials Visual materials such as maps, photographs, prints,
18/12/2016 09:41 p.m.
Primary and Secondary Sources
4 de 7
https://library.ithaca.edu/sp/subjects/primary
graphic arts, and original art forms can provide insights into how people viewed and/or were viewed the world in which they existed. Films, videos, TV programs, and digital recordings can be primary sources. Documentaries, feature films, and TV news broadcasts can provide insights into the fantasies, biases, political attitudes, and material culture of the times in which they were created. Radio broadcast recordings, oral histories, and the recorded music of a particular era can also serve as primary source material.
■ Archival Material Manuscripts and archives are primary sources, including business and personal correspondence, diaries and journals, legal and financial documents, photographs, maps, architectural drawings, objects, oral histories, computer tapes, and video and audio cassettes. Some archival materials are published and available in print or online.
■ Government Documents Government documents provide evidence of activities, functions, and policies at all government levels. For research that relates to the workings of government, government documents are primary sources. These documents include hearings and debates of legislative bodies; the official text of laws, regulations and treaties; records of government expenditures and finances; and statistical compilations of economic, demographic, and scientific data.
18/12/2016 09:41 p.m.
Primary and Secondary Sources
5 de 7
https://library.ithaca.edu/sp/subjects/primary
■ Tertiary Sources Tertiary sources contain information that has been compiled from primary and secondary sources. Tertiary sources include almanacs, chronologies, dictionaries and encyclopedias, directories, guidebooks, indexes, abstracts, manuals, and textbooks.
■ Examples
18/12/2016 09:41 p.m.
Primary and Secondary Sources
6 de 7
https://library.ithaca.edu/sp/subjects/primary
Primary Source
Secondary Source
Lincoln's Gettysburg Address
"Lincoln at Gettysburg: the Words That Remade America" by Gary Wills
The poem "Human Chain" by Seamus Heaney
"His Nibs: Self-Reflexivity and the Significance of Translation in Seamus Heaney's Human Chain." by Michael Parker in Irish University Review (November 2012), pp. 327-350.
The table "Number of Offenses Known to the Police, Universities and Colleges" in the FBI's Uniform Crime Reports, 2012
An article in the Ithacan entitled "Study Finds Eastern Colleges Often Conceal Campus Crime"
Mackey, S., Carroll, I., Emir, B., Murphy, T., Whalen, E., & Dumenci, L. (2012). Sensory pain qualities in neuropathic pain. The Journal Of Pain, 13(1), 58-63. doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2011.10.002 [a study published in a peer reviewed journal]
Vance, E. (2014). Where Does It Hurt?. Discover, 35(4), 28-30. [an article in a magazine that includes quotes from Sean Mackey, author of the peer reviewed article on pain]
Cynthia Scheibe's doctoral dissertation on the developmental differences in children's reasoning about Santa Claus
An article in Parents Magazine discussing experts' views on the harm of lying to children about Santa Claus
ABOUT Hours Floor Maps Jobs Policies
SERVICES For Faculty For Alumni Ask a Librarian Forms Hardware &
DEPARTMENTS Archives Circulation Multimedia Music Research Help
RESOURCES Databases Journals Catalog DVDs Guides
18/12/2016 09:41 p.m.
Primary and Secondary Sources
7 de 7
Staff Directory Videos FAQs
https://library.ithaca.edu/sp/subjects/primary
Software Interlibrary Loan (ILL) Print, Copy, Scan Reserves Request a Purchase
Research 101 Digital Commons Cite New Titles Site Search
Ithaca College Library, 953 Danby Rd, Ithaca, NY 14850‑7002 tel. (607) 274-3206
18/12/2016 09:41 p.m.
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