Principles Of Effective Writing 1k6h2g

Principles of Effective Writing (AB5CDEO) 1. Accuracy (Preciseness or correctness) 2. Brevity (Conciseness) 3. Consistency (Unity) 4. Coherence (sticking together of ideas) 5. Concreteness (Specificity) 6. Completeness (Thoroughness) 7. Clarity (Clearness) 8. Diction (word Choice) 9. Emphasis 10. Order

Accuracy Erroneous/Inaccurate

Correct/Accurate

Concord Agreement Error

A priest deliver her homily.

A priest delivers his homily.

Predication Error

The communicants itted the Body of Christ during their first Holy Communion.

The communicants received the Body of Christ during their first Holy Communion.

Modification Error

The mustachioed lady in red was attracted to the man in black.

The lady in red was attracted to the mustachioed man in black.

Complementation Error

The twelve disciples were followers of the Pharisees.

The twelve disciples were followers of Jesus Christ.

Coordination/Parallelism We were able to achieve our Error goal slowly but sure.

We were able to achieve our goal slowly but surely.

Subordination Error

The students arrives early in order that prepare for the intramurals opening.

The students arrived early in order to prepare for the intramurals opening.

Factual Error

The Philippines first gained independence on June 12, 1986.

The Philippines first gained independence on June 12, 1898.

Organizational Error

The stages of man’s development are as follows: birth, infancy, adolescence, puberty, childhood, adulthood, senescence, and death.

The stages of man’s development are as follows: birth, infancy, childhood, puberty, adolescence, adulthood, senescence, and death.

Brevity or Conciseness Kinds of wordy constructions

Wordy/Verbose

Brief/Conciseness

Redundancies

Fuchsia or maroon in color large and extra large in size started initially required necessities round circles

Fuchsia or maroon large and extra large started necessities circles

Smothered Verbs

Conducted an experiment make an analysis of write a narrative composition of

Experimented Analyze narrate

Deadwood or There are three phases of matter. Inflated Construction These are solids, liquids, and gases. The parts of a plant are many. These are the trunk, stems, roots, leaves, flowers, and fruits.

The three phases of matter are solids, liquids, and gases. The parts of a plant are the trunk, stems, roots, leaves, flowers, and fruits.

DIRECTIONS: Identify the kind of error committed in each statement. Restate the statement to make it correct. 1. Mr. Nonito Donaire was considered as the “Pambansang Kamao of the Philippines”. 2. Generally, it is better to eat eggs moderately than avoiding them entirely. 3. The legacy of Larry Bird and Magic Johnson influence the NBA today. 4. The torn student’s book lay on the desk. 5. Statistics are among the most difficult courses in our program.

• Emphasis by Conciseness. Directions: Rewrite the sentences below to the shortest possible.

• Repeat it for the second time once more. ________________________________________________________________________ • Dr. Mata is a doctor who treats eye diseases. ________________________________________________________________________ • The athletes regained their strength again. ________________________________________________________________________ • Did you return back the book that you borrowed? ________________________________________________________________________ • He took care of the istration of the tests. ________________________________________________________________________

Consistency or Unity Meanings

Unity of Idea

Consistency in the idea presented

Unity of Subject

Consistency in the subject presented

Unity of Gender

Consistency in the use of the following: Masculine-for male Common-for male and female Neuter- for inanimate objects

examples

Joseph loves his brothers so much(masculine) Mary takes care of her little lamb. (feminine) The student is wearing his ID. (common) The dress has lost its color. (neuter)

Unity of Mood

Consistency in the use of the following: Indicative Mood- for statements of facts and opinions/questions Imperative Mood- for commands and requests Subjunctive mood- for wishes, doubts, parliamentary motions, suggestions, necessities, demand, conditions contrary to fact, and ideas following as if or as though

Unity of Language

Consistency in the use of the “Come and see the different cultures English language onboard. Hear from Doulos crew where they come from and what they do on ship! Enjoy a special afternoon for the whole family.” (also unity of mood)

Who invented the telephone? Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone. (indicative) Answer the telephone. (imperative mood) Will you hand to me the cell phone. (imperative) I wish I were a god. (subjunctive) He doubts if his parents would come. (subjunctive) I move that the nomination be closed. (subjunctive) She suggests that he fetch her daily. (subjunctive) The teacher demands that a student come on time.(subjunctive) If I were you, I would teach abroad. (subjunctive) She walks as if she were a penguin. (subjunctive)

Unity of Consistency in the use Person of the following: First person-person speaking Second personperson spoken to Third person- person spoken of or about Unity of Consistency in the use Number of the following: Singular-for single item only Plural- for two or more items

I am the master of my fate; I am the captain of my soul.(first) You must not leave your things unattended here. (second) He considers himself invincible. (third)

You(singular) are the one who makes me happy. (singular) You(plural) are the ones who make me happy. (plural)

Unity of Tense

Unity of Voice

Consistency in the use of the use of the following: Past tense- for actions and conditions in the past Present tense- for actions and conditions in the present Future tense- for actions and conditions in the future Consistency in the use of the following: Active voice-or sentences with doers as subjects ive Voice- for sentences with receivers as subjects

We watched “Dubai” last Maundy Thursday. (past tense) We are now watching “May Himala,”starring Judy Ann Santos. (present) We will be watching tomorrow afternoon “Himala,” one of the blockbuster movies of Superstar Nora Aunor. (future)

Plants take in carbon dioxide and give off oxygen; animals take in oxygen and give off carbon dioxide. (active Voice) Plants are eaten by herbivores, whereas animals are eaten by carnivores. (ive voice)

Unity of Level of Language

Consistency in the use of the following: Standard/Formal English- for formal writing and speech Substandard/Informal English- for informal writing and speech

To better equip its faculty with the knowledge and skills in preparing instructional materials, the College of Arts and Sciences Education conducted a seminarworkshop on module-writing on August 8, 2008 at the Audio-Visual Room of the Main Library. (standard/formal English)

We go for hip-hop dance because it is cool. Dudes, us now in our latest t. (substandard/informal English)

Unity of Purpose

Consistency in the intention of purpose in writing

Note: When a writer is writing an informative article, his only intention is to inform, not to persuade nor to entertain.

Coherence

Ways to Provide Coherence

Meanings

Proper Pronoun reference

Coherence through avoidance of the following: Multiple reference-the pronoun refers to two or more antecedents Absent reference-the pronoun does not refer to any antecedent Wrong reference- the pronoun refers to a wrong antecedent

Proper Predication

Coherence through proper collocation of subjects and predicates

Examples

Juan saw carlos as he as going down the stairs.( The pronoun he refers to two antecedents, Juan and carlos)

Thelma is very much fond of cooking so she has recently enrolled in it. (The pronoun it does not refer to any antecedent. Thelma is very much fond of cooking so he has recently enrolled in a culinary training course. The pronoun he refers wrongly to the antecedent Thelma.) Eskimos live in igloos. Japanese women wear kimono. Atheists don’t believe in God.

Proper Modification

Proper Complementation

Coherence through avoidance of the following: Dangling modifier- the modifier describes an absent headword Misplaced modifier- the modifier is placed far from the headword it describes Squinting modifier- the modifier describes headwords before and after it Coherence through proper collocation of verbs/verbals and complements

Riding a bicycle, the destination was reached. (the modifier “riding a bicycle” is dangling because the headword is missing. The lady bought a carabao from an old man with a lame foreleg. (The modifier “with a lame foreleg” is misplaced because it is placed far from the headword “carabao.” She re always praying for her loved ones. (The modifier “always” both “re” and “praying.”) The boy hurt himself with his toy gun. That teacher has been reading Harry Potter series.

Proper Coordination

Coherence through effective coordination of the following: Word parallelismcoordinate words are ed. Phrase Parallelismcoordinate phrases are ed Clause parallelismcoordinate clauses are ed

Proper Subordination Coherence through proper collocation of dependent units and subordinators

The Spaniards killed the three martyr priests- Fr. Gomez, Fr. Burgos, and Fr. Zamora. (word parallelism) Democracy is a government of the people, by the people, and for the people. (phrase parallelism) Henry is an intelligent individual, moreover, he is an industrious person. (clause parallelism)

She takes good care of her children. The streets were flooded because there was a heavy downpour.

Concreteness or Specificity Generic/Not Concrete Cat

Specific/Concrete

House

Tenement, apartment, condominium, mansion

Attach

Clip, paste, glue, nail, tack, tie

Cheetah, puma, jaguar, lion, tiger

Manufacture Baker, publisher, filmmaker r/ producer Writer

Poet, novelist, essayist, playwright

Artist

Painter, sculptor, musician, dancer

Professional

Doctor, lawyer, teacher, engineer

Man/male

Mr. Bean, king, prince, rajah

Woman/female

Mrs. Jones, chairwoman, queen, princess

Place(here/there) C Little Theater Time

June 12, 2009 at 9:00 am

Clarity or Clearness Vague/Ambiguous Clear Flying planes can Flying planes poses dangers. (S-flying) Flying planes pose dangers. (S-planes) pose dangers.

Breastfeeding babies may be a nuisance. Visiting relatives can be annoying.

Breastfeeding babies is a nuisance. (S-breastfeeding) Breastfeeding babies are a nuisance. (S-babies) Visiting relatives is annoying. (S-visiting) Vising relatives are annoying. (S-relatives)

John told Paul that he looked pale.

John told Paul, “You (Paul) look pale.” John told Paul, “I (John) look pale.” John told Paul that the former (John) looked pale. John told Paul that the latter (Paul) looked pale.

Mary saw jane as she was crossing the street.

Mary saw Jane as the former (Mary) was crossing the street. Mary saw Jane as the latter (Jane) was crossing the street. Crossing the street, Mary saw Jane. Mary saw Jane crossing the street.

I found my wallet and my 10dollar bill on the table and put it in my pocket.

I found my wallet and my 10-dollar bill on the table and put the former (wallet) in my pocket. I found m wallet and my 10-dollar bill on the table and put the letter (10-dollar bill) in my pocket. I found my wallet and my 10-dollar bill on the table and put them/both (wallet and 10-ollar bill) in my pocket.

Completeness Fragmentary/incomplete

Complete

The children reciting the Lord’s Prayer.

The children are/were reciting the Lord’s Prayer.

The books which were placed on the shelves.

The books which were placed on the shelves were covered with plastic.

The magazines on the The magazines are/were on the table. table. The magazines on the table are mine.

Ana, you, I are going to the zoo. Because the weather is fine.

Ana, you, and I are going to the zoo. Because the weather is fine, we will stroll in the park.

After the summer vacation.

Classes will start after the summer vacation.

When the storm is over.

When the storm is over, people attend to their routinary activities.

Diction or word choice Denotative meaning of a wordfound in the dictionary

connotative meaning of a wordthat which is assigned by the writer to a word as it is used in the context of his text.

Hyperonyms and hyponyms Hyperonym (genus or class) –word superior to the words it embraces.

The words embraced are its hyponyms (species)

Example Hyperonym

hyponym

Animal- worms, mollusks, birds, insects, mammals, reptiles, amphibians Organism (hyperonym) Animals (hyponym) plants (hyponym)

Quiz

Consistency or Unity Write the correct form of the verb enclosed in parentheses in every sentence. 1. A number of banks (operate) in our community. 2. This bank, as well as the other banks, (offer) a variety of services. 3. The competition among the banks in our community (be) cutthroat. 4. These banks (resort) to various marketing strategies. 5. One of these strategies (be) charging high interest rates on deposits.

Coherence. Write A if the sentence requires proper modification, B if it requires proper pronoun, C if it requires proper coordination and D if it is already coherent. 1. Either he is an executive or an analyst. 2. The newscaster will inform the televiewers not only about the good new but also about the bad news. 3. Atty. Caso told Mrs. Geronimo’s husband that he had lots of clients. 4. Either Tom is a hunk model or he is a cruiser. 5. The gentleman with brown eyes was attracted to the mustachioed saleslady.

Emphasis through Effective Parallelism or coordination. Make the following constructions balanced by changing the italicized structures to ones parallel with coordinate structures in the sentences. 1. Business organizations come in the form of sole proprietorships, corporations, and organizations composed of partners. 2. Stockholders may own preferred shares or shares which are common. 3. The rockstar wants to warm up, playing guitar, and singing. 4. Listen to music, taking pictures, and rocking out all night is all the rock fans want to do. 5. Sylvain travelled by plane, boat and by train.