Purpose, Reason And Result, Contrast (grammar) x3u7

PURPOSE, RESON AND RESULT, CONTRAST Tamar Mikeladze II –year students’ group English Grammar (paragraphs 21, 22, 23) 11/10/2012

PURPOSE: TO AND FOR WE USE ALL THESE TO SAY WHY WE DO THINGS: Infinitive – e.g. Tania visited her teacher to discuss her problem.  ‘in order to’ – e.g. I met the secretary in order to hand in my application.  For + noun – e.g. I went to the post office for stamps. 

PURPOSE: SO THAT SO THAT + SUBJECT + VERB Habitual purpose - can/present simple e.g. I leave the window open so that the cat can get in and out.  Future purpose – can/will/present simple e.g. We’ll take a taxi so that we aren’t late for the meeting.  Past purpose – could/would/past simple e.g. Mary left the class early so that she could catch the 1 o’clock train. e.g. She put her tickets in the purse so that she wouldn’t lose them. 

REASON AND RESULT TO EXPLAIN THE REASON FOR SOMETHING USE:

Because (linking word) e.g. Mike didn’t come on time because his car broke down.  As (formal, at the beginning of the sentence) e.g. Mike didn’t come on time as his car broke down.  Since (formal, at the beginning of the sentence) e.g. Mike didn’t come on time since his car broke down.  So – result (linking word) e.g. Mike’s car broke down, so he didn’t come on time. 

FOR EMPHASIS WE USE So many/much – (many – count /much – noncount) There is so much rain that we can’t go out. He had so many toys that he could share them with others  So little/few We have so little time before flight that we can’t have breakfast. There were so few students in the classroom that the teacher got angry. 

So + adjective + that It was so hot last night that I couldn’t sleep.  Such + a + singular count noun It was such a lovely dress that I decided to buy it immediately.  Too + adjective - more than is necessary or good. Something can’t be done. The box was too heavy so I couldn’t lift it.  Too + adjective + infinitive - the action which is difficult to do It was too far to walk. 

Not + adjective + enough - less than is necessary or good. She is not tall enough to become a model. She is too short to become a model.  Too many/much, too few/little There are too few books in the class  Adjective + enough He is smart enough to the exams  Enough + noun She has got enough money to buy a brand- new car. 

It’s very expensive (a fact)  It’s so expensive (I’m surprised, but I still might buy it)  It’s too expensive ( so I won’t buy it) 

RESULT PHRASES: As a result  In the end  Eventually 

CONTRAST But (linking word) Maria felt ill, but she went to school (anyway).  Although (formal, linking word) Maria felt ill, although she (still) went to school  Even though = although Even though she felt ill, Maria went to school  Though (informal, in two separate sentences) Maria went to school. She was ill, though. 

While/whereas - to compare two facts or things. Nick loves cats, whereas David loves dogs.  Despite / in spite of + noun/ noun phrase/ verb+ ing – to contrast Despite her illness, Maria went to school. Despite being ill, Maria went to school.  However (formal, linking word) – contrasting sentence. Maria was ill. However, she went to school.  On the other hand – contrasting opinion 

RELATIVE CLAUSES I

RELATIVE CLAUSES Relative pronouns – who, what, which …  Relative clauses – relative pronouns (who, what, which) to define or describe people or things. 



Relative clauses Defining relative clauses

Non-defining relative clauses

Defining relative clauses - to identify exactly which person or thing we mean. The doctor who treated me told me not to worry. 

Non-defining relative clauses – to give extra information, which is not necessary for the sentence to make sense. In writing we use comma to show this. Pablo Picasso, who died in 1973, was a painter and sculptor. 

RELATIVE PRONOUNS Which – things The bus which goes to Batumi leaves from here.  That – people and things (more common) The man that we met was my father’s boss.  Who – people The people who live next door make a lot of noise. The people that live next door make a lot of noise.  Whom – people (objective form, less common) I talked to the lady whom you sent the invitation card.  Whose – belongs someone The girl whose mother works at the theater disappeared. 

LEAVING OUT THE RELATIVE PRONOUN 

Relative clause refers to subject or object of the sentence Subject of the sentence: The doctor who treated me told me not to worry.

The doctor (subject)

treated

me

(verb)

(object)

Object of the sentence: The doctor whom I spoke to told me not to worry.



I

spoke to

(subject)

(verb)

the doctor (object)

The doctor I spoke to told me not to worry.

Leave out relative pronoun after superlative: This is the best coffee (that) I’ve ever had! 

COMBINING SENTENCES 1) A bus goes to Batumi. 2) It leaves from here  The bus that goes to Batumi leaves from here. 1) A woman teaches us English. 2) She also works at university.  The woman who teaches us English also works at university

1) A girl’s purse was stolen. 2) She started crying.  The girl whose purse was stolen started crying.

RELATIVE CLAUSE WITH -ING I approached the woman who was sweeping the street.  I approached the woman (who was) sweeping the street. (leaving out relative pronoun and be) 

I sent a card to the girl who was reading a book in the garden.  I sent a card to the girl (who was) reading a book in the garden. 

What - the thing(s) that We understood what the teacher explained to us. (the things that she explained) 

What I want now is a holiday in Spain!  (the thing that I want)

THANK YOU. ANY QUESTIONS?