Railway-bridge-and-tunnel-engineering.pdf 2xb17

RAILWAY, BRIDGE AND TUNNEL ENGINEERING 

By Ketki Rangwala Dalal Edition ISBN Size Binding Pages



: 1st Edition : 2012 : 978-93-80358-60-4 : 135 mm × 210 mm : Paperback with 4 Color Jacket Cover : 792 + 24

About the book

This book aims at presenting the topics of Railway, Bridge and Tunnel Engineering written in a simple manner. The subject-matter is characterized by comprehension as well as methodical and easy-to-follow style. The Section I: Railway Engineering is well divided in to Seventeen chapters including Introduction to Railway Engineering; Rail Gauges; Surveys and Alignment of Railway Lines; Railway Traction; Rails; Creep; Rail Fastenings; Geometric Design of a Track; Resistance to Traction; Points and Crossings; Signalling; Interlocking; Station Machinery; etc. The Section II: Bridge Engineering is well divided in to Twelve chapters including Introduction to Bridge Engineering; Foundations - I: Pile Foundation; Foundations - II: Caissons and Cofferdams; Substructures; Fixed-Span Superstructures; Low Cost Bridges: Movable-Span Superstructures; Low Cost Bridges: Culverts and Causeways; Low Cost Bridges: Timber or Temporary Bridges; Flooring; Bearings; Erection, Maintenance and Strengthening of Bridges; Miscellaneous Topics; etc. The Section III: Tunnel Engineering is well divided in to Ten chapters including General Aspects of Tunnelling; Stages in Tunnel Construction; Tunnelling in Soft Ground; Tunnelling in Hard Rock; Shield Tunnelling; Shafts and Portals; Tunnel Lining; Lighting, Ventilation and Dust Control in Tunnels; Drainage of Tunnels; Safety in Tunnel Construction; etc. The 2 Appendices give Abbreviated and also Model Question Papers. Salient features of this book are:488 self-explanatory and neatly drawn sketches; 35 illustrative problems; 41 important useful tables; 626 typical questions at the end of the chapters. The text-matter has been arranged systematically according to the curriculum developed by the Gujarat Technological University (G.T.U.) for the Sixth Semester students of Civil Engineering (Subject code: 160603) and also it should prove to be extremely useful to the Civil Engineering students preparing for the Degree Examinations of all the Indian Universities, Diploma Examinations conducted by various Boards of Technical Education, Certificate Courses as well as for the A.M.I.E., U.P.S.C., G.A.T.E., I.E.S. and other similar competitive and professional examinations. It should also prove great of interest and practical use to the practicing professionals.

` 250.00 CONTENT Section I : Railway engineering 1 : INTRODUCTION to railway engineering 2 : Rail Gauges 3 : Surveys and alignment of railway lines 4 : Railway Traction 5 : Rails 6 : Creep 7 : Sleepers 8 : Ballast 9 : Rail Fastenings 10 : geometric design of a track 11 : Resistance to traction 12 : Points and Crossings 13 : Combinations of Points and Crossings 14 : Stations and Yards 15 : Signalling 16 : Interlocking 17 : Station Machinery Section II : bridge engineering 18 : INTRODUCTION to bridge engineering 19 : foundations – I: Spread and pile foundation 20 : foundations - II: CAISSONS AND COFFERDAMS 21 : substructures 22 : Fixed-span superstructures 23 : Low cost bridges: movable-span superstructures 24 : LOW COST BRIDGES: CULVERTS AND CAUSEWAYS 25 : LOW COST BRIDGES: TIMBER OR temporary bridges 26 : flooring 27 : BEARINGS 28 : erection, Maintenance and strengthening of bridges 29 : miscellaneous topics Section III : TUNNEL ENGINEERING 30 : general aspects of Tunnelling 31 : stages in tunnel construction 32 : tunnelling in soft ground 33 : tunnelling in hard rock 34 : Shield Tunnelling 35 : SHAFTS AND PORTALS 36 : TUNNEL LINING 37 : LIGHTING, VENTILATION AND DUST CONTROL IN TUNNELS 38 : DRAINAGE OF TUNNELS 39 : SAFETY IN TUNNEL CONSTRUCTION Appendix I : ABBREVIATED Appendix II : MODEL QUESTION PAPERS

Checklist

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RAILWAY, BRIDGE AND TUNNEL ENGINEERING Detailed Contents

Section I : Railway engineering Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION to railway engineering

1-1. 1-2. 1-3. 1-4. 1-5. 1-6. 1-7 1-8. 1-9. 1-10.

Brief history of railways Future of railways Trains of tomorrow (Maglev Trains) Automatic train operation Indian railways Development of the Indian railway Classification of Indian Railways Achievements of Indian Railways Future plan of Indian railways Summary QUESTIONS 1

Chapter 2 Rail Gauges

2-1. 2-2. 2-3. 2-4. 2-5.

Definition of gauge of track Gauges in different countries Uniformity in gauges Unigauge project of Indian railways Loading gauge and construction gauge QUESTIONS 2

Chapter 3 Surveys and alignment of railway lines

3-1. 3-2. 3-3. 3-3-1. 3-3-2. 3-3-3. 3-3-4. 3-4. 3-5.

Reasons for laying a new railway line Factors influencing the proposed route Railway surveys Reconnaissance survey Preliminary survey Location survey Railway Electrification Survey Project report and drawings Construction of new lines QUESTIONS 3

Chapter 4 Railway Traction

4-1. 4-2.

Tractive effort of a locomotive Track stresses QUESTIONS 4

Chapter 5 Rails

5-1. 5-2. 5-3. 5-4. 5-5. 5-6. 5-7. 5-8. 5-9. 5-10. 5-11. 5-12. 5-13. 5-14. 5-15. 5-16. 5-17. 5-18. 5-19.

Permanent way and its requirements Functions of rails Requirements of an ideal rail Types of rails Steel for rails Weight and section of rails Marking on rails Corrugated or roaring rails Corrosion of rails Length of rail Welding of rails Wear of rails Methods adopted to reduce wear of rails Measuring wear of rails Renewal of rails Failure of rails Coning of wheels Hogged rails Buckling QUESTIONS 5

Chapter 6 Creep

6-1. Definition 6-2. Causes of creep 6-3. Factors determining magnitude of creep 6-4. Results of creep 6-5. Method of measuring the creep 6-6. Methods of correcting the creep QUESTIONS 6

Chapter 7 Sleepers

7-1. 7-2. 7-3. 7-4. 7-5.

Functions of sleepers Types of sleepers Requirements of an ideal material for sleeper Materials for cross-sleepers Sleeper density QUESTIONS 7

Chapter 8 Ballast

8-1. 8-2. 8-3. 8-4. 8-5.

Functions of ballast Requirements of an ideal material for ballast Materials used as ballast Size and quantity of ballast Screening of ballast QUESTIONS 8

Chapter 9 Rail Fastenings

9-1. 9-2. 9-3. 9-4. 9-5. 9-5-1. 9-5-2. 9-5-3. 9-5-4.

Rail ts Avoidance of rail ts Types of rail ts Requirements of an ideal fastening Fastenings for rails Fish-plates Spikes, fang-bolts and hook-bolts Chairs and keys Bearing-plates QUESTIONS 9

Chapter 10 geometric design of a track

10-1. 10-2. 10-3. 10-4. 10-5. 10-6. 10-7. 10-8. 10-9. 10-10. 10-11. 10-12. 10-13. 10-14. 10-15. 10-16. 10-17. 10-18.

Objections to curvature of track Designation of a curve Types of curves and limiting radius or degree of curvature Transition curves Super-elevation or cant Factors affecting super-elevation Speed of trains on curves Cant Deficiency and Negative super-elevation Cant Excess Grade compensation on curves Bending of rails on curves Cutting of rails on curves Widening gauge on curves Spirals Switch-backs Rack railways String-lining of curves Tilting train QUESTIONS 10

Chapter 11 Resistance to traction

11-1. Train resistances 11-2. Rolling stock 11-2-1. Locomotives 11-2-2. Coaches 11-2-3. Wagons 11-3. Train-brakes 11-4. Dynamometer car QUESTIONS 11

Chapter 12 Points and Crossings

12-1. 12-2. 12-3. 12-4. 12-5. 12-6. 12-7. 12-8. 12-9. 12-10. 12-11.

Purpose for providing points and crossings Some definitions Sleepers laid for points and crossings Steel for points and crossings Switches Shapes of switches Lengths of stock rails and tongue rails Heel divergence or heel clearance Switch angle Throw of switch Crossings

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RAILWAY, BRIDGE AND TUNNEL ENGINEERING Detailed Contents 12-12. Types of crossings 12-13. Theoretical nose of crossing (T.N.C.) and actual nose of crossing (A.N.C.) 12-14. Crossing clearance 12-15. Crossing number 12-16. Crossing angle 12-17. Different types of leads and their calculations 12-18. Laying of points and crossings 12-19. Maintenance of points and crossings QUESTIONS 12

Chapter 13 Combinations of Points and Crossings 13-1.

General QUESTIONS 13

Chapter 14 Stations and Yards 14-1. General 14-2. Definition of a station 14-3. Purposes of a railway station 14-4. Selection of site for a railway station 14-5. Features of a railway station 14-6. Types of stations 14-7. Platforms 14-8. Staff quarters 14-9. Goods traffic at wayside stations 14-10. Catch sidings 14-11. Definition of a yard 14-12. Types of yards 14-12-1. enger yards 14-12-2. Goods yards 14-12-3. Marshalling yards 14-12-4. Locomotive yards 14-13. Level-crossing QUESTIONS 14

Chapter 15 Signalling 15-1. 15-2. 15-3. 15-3-1. 15-3-2. 15-3-3. 15-4. 15-5. 15-6. 15-7. 15-8. 15-9. 15-10.

General Objects of signalling Types of signals Classification according to function Classification according to location Special signals Typical layouts Control of movements of trains Telecommunication Compensators Fouling marks Track capacity Electrification on the Indian railways QUESTIONS 15

Chapter 16 Interlocking 16-1. 16-2. 16-3. 16-4. 16-5. 16-6. 16-7. 16-8. 16-9.

Definition Essential principles of interlocking Methods of interlocking Slotting of signals Detectors Point lock and treadle or lock bar Interlocking of level-crossings Interlocking standards Improvements in interlocking and signalling QUESTIONS 16

Chapter 17 Station Machinery 17-1. 17-2. 17-3. 17-4. 17-5.

Meaning of the term Engine sheds Ash-pits, ash-pans and examination pits Drop pits Water columns

17-6. 17-7. 17-8. 17-9. 17-10. 17-11. 17-12. 17-13. 17-14. 17-15.

Triangles Turntables Traversers Cranes Weigh-bridge Scotch block Bufferstops Derailing switch or trap switch Sand hump on snag dead-end Cow catcher QUESTIONS 17

Section II : bridge engineering Chapter 18 INTRODUCTION to bridge engineering 18-1. 18-2. 18-3. 18-4. 18-5. 18-6. 18-7. 18-8. 18-9. 18-10. 18-11. 18-12. 18-13. 18-14. 18-15. 18-16. 18-17. 18-18. 18-19. 18-20.

General Development of bridges Changing Scenario in Design and Construction of bridges Components of a bridge Classification of bridges Importance of bridges Identification of bridges Preliminary data to be collected Selection of bridge site Stages of investigation Bridge Alignment Traffic requirements of highway bridges Waterway of a bridge Maximum flood discharge Afflux Economic span of bridge Number of spans Preliminary and final project drawings Choice of bridge type Requirements of an Ideal Bridge QUESTIONS 18

Chapter 19 foundations – I: Spread and pile foundation 19-1. General 19-2. Essential requirements of a good foundation 19-3. General principles of design of bridge foundations 19-4. Subsoil exploration 19-5. Testing of soil samples 19-6. Types of foundations 19-7. Spread foundations 19-8. Pile foundations 19-9. Requirements for pile foundation 19-10. Types of piles 19-11. Load bearing piles 19-12 Materials used in construction of load bearing piles 19-13. Cast-iron piles 19-14. Cement concrete piles 19-14-1. Cast-in-situ concrete piles 19-14-2. Pre-cast concrete piles 19-15. Sand piles 19-16. Steel piles 19-17. Timber piles 19-18. Wrought-iron piles 19-19. Non-load bearing piles 19-20. Choice of type of pile 19-21. Composite piles 19-22. Screw piles 19-23. Pulling of piles 19-24. Loads on piles 19-25. Causes of failures of piles QUESTIONS 19

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RAILWAY, BRIDGE AND TUNNEL ENGINEERING Detailed Contents

Chapter 20 foundations - II: CAISSONS AND COFFERDAMS

20-1. 20-2. 20-3. 20-4. 20-5. 20-6. 20-7. 20-8. 20-9. 20-10. 20-11. 20-12. 20-13. 20-14. 20-15. 20-16. 20-17. 20-18. 20-19. 20-20. 20-21. 20-22. 20-23. 20-24. 20-25. 20-26. 20-27.

CAISSONS General Uses of caissons Cofferdam and caisson Materials used for the construction of caissons Classification of caissons Box caissons Wells Pneumatic caissons Construction of a pneumatic caisson Pneumatic caisson sickness Drilled caissons Methods of construction of drilled caisson Precautions during construction of drilled caisson Loads on caisson Floating of caissons Cutting edges Factors affecting the choice of a cutting edge Skin friction Sand blowing Methods to facilitate the sinking of caissons Tilting of caissons COFFERDAMS General Uses of cofferdams Types of cofferdams Prevention of leakage in cofferdams Puddle for cofferdam Factors affecting design of a cofferdam QUESTIONS 20

Chapter 21 substructures 21-1. 21-2. 21-3. 21-4. 21-5. 21-6. 21-7.

General Abutments Piers Wing walls Setting out for piers and abutments Materials for substructures Bridge Inspection QUESTIONS 21

Chapter 22 Fixed-span superstructures 22-1. 22-2. 22-3. 22-4. 22-5. 22-6. 22-7. 22-8. 22-9. 22-10. 22-11. 22-12.

Classification of superstructure Simple bridges or beam bridges Continuous bridges Cantilever bridges Arch bridges Bow-string girder type bridges Rigid frame bridges Suspension bridges Cable-stayed bridges Role of cable sheath in cable stayed bridge Materials for superstructures Composite bridges QUESTIONS 22

Chapter 23 Low cost bridges: movable-span superstructures 23-1. 23-2. 23-3. 23-4. 23-5. 23-6. 23-7.

Low cost bridges Movable-span structures Bascule bridges Cut-boat bridges Flying bridges Lift bridges Swing bridges

23-8. 23-9.

Transporter bridges Traversing bridges QUESTIONS 23

Chapter 24 LOW COST BRIDGES: CULVERTS AND CAUSEWAYS 24-1. 24-2. 24-3. 24-4.

Definition Waterway of a culvert Types of culverts Causeways QUESTIONS 24

Chapter 25 LOW COST BRIDGES: TIMBER OR temporary bridges 25-1. 25-2. 25-3. 25-4. 25-5. 25-6. 25-7.

Definition Materials used Fastenings used Types of timber or temporary bridges Bridges with intermediate s Bridges without intermediate s Floating bridges QUESTIONS 25

Chapter 26 flooring 26-1. 26-2. 26-3. 26-4. 26-5. 26-6.

General Factors affecting the choice of Flooring material Requirements of a good flooring material Types of floors Flooring materials Drainage of floors QUESTIONS 26

Chapter 27 BEARINGS 27-1. 27-2. 27-3. 27-4. 27-5. 27-6. 27-7. 27-8.

Definition Purposes of bearings Importance of bearings Free and fixed bearings Types of bearings Materials for bearings Bed blocks Maintenance of bearings QUESTIONS 27

Chapter 28 erection, Maintenance and strengthening of bridges 28-1. 28-2. 28-3. 28-4. 28-5. 28-6. 28-7.

Erection of steel girders Formwork for arch bridges Handrails ts of bridge Maintenance of bridges Rebuilding bridges Testing and strengthening of bridges QUESTIONS 28

Chapter 29 miscellaneous topics 29-1. 29-2. 29-3. 29-4. 29-5. 29-6. 29-7. 29-8. 29-9. 29-10. 29-11. 29-12.

General Approaches of bridge Bridge architecture Bridge Failures Clearance and freeboard Combined road and railway bridges Defects of bridge and its rectification Double-decker bridge Posting of bridges Rating of existing bridges River Training works Some marvellous bridges QUESTIONS 29

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RAILWAY, BRIDGE AND TUNNEL ENGINEERING Detailed Contents

Section III : TUNNEL ENGINEERING Chapter 30 general aspects of Tunnelling 30-1. 30-2. 30-3. 30-4. 30-5. 30-6. 30-7.

General Definitions Advantages and disadvantages Alignment of a tunnel Classification of tunnels Shape and size of tunnels Problems IN tunnelling QUESTIONS 30

Chapter 31 stages in tunnel construction 31-1. 31-2. 31-3. 31-4. 31-5.

Investigations for tunnel site Setting out of tunnel Excavation Excavation of tunnels in rock with machines Blasting QUESTIONS 31

Chapter 32 tunnelling in soft ground 32-1. 32-2. 32-3. 32-4. 32-5. 32-6. 32-7. 32-8. 32-9. 32-10. 32-11. 31-12. 32-13.

Soil classification Choice of method Methods of tunnelling (soft soils) Forepoling method Needle beam method Army method or case method American method English method Belgian method German method Austrian method Liner plates method Timbering in soft soil tunnelling QUESTIONS 32

Chapter 33 tunnelling in hard rock 33-1. 33-2. 33-3. 33-4. 33-5. 33-6. 33-7. 33-8. 33-9. 33-10. 33-11. 33-12.

General Sequence of operations for tunnelling in rock Faces of operation for tunnelling in rock Methods of tunnelling in rock Mucking Mucking in steep grade tunnelling Hauling Other aspects Drill-bits Nipper cars Explosives Safety precautions in rock tunnelling QUESTIONS 33

Chapter 34 Shield Tunnelling 34-1. 34-2. 34-3.

General Dimensions of shield Parts of shield

34-4. 34-5. 34-6. 34-7. 34-8. 34-9. 34-10.

commonly used with shield Primary lining General steps of tunnelling with shield Shield tunnelling in different types of soils Common Equipment with shield Stages of using the shield Mechanized shields QUESTIONS 34

Chapter 35 SHAFTS AND PORTALS 35-1. 35-2. 35-3. 35-4. 35-5. 35-6. 35-7. 35-8. 35-9. 35-10. 35-11.

General Advantages of shafts Size and location of shafts Shafts in rock Shaft construction in rock Shaft sinking in soft ground Design of shaft s Protection round the shaft opening Classification of shafts Portals Twin tunnels QUESTIONS 35

Chapter 36 TUNNEL LINING 36-1. 36-2. 36-3. 36-4. 36-5.

Necessity of lining Objects of tunnel lining Materials for lining Design of thickness of lining The sequence of lining a tunnel QUESTIONS 36

Chapter 37 LIGHTING, VENTILATION AND DUST CONTROL IN TUNNELS 37-1. 37-2. 37-3. 37-4. 37-5.

General Temporary ventilation Dust control Lighting Permanent ventilation QUESTIONS 37

Chapter 38 DRAINAGE OF TUNNELS 38-1. 38-2. 38-3. 38-4.

General Pre-drainage Dewatering Permanent drainage QUESTIONS 38

Chapter 39 SAFETY IN TUNNEL CONSTRUCTION 39-1. 39-2. 39-3.

General Safety measures Health protection Questions 39

Appendix I ABBREVIATED Appendix II MODEL QUESTION PAPERS

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