Research Methodology 3626l

UNIVERSITY OF KARACHI COURSE RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

TOPIC

Child Labor in pakistan Submitted by

SHAFIQ UL HAQ EP-0805132 M.E.F (final) 2010

Submitted to

SIR ABUZAR WAJDI

Table of Contents Topics................................................... ...................Page# Executive Summary......................................................3 Observation..................................................... ..............4 Broad problem area………………………………….4-5 Preliminary Data Collection..........................................5 Literature Survey...........................................................5 Research Article 1&Summary………………..…. …..5-6 Research Article 2 & Summary...………..…….. ……6-7 Research Article3&Summary... ………………………7 ResearchArticle4&Summary…………………… ……8 ResearchArticle5&Summary…………………… ……9 Problem Definition.......................................................9

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Statement of problem……………………………... …10 Identification of variables…………………………....10 Theoretical Framework................................................11 Development of Hypothesis.........................................12 Research Design...........................................................1 3 Conclusion ……. …………………………………......13 Sample Questionnaire ................................................. .14 Analysis and interpretation to Questionnaire............14-15

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The project is about a very controversial issue child labor. The report talks about world-wide problem of child labor and how

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different countries are exploiting children by making them work for longer hours and gaining benefit more out of it. Child labor is a multi-dimensional issue and the organizations involved in condemning it have their own perspectives, objectives and interests. With no intentions of demystifying this complex, one would focus on the difference between child labor and child work, and possible consequences of deliberate or unapprised exercise of the two interchangeably. Child labor reflects the violation of child rights leading to exploitation and deprivations of all kinds. Child work reflects social inequity and insecurity, dearth of social safety networks, magnitude of poverty, paucity of opportunities for health and education, and financial independence. The report also states the reasons behind child labor like a very common reason is poverty and lack of education. It further talks about different ways to stop this problem. In the end the report is concluded that child labor is a curse and it should be finished from its root to make this world a happy place to live.

OBSERVATION

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In Pakistan we observed that from long span of time the percentage of child labor increases a lot. Above 40% of child labor working in manufacturing sectors. Children’s do work because to their families which are living under the dominance of poverty. Many NGO’S are fighting against child labor but still child labor exist in Pakistan. As for as technology increase child labor also increases throughout the world. The constitutional act against child labor is Inefficient that is not completely implemented by Government. And also lack of resources, literacy rate, poverty, inflation and unemployment are major causes of child labor.

INTRODUCTION TO CHILD LABOR God has given human beings the boon of wisdom and discretion to think upon the signs of the universe and to draw conclusions. That is the reason why they disclose the hidden facts of it and its structure and have made remarkable progress in many walks of life. Children are the flowers of heaven. They are the most beautiful and purest creation of God. They are innocent both inwardly and outwardly. No doubt, they are the beauty of this world. Early in the morning when the children put on different kinds of clothes and begin to go to schools for the sake of knowledge, we feel a specific kind of joy through their innocence. But there are also other children, those who cannot go to schools due to financial problems, they only watch others go to schools and can merely wish to seek knowledge. It is due to many hindrances and difficulties; desperate conditions that they face in life. Having been forced to kill their aspirations, dreams and other wishes, they are pressed to earn a living for themselves and for their families. It is also a fact that there are many children who play a key role in sustaining the economically life of their family without which, their families would not be able to make ends meet. These are also part of our society who has forgotten the pleasures of their childhood. Child labour is the employment of children at regular and sustained

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labour. This practice is considered exploitative by many countries and international organizations. Child labour was utilized to varying extents through most of history, but entered public dispute with the beginning of universal schooling, with changes in working conditions during industrialization, and with the emergence of the concepts of workers' and children's rights. Child labour is still common in some places where the school leaving age is lower. Child labour is common in some parts of the world, and can be factory work, mining, prostitution, quarrying, agriculture, helping in the parents' business, having one's own small business (for example selling food), or doing odd jobs. Some children work as guides for tourists, sometimes combined with bringing in business for shops and restaurants (where they may also work as waiters). Other children are forced to do tedious and repetitive jobs such as: assembling boxes, polishing shoes, stocking a store's products, or cleaning. However, rather than in factories and sweatshops, most child labor occurs in the informal sector, "selling many things on the streets, at work in agriculture or hidden away in houses far from the reach of official labor inspectors and from media scrutiny." And all the work that they did was done in all types of weather; and was also done for minimal pay. According to UNICEF, there is an estimated 250 million children aged 5 to 14 in child labour worldwide, excluding child domestic labour. The most widely rejected forms of child labour include the military use of children as well as child prostitution.

PRELIMINARY DATA COLLECTION Preliminary data is collected through: • Library research • Internet hunting

LITERATURE SURVEY

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Write up :

ARTICLE 1

By: Amin Ahmed July 14, 2008 Monday

Pakistan lacks adequate system of child labour statistics Pakistan still lacks an adequate national system of child labour statistics which could provide reliable quantitative information on the number of working children. The statistical programmed should also provide baseline information on the reference child population engaged in what Convention No. 138 ‘work or employment’, of which child labour is a subset. Information of child labour in the so- called ‘unconditional worst forms’ is an especially important and challenging component of a national statistical programme on child labour. Child labour is widely recognized as a major hindrance to achieve the Education For All (EFA) goals. Incidence of children’s work also declined during that period. The ILO’s most recent global report on child labour emphasized the important contribution that action against child labour can make to the Education For All process. Children living in rural areas attend school less than their urban counterparts regardless of their working status. Child labour not only represents a severe obstacle to school attendance, it also interferes with the educational performance of children who combine school and work. Street children, child beggars, child porters, child rag- pickers, child scavengers and child domestic workers are the worst forms of child labour and require government’s plan of action to curb them.

Write up :

ARTICLE 2

By: MUHAMMAD ALY BALAGAMWALA

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CHILDREN: LABOURERS OF NECESSITY Millions of children in developing countries (and even in developed countries) are forced to work in order to their families. Reliable child labour statistics are scant due to the reluctance of many governments to acknowledge the problem. The International Labor Organization (ILO) and the United Nations Children Emergency Fund (UNICEF) estimate the total number of child workers to be between 200 and 250 million, 95 percent of which are in developing countries. What exactly is ‘Child Labour’? Child Labour is the natural outcome of extenuating circumstances, which evolved when the compelling forces of abject poverty, burgeoning population, and non-existent facilities of health, education and welfare, exploited the deprived and disadvantaged populace." Many organizations and governments round the world actively campaign for the abolishment of Child Labour. The fate of children banned from Bangladesh’s garment industry four years ago is a case in point. Deprived of much needed income, most of the children were forced to take on harmful, less well-paid work, including prostitution." Not surprisingly most children work to their families. A child labourer’s mother says, "No parent wants to see their child work; it is because of economic pressure and poor standards of education." For most children, this work is just a form of apprenticeship. Child Labour as long as it is voluntary and the working conditions are good is not bad. Even the child labourers themselves agree.

Write up:

ARTICLE 3

By: Ali Arif Feb: 27, Tuesday, 2007

Organized child abuse in south Punjab The place called Munda Khana or child prostitutes’ den housed such 10 to 15 child sex workers who had to sleep with their customers. The master of the den namely Dushman would charge Rs50 from each customer and give Rs25 to the child as wages.

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After a week, another Munda Khana adopted Yasir. “Every child sex worker has to retire from the occupation after attaining puberty,” says Yasir, now 16-year-old who begs and sleeps on roads. Presently, over 50 child sex houses are functioning in the city where nearly 500 children are at service. Child abuse at a commercial level is not only done in DG Khan but in other nearby towns like Taunsa and Kotaddu. Some hotels in Multan provide child sex workers on demand. Multan District Police Officer Munir Chishti said sodomy was very rare in his district. Multan District Coordination Officer Mukhtar Babar itted that child abuse had reached an alarming level in southern districts, adding that the Punjab government was also paying attention to the problem. Dera Social Welfare District Officer Ghulam Abbas Dasti said a children’s home was being set up and another centre sheltering children, Nigehbaan, would set up at a cost of Rs198 million.

Write up :

ARTICLE 4

By: John Mollica October 2008

Investigating Child Slave Labor Although our modern American society respects the rights of children through various labor laws, Child Slave Labor is still ever more present in our world today. As Dan Mcdougall reports in his article for “The Observer,” innocent children are forced to work in rough conditions and long hours to produce clothing for Gap Kids: Through this description, Mcdougall uncovers the distinct reality that is child slave labor by exposing the personal story of Amitosh, a child slave working at a Gap Kids factory located in New Delhi, India. Despite Gap’s efforts in 2004 to abolish all child slave labor producing factories making clothing for their various chains, abusive subcontractors who continue to try and lower their cost of production to meet the strong demands for cheap clothing from the west still use cheap child slave labor. “ The International Labour Organization, part of the UN, estimates 284,000 child laborers work

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on cocoa farms [in the Ivory Coast]... Americans have already responded negatively after learning of the prominent child labor force in the cocoa farming industry. Various lawsuits have been filed against chocolate companies that import their cocoa from the Ivory Coast such as Nestlé. With a workforce of about 284,000 child slaves, many of which were tricked into working on these cocoa farms, the pro-active lawsuits against such companies were much needed there. Although the demand of cheap labor in China is a major stimulus to their economy, the Chinese government has taken action towards breaking up labor rings which mainly utilize the work of forced child slave labor. In “The New York Times,” David Barboza reports the efforts of the Chinese government in breaking up “a child labor ring that forced children from poor, inland areas to work in booming coastal cities, acknowledging that severe labor abuses extended into the heart of its export economy” (Barboza). (Barboza) The cruel and unjust reality of child slave labor can be seen in various industries which are producers of goods that are sold in stores across the United States including the clothing industry, the cocoa harvesting agricultural industry as well as the toy manufacturing industry. Although many steps have already been taken to not only improve the working conditions and labor laws for children in these industries, but also to rescue abducted children who were forced into labor; much more still needs to be done in order to ensure that every product sold by companies in the United States is not produced by the hands of an innocent child slave laborer.

ARTICLE 5 Write up : By: Amin Ahmed

June 12, 2007 Tuesday

Child labour in Pakistan continues to rise As the World Day against Child Labour on Tuesday focuses on the elimination of child labour in agriculture, the volume of child labour in Pakistan continues to rise; whereas globally some 70 per cent of

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child labour is found in agriculture; many of them engaged in forced and hazardous activities. Male child labourers outnumbered female child labourers in both urban and rural areas, while the contribution of rural areas in child labour was about eight times higher than that of urban areas. Among male employed children elementary (unskilled) occupations were the most prevalent. Craft and related trade activities are ranked second and absorb about 19 per cent of male working children. Male child labour is more educated than female.

References: www.goarticles.com www.wikipedia.com www.google.com www.dawnnews.com

PROBLEM DEFINITION The fight against child labor is a real challenge for many of the States. It is worth taking up the challenge; what is at stake is the future of young people and hence of society itself. This fight is also a challenge for the world. We should all strive to solve this problem to make this world a better place to live.

PROBLEM STATEMENT: “What are the forces which enforce child to do work behind the economy?”

(CAUSES)

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IDENTIFICATION OF VARABLES A variable is any thing that can on differing or varying values. Following are the types of variable that we identified in our research: 1. Dependent variable 2. Independent variable 3. Moderating variable 4. Intervening variable

DEPENDENT VARIABLE:

Dependent variable is the variable of primary interest to the researcher. In other words it is the main variable that lends itself for investigation as a viable factor. In this research report dependent variable is “CHILD LABOR ENFORCED BY ECONOMY”. It is due to because our whole research is moving on the basis of this variable. So dependent variable is: • “child labor enforced by economy”

INDEPENDDENT VARIABLE:

An independent variable is one that influences the dependent variable in either a positive or negative way. With each unit of increase in independent variable, there is an increase os decrease in dependent variable also. So in our research “poverty, literacy rate and unemployment” is the independent variables. These factors influence the dependent variable either in a positive way or in a negative way depending on situation.

MODERATING VARIABLE:

Moderating variable is one that has a strong contingent effect on the independent variable-dependent variable relationship. “cost of child labor” is the moderating variable in our research. It is due to because it is low cost incurred on child labor and get huge work from them.

INTERVENING VARIABLE: Intervening variable is • Profitability

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THEORATICAL FRAMEWORK The theoretical framework is the foundation on which the entire research project is based. It is a logically developed, described and elaborated network of association among the variable deemed relevant to the problem situation. Few basic features of the theoretical framework have been discussed now:

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DEVELOPMENT OF HYPOTHESES A hypothesis is a logically conjectured relationship between two or more variables expressed in the form of testable statement. Relationships are conjectured on the basis of the network o associations established in the theoretical framework formulated for the research study.

NULL HYPOTHESIS: “child labor enforced by the economy” is our null hypothesis. ALTERNATE HYPOTHESIS: “child labor is not enforced by the economy” is our alternate hypothesis. LEVEL OF SIGNIFICANCE: “0.05” is our level of significance

CALCULATIONS:

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RESULT: Since our calculated value lies inside of critical region therefore we reject alternate hypothesis and accept null hypothesis. Its mean that "child labor enforced by the economy”

RESEARCH DESIGN Research design is a step by step process. It provides the basis for testimony. The need of the research itself determines the methodology and the design of the research. Detail of study includes: • Purpose of the study • Types of investigation • Extent of researcher interference • Study setting • Unit of analysis • Time horizon PURPOSE OF THE STUDY: Our purpose of study is “Hypothesis testing” because in this research we test our hypothetical statement which we developed in previous step.

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TYPES OF INVESTIGATION: Our type of investigation is “correlation” because we find the important variables or factors that contribute their part in percentage increase in labor child. STUDY SETTING: Nature of our research is of “non contrived” because we do our research in natural environment and not in Artificial environment that is not in labs. UNIT OF ANALYSIS: In our research unit of analysis is “population” because in this research, questioner are filled by everyone who is the part of society. TIME HORIZON: Our study is “one-shot” or “cross-sectional studies” because in this research data are gathered just once in order to answer research questions.

8. CONCLUSION: The situation of child labour is very bed in Pakistan ,we need to improve this situation .Government makes policies to control child labour in the country, As well as NGO's will also play there roll to remove child labour from the society.

QUESTIONNAIRE ANALYSIS • No. Of questionnaire filled: 100 • Percentage of response rate: 94%

SAMPLE QUESTIONERE Child Labor Questionnaire

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This questionnaire is to help our survey on Child labor and your time would be really appreciated. We assure you that your identity will remain confidential. Honesty is the best policy.

Age: ___________ Occupation: __________

Gender: ___________ Institute/Org: _______

Q1: Are you in of child labor? a: Yes

b: No

c: don’t know

Q2: Which social evil are children most vulnerable to in child labor? a: Drugs b: Sexual abuse c:Violence/Crime d: Various diseases such as HIV/AIDS e: If other, please specify__________________

Q3: How many NGOs do you know in Pakistan who are fighting child labor? a: 1-5

b: 5-10

c: More than 10

d: None

Q4: If child labor is completely abolished in developing countries then the economy of such countries will c:Not be affected

a: Rise

b: Fall

Q5: Child labor is the

most prevalent in a: Africa Asia b: South America c: another please specify_________________

Q6: Is there any existing act in Pakistan’s constitution which protects child labor? a: Yes and efficient b: Yes and in-efficient c: No but would be efficient if existed d: No and would be inefficient if existed

Q7: In which sector is child labor mostly found? a: Automobile industry Manufacturing d: Leather industry specify_____________

b: Agriculture

c:

e: if other pleases

Q8: How many children are involved in child labor throughout the world?

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a: 250 million 500 million b: 600 million 1000 million

Q9: With the development in science and technology what do you think is the change in growth of child labor? a :Decrease b: Increase

c: No change

Q10: Should child labor be ed in third world countries like Pakistan? a: Yes

b: No

c: To some extent

Q11: Will child labor decrease as poor countries develop? a: Yes

b: No

c: No change as both are mutually exclusive

Q12: In which province of Pakistan does child labor exist the most? a: Sind

b: Punjab c: Baluchistan

d: N.W.F.P

Q13: Say a child labor act is being made. In your opinion what should be the minimum age for a child to start working? a: 8 at all

b: 10

c: 12

d: 14

e: I don’t child labor

Q14: Is the poor education a cause of child labor? a: Yes b: No Q15: why does child labor still exist in the Pakistan after all the laws and reforms? …………………………………………………………………………………………

THE END

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