Social Condition 2m4m3v

Social condition is the situation you have in society because of your income, your occupation or your level of education. For example you are retired, homeless, a student, or a recipient of social assistance or employment insurance.

Social Classes in the Philippines (Spanish Period) 1. Peninsulares  Peninsulares, Spaniards who are born in Spain  Highest class in the Philippines  Pure blooded Spaniards born from Spain  The wealthiest and most politically powerful among the social classes  High positions in the Government  Referred to as Kastilas 2. Insulares  Spaniards born in Philippines who took important positions in the Spanish government in the Philippines.  Spaniards born in the Philippines  Recieves discrimination from fellow Spaniards  Enjoy various goverment and church positions  A son or daughter of a Spanish couple is an insulare 3. Ilustrados  (Spanish for "erudite," "learned," or "enlightened ones"). Constituted the Filipino educated class during the Spanish colonial period in the late 19th century. They were the middle class who were educated in Spanish and exposed to Spanish liberal and European nationalist ideals. 4. Principalia  nobility class was the social and educated class in the towns of colonial Philippines composed of the Gobernadorcillo, or the Cabeza de Barangay who governed the districts and the awardees of the medal of Civil Merit. 5. Mestizos  Filipinos of mixed indigenous Filipino (Austronesian people/Malay/MalayoPolynesian), or European or Chinese ancestry. MESTIZO DE SANGLEY

PERSON OF MIXED CHINESE AND FILIPINO ANCESTRY

MESTIZO DE ESPAŃOL

PERSON OF MIXED SPANISH AND FILIPINO ANCESTRY

TORNATRAS

PERSON OF MIXED SPANISH, FILIPINO, AND CHINESE ANCESTRY

6. Indios  person of pure Austronesian (Malay/Malayo-Polynesian) ancestry (natives) Economic Achievements during Spanish Time 1.

Introduction of New Plants

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Establishment of new Industries

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The opening of Manila- Acapulco Trade

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The founding of Economic Society of Friends of the Country

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Tobacco Monopoly

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Creation of the Royal Company of Spain

Manila as Asia’s Trade Emporium The 1st Spanish governor-general promoted Philippine trade with the neighboring Asian countries and with Mexico. Trade was free, no restrictions on imports and exports, Manila experienced a Marvelous commercial boom. Basco and Economic Progress Jose Basco - the most economically-minded Spanish governador-general.  

Was develop the natural resources of the Philippines. He adopted a general economic plan which aim to foster Philippine agriculture, commerce and industries.

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He also gave prizes to all persons o

Who could excel in the cultivation of cotton, mulberry trees, and spices to those who could manufacture silk, porcelain, hemp, flax and cotton

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To those who could develop mines of gold, iron, copper and tin

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To those who could make useful inventions

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To those who could distinguished themselves in arts and sciences.

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He issued circulars on better methods of producing cotton, silk, sugar and other commodities

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He ordered 4,000,000 mulberry trees in order to foster the silk industries.

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March 24, 1784- he issued decree providing that the land, carabaos and farm implements of the farmer could not be seized by creditors, and they could not be arrested or jailed during planting or harvesting of crops

Outstanding events 1. Founding of Economic Society of Friends of the country in 1781 2. Establishment of tobacco monopoly in 1782 3. The creation of Royal Company of the Philippines and Mexico. Economic Society of Friends of the Country April 26, 1781- ESFC was inaugurated in Manila with Ciriaco Carvajal, member of the Manila Audiencia as the first president. –

It Help much in the agricultural advances of the Philippines.

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In 1784 it made the 1st shipment of indigo to Europe.

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1824- Imported martines to fight locusts that were destroying Philippine crops.

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1825- it granted free scholarships to 8 Filipinos to study the art of dyeing in Manila

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1829- it imported machine for hulling rice from Cadiz, Spain

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1837- Awarded 1000 to Dr. Paul de la Gironiere, French Physician and Planter.

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1853- Gave Candido Lopez Diaz, Filipino inventor a prize of 2000 and a gold medal for inventing machine for cleaning hemp fibers.

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1861- It founded the 1st agricultural school in Manila

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It introduced the cultivation of tea, cotton, poppy and mulberry tress.

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Imported agricultural implements. Cotton, seeds and spinning machinery from the United States.

The Tobacco Monopoly March 1, 1782- a government monopoly of tobacco was established pursuant to Royal Decree of February 9, 1780. It lasted from 1782-1882 Results of Tobacco Monopoly

1. It gave a large annual revenue to government 2. Promoted tobacco production Direct Trade with Spain As early as 1753 father Jose Calvo, Jesuit priest-economist recommended to the Spanish Crown the establishment of the Philippine-Spain trade in order to improve the Philippine economy. 1766- King Charles III ordered the opening of direct trade between Manila and Cadiz, in order to relieve the Philippines from commercial dependence to Acapulco.   

Buen Consejo- 1st frigate assigned on the new Philippine-Spain Trade. Juan Casseins a French naval officer in Spain service captained the frigate. March 1, 1766- Frigate left Cadiz rounded the Cape of Good Hope. Asuncion- Last frigate which was used in direct trade between Manila and Cadiz. o It brought the 1st Philippine shipment of Indigo to Spain. (1784)

Royal Company of the Philippines By his Royal Decree of March 10, 1785, King Charles III of Spain established the Royal Company of the Philippines with Jose de Galves as the President. Aims of Royal Company 1. To promote Philippine Trade with Spain 2. To encourage Philippine agriculture and industry According to its charter the company had a capital of 8M divided into 32,000 shares valued at P250 each. To help the company the king granted many privileges 1. Use of Flag of the Spanish Navy in all vessels 2. Right to purchase supplies from Royal arsenals at government prices 3. Exemption of all its shipments from tariff duties. 4. Right of all its ships to the ports of the Orient. •

1782- Decline of the company.

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July 12, 1803- King Charles IV issued a revised charter which is increasing the capitalization of the company to 12,500,000 and granting it additional privileges: 1. Allowing foreigners to own or purchase its shares 2. Permitting the Company vessels to trade directly to China and other Asian countries and return to Spain without calling at the port of Manila.

3. 3. Allowing foreign vessels to bring oriental goods to Manila. Causes of the Failure of Royal Company 1. Poor Management by incompetent Spanish Officials 2. Hostility of Manila Merchants 3. Neglect to Ship European Goods which were more in demand with Asian markets. Royal Company contribution 1. It opened commercial relations between Europe and the Philippines, ushering for the first time free trade between Manila and Cadiz. 2. The Company furnished the Philippines the needed capital to develop her economy. 3. It fostered the colony’s infant industries. Governor Berenguer de Marquina Felix Berenguer de Marquina- succeeded General Basco he arrived in Manila July 1, 1788 and took over the gubernatorial office.  Demolition of Nipa- houses in the city of Manila..  Manila was opened to European vessels for 3 years by the Royal decree of August 15, 1789 issued by King Charles IV.  January 23, 1790- “Plan of Reforms for the Government of the Philippines”  Transform Philippines into a viceroyalty like Mexico.  Encouragement of Chinese immigration to the Philippines  Abolition of the odious monopolies  Sending of farming families from Cataluña, Galicia and Valencia, Spain, to the Philippines to teach Filipino farmers better methods of agriculture.  Higher salaries from alcalde mayor and abolition of their trading privileges.  Establishment of a mint to prevent the outflow of gold from the Philippines  Opening of Manila to world Trade. Opening of Manila to World Trade September 6, 1834- abolition of Royal Company and Manila was opened to World Trade. Effects:

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Establishment of foreign commercial firms

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Opening of foreign consulates

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Sinibaldo de Mas’- Spanish Economist and diplomat. •

Results of his investigation-

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Opening of more Philippine ports to world trade

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Encouragement of Chinese immigration to stimulate agricultural development.

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Abolition of tobacco monopoly.

Banks •

Obras Pias- earliest banking Institution in the Philippines.

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Francisco Rodriguez- 1st Filipino to engaged in banking “ Rodriguez Bank” in 1835.

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Banco Español-Filipino- 1st government bank in the Philippines. –

It was established in August 1, 1851 in accordance to Royal Decree of Queen Isabel.

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May 1, 1852- issued bank note, a ten peso denomination.

Spanish Heritage Food •

Wheat

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guavas

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corns

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Beef

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patato

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Mutton

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cacao

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Longanizas

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coffee

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Jamon

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cabbages

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Sardines

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papayas

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CANNED GOODS

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chico’s

Dress Male •

Bahag- Western coats and Tros (Americana)

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Putong- hats

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And used of Slippers and shoes for the foot wear.

Female •

They discarded sarong and used saya for lower apparel and adopted the camisa with long and wide sleeves in place of the old short sleeve

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Colegios- exclusive school for girls operated by nuns. They were trained the rigid rules of conduct, to cook well, to sew and embroider and to know music.

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Beaterio- combined school and nunnery

Governor-General Narciso Claveria- corrected the Philippine Calendar.  

August 16, 1844- he issued an order proclaiming Tuesday, December 31, 1844 to be Wednesday, January 1, 1845. November 21, 1849- Governor Claveria issued an order of giving Spanish surnames to Filipino Families.

Education The 1st School to be established are parochial school with the Spanish missionaries as the teachers. 1st college for boys was founded by the Jesuits in Manila in 1589. ( College of Manila)(College of San Ignacio) and in 1621 its rank was elevated by Pope Gregory XV as University. -College of San Ildefonso(1595) -College of San Jose (1601) In 1859 they took charge of the Escuela Pia •

College of Our Lady of the Rosary (1611)

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College of Santo Tomas and later changes to University of Santo Tomas

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And in 1630 they founded the college of San Juan de Letran

Journalism •

Del Superior Govierno- 1st newspaper in the Philippines with Governor General Manuel Gonzalez de Aguilar as the editor. It appeared in Manila on August 8, 1811. Its last Issue came on July 4, 1813. –

La Esperanza( 1846) – 1st daily newspaper

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La Illustracion Filipina –(1589) 1st Illustrated periodical

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El Catolico Filipino-(1862) – 1st Religious newspaper

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La Opinion(1887)- 1st political newspaper

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El Ilocano- (1889)- 1st vernacular newspaper founded by Isabelo de los Reyes.

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El Hogar (1893)- 1st women Magazine

Literature       

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Prayer books Doctrinas Novenas biographies of saints other Religious matters. Awits (chivalric-heroic poems) Corridos (legendary-religious poems) The favorite reading matter of Filipino during lent season was the ion. The story in verse of the life, suffering and crucifixion of Christ. Florante at Laura- Most popular epic tagalog Literature. The Political Masterpiece of Francisco “Balagtas” Baltazar.

Theater Duplo- it is political debate held by trained men and women on the 9th night or last night of the mourning period. -the male participants were called bellocos and bellacas for female. Karagatan- Political debate but the partakers were amateurs Comedia- the 1st recorded drama in Cebu in 1598. It was written by Vicente Puche and it was performed in honor of Msgr. Pedro de Agusto, Cebu’s 1st bishop. Popular Plays during Spanish Era •

Cenaculo- Religious play depicting the life and sufferings of Christ. It was performed During the Lent Season.

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Moro-moro- cloak and dagger play depicting the wars of Christain and Muslims, with Christian always on the winning side. –

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Fr. Jeronimo Perez- wrote the 1st moro-moro and was staged in Manila in 1637, to commemorate Governor General Corcuera’s victory.

Zarzuela- it is musical Comedy.

Architecture •

Stone Houses were introduced in Spanish architectural style with the characteristics of azotea and Andalucian court yard

Painting

Damian Domingo “ Father of Filipino Painting” 1st Filipino to win fame in 1820 he founded the 1st school in painting in Manila, Academy of Fine Arts. Hospitals Juan Clemente a Franciscan lay brother founded the 1st hospital in the Philippines. Hospital de San Juan de Dios and San Lazaro Hospital. Orphanage Hospicio de San Jose, was established in Manila in 1810 Other Contibutions •

Celebrations during Fiestas

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Carillo

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Holidays

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Siyaman

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Cockfighting

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Haranas

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Horse Races

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Flores de Mayo

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Lottery (Loteria Nacional)

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Santacruzan

Islam in the Philippines •

The Moros- “Moro” Spanish term for Moor or Muslim.

Main Groups of Filipino Muslims: 1. Maranaos of Lanao

4. Sangils of Davao

2. Maguindanaons of Cotabato

5. Yakans of Basilan

3. Samals of Zamboanga

6. Toasugs of Sulu

Islamic Faith and Muslim Customs ISLAM means “Submission to the Will of God” 5 Pillars of ISLAM 1. Profession of faith 2. Praying 5 times a day 3. Giving alms for the poor 4. Fasting 5. Pilgrimage to Mecca

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Shariff Makdum- a Muslim missionary from Malacca who introduce Islam in the Philippines in the year 1380.

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1390 – Raha Baginda from Sumatra arrived in Sulu and carried on Makdum’s work.

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1450- Abu Bakr, an Arab authority on Islamic religion and law from Johore. He married Princess Paramisuli and founded Sulu sultanate.

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Shariff Kabungsuan- 1st Muslim leader to reach Mindanao, He landed in Maguindanao in 1475 from Johore. He married a Princess names Putri Tuñina.

Causes of Muslim War 1. The Spanish invasion of Mindanao and Sulu. 2. They defended their faith against foreign who wants to propagate Christianity. 3. Love for Adventures.

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June 1578- Beginning of Muslim wars

Governor Francisco Sande sent a Spanish force against Jolo, this force was commanded by Captain Esteban Rodriguez de Figueroa. – – – – – –

Sultan Pangiran Budiman a Tausug leader resisted the attack. (the Moro’s failed to Spaniards) 1596 became the Governor of Mindanao April 20, 1596 they reached Rio Grande de Mindanao and landed in Bwayan and the Datu was Datu Ubal Sirungan. 1602- Sirungan and Buisan- organized a 145 caracoas. Gov. Juan Cerezo de Salamanca established a Military based in Mindanao. April 6, 1635- Capt. Juan de Chaves with 1000 Visayans and 300 Spaniard’s landed in Zamboanga. He was accopampanied by Fr. Mechor de Vera a Jesuit missionary engineer.

Tagal’ Last Raid Tagal a fiery brother of Kudarat he raided Visayas and Calamianes. He continue raiding Spanish colonize area for 8 months “I shall bring you the God of the Christian as a prisoner.” – –

December 17, 1636- Tagal sailed Zamboanga shore. Iba- a friendly Lutao.

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Decemcer 21, 1636- Tagal got killed and 120 Christian captives were rescued and Gonzales recovered the treasures which Tagal stolen form Visayas.

Kudarat and Corcuera

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Gov. Sebastian Hurtado de Corcuera decided to invade Maguindanao- the sultanate of the powerful Sultan Kudarat. February 2, 1637- he left Manila and stopped in Zamboanga. March 13- Gov. Corcuera landed on the mouth of Rio Grande de Mindanao. March 14, 1637- Lamitan fell in the hands of Spaniards May 24, 1637- Gov. Corcuera returned to Manila. Where he was given a hero’s welcome. April 17. 1638- Jolo fell under Governor-general Corcuera. Sultan Bungsu together with his warriors escaped. Sultuna Tuan Baloca was taken as a prisoner..

Sultan Alimudin I of Jolo •

1749- Sultan Alimudin I was deposed by his brother Bantilan.

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January 2, 1750- He arrived in Manila and was received by Bishop Juan de Arrechedera.

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April 28, 1750 he was baptized by the Dominican Fathers and he was named as Don Fernando de Alimudin I.

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May 19, 1751- he left Manila for Jolo.

Decline of Moro Raids Towards the closing decades of the 18th century the Moro powers declined and the raids loss their sting.. 1848 -steamships where purchased by Spain to England. (Magallanes, Elcano and Reina de Castilla) Feb. 16, 1848- Gov-Gen. Narciso Claveria attacked Samals at Balanguigui. “Count of Manila” Governor-General Antonio de Urbiztondo campaigned in Sulu archipelago. •

December 24, 1850 – Urbiztondo defeated Moro’s in Tonquil.

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February 28, 1851- he attacked and captured Jolo.

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1876 – Governor- General Jose Malcampo prepared a mighty aramada of 21 steam warship, 11 transport and 10,000 combat troops.

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February 21, 1876 – iral Malcampo reached Jolo.

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February 29, 1876- they began to attacked the Moro City.

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March 1 1876- Sultan Jamalil A’lam sued for peace and transferred his Capital to Maimbung.

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Malcampo was awarded by the Spanish crown the title of “Count of Jolo”.

End of Moro Wars Governor General Emilio Torrero (1886)led the invasion of Cotabato. Governor General Valeriano Weyler (1891) invaded Lanao and Cotabato.  

Datu Amai Pakpak- defender of Marawi Datu Ali Jimbangan- Sultan of Cotabato

Governor-General Ramon Blanco (1895) December 10, 1898- Peace Treaty under Governor Buille Twilight of Spanish Rule The Philippine Representation in the Spanish Cortes Ventura de los Reyes a creole born in Vigan. Achievements: 1. He signed the Spanish Constitution of 1812 2. Succeeded in having the Galleon Trade abolished June 18, 1837- Philippine Representation was abolished Advisory Body of the Governador General 1. Board of Authorities- it serve as cabinet and was created under R.D. of Apr. 16, 1850. It was composed of the Governador General as the president. : 1. Archbishop of Manila 2. General (2nd in command) 3. iral of Navy 4. Director General of the civil istration 5. Treasurer 6. President of Royal Audiencia 7. Attorney general 2. The Council of istration- it serve as the council of state. It was composed of the Governador General as the president. :

1. Archbishop of Manila 2. General (2nd in command) 3. iral of Navy 4. Director General of the civil istration 5. Treasurer 6. President of Royal Audiencia 7. Director general of the civil registration 8. Father superior of the religious order 9. President of the Manila Chambers of Commerse 10. President of Economic Society of Friends of the Country. 6 Delegates. Function: 1. It advise the Governor General on the annual budgets of the local government, the budget of the local government and on important matters affecting the welfare of the colony Changes in Judicial System 1584- Royal audiencia was created in 1861 the Composition of the Royal Audiencia was changed. The Governor General was removed and replaced by chief justice and 8 associate justices (oidores) •

1893- 2 Territorial Audiencia was created

1. Territorial Audiencia of Vigan 2. Territorial Audiencia of Cebu TAX REFORM in the year 1884. 1. Abolition of tribute and replaced by cedula tax 2. Reduction of days annual force labor (polo) . Reforms of Provincial Government •

On Sept. 23 1844 Queen Isabela II promulgated a royal decree which ordered that the qualified lawyers shall be appointed as alcalde mayores.

Classification of Alcaldia

1. Entrada (3 years in service) 2. Ascenso 3. Termino October 3, 1844- Queen Isabel ordered the abolition of the Indulto de commercio. R.D of Oct. 5 1847- Municipal Election Law, changed the method of electing the town official “Town officials will be elected annually by an electoral board by an outgoing gobernadorcillo and 12 senior cabeza de barangay.” Guardia Civil- Symbol of Spanish rule in the Philippines (February 12, 1852) Frailocracia (rule of friars) Frailocracy •

Union of the church and the state.

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Friars dominates the government and controlled the colony’s education system and owned the best haciendas in the country.

Grievances of Filipinos 1. Little participation of Filipinos in their Government 2. Human rights were denied to them 3. Corrupt Spanish official 4. Abuses and immoralities of the friars 5. Racial descrimination 6. Spanish malistration of Justice 7. Persecution of Filipino patriots.