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so·ci·ol·o·gy ˌsōsēˈäləjē/ noun 1.the study of the development, structure, and functioning of human society. 2.the study of social problems.
SOCIOLOGY AND ITS ORIGINS
“THERE WAS NOT A SOCIOLOGY AS A DISTINCT DISCIPLINE BEFORE THE ARRIVAL OF THE 19TH CENTURY.”
IN THE BEGINNING
SOCIOLOGY CAME INTO VIEW ABOUT THE MIDDLE OF THE 19TH CENTURY WHEN EUROPEAN SOCIAL OBSERVERS BEGAN TO USE SCIENTIFIC METHODS TO TEST THEIR IDEAS. THREE FACTORS LED TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIOLOGY. 1.
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
2.
IMPERIALISM
3.
NATURAL SCIENCE.
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION Citizens in industrial cities developed new ideas about democracy and political rights. They did not want to remain tied to their rulers. Therefore the ideas about individual liberty, individual rights to life, liberty, and pursuit of happiness came to be, which actually laid the foundation to future political revolution.
IMPERIALISM “Europeans successfully
conquered many parts of the world.” They were exposed to enormously different cultures. Startled by this different way of life, Europeans started to ask why cultures differed.
THE SUCCESS OF NATURAL SCIENCE People started to question important aspects of their social world. “They started using the scientific method (systematic observation, objectivity) to the study of human behavior.”
“NEWTON’S LAWS EXPLAINED THE MOVEMENT OF EVERYTHING VISIBLE IN THE UNIVERSE, FROM PLANETS TO BUILDINGS.” “IT SEEMED LOGICAL TO DISCOVER THE LAWS UNDERLYING SOCIAL PHENOMENA.”
“Throughout
Sociology's history, there have been many famous sociologists who have influenced the field of sociology, as well as the world at large.”
AUGUSTE COMTE
Auguste Comte was born January 20, 1798. “Comte is known as the founder of positivism and is credited with coining the term sociology. Comte helped shape and expand the field of sociology and placed a great deal of emphasis in his work on systematic observation and social order.”
KARL MARX born May 5, 1818 “Karl Marx is one of the most famous men in the discovering of sociology. He is known for his theory of historical materialism, which focuses on the way social order, like class structure and hierarchy, appears out of the economic system of a society.” “He theorized this relationship as an investigation between the base and superstructure of society.” “Some of his notable works, like "The Manifesto of the Communist Party," were co-written with Friedrich Engels. Much of his theory is contained in the series of volumes titled Capital.” “Marx has been described as one of the most influential figures in human history, and in a 1999 BBC poll was voted the "thinker of the millennium" by people from around the world.”
Emile Durkheim "father of sociology,” born in on April 15, 1858.
“Emile Durkheim is knows as the "father of sociology" and is a founding figure in the field of sociology. He is credited with making sociology a science. One of his most famous pieces of work includes Suicide: A Study In Sociology. Another important work of his that focuses on how society functions and regulates itself is The Division of Labor in Society.”
Max Weber born April 21, 1864 in Erfurt,
“Max Weber was a founding figure of the field of sociology and is considered one of the most famous sociologists in history. He is known for his thesis of the "Protestant Ethic" as well as his ideas on bureaucracy.”
Harriet Martineau born in 1802 in Norwich, England.
While being wrongfully neglected in most sociology classes today, Harriet Martineau was an important British writer and political activist. She was one of the earliest Western sociologists and founders of the discipline. Her study focused on the intersections of politics, morals, and society, and she wrote abundantly about sexism and gender roles.
W.E.B. Du Bois born in Great Barrington, Massachusetts on February 23, 1868. “W.E.B. Du Bois was an American sociologist best known for his scholarship on race and racism in the aftermath of the U.S. Civil War.” “He was the first African American to earn a doctorate degree from Harvard University and served as the head of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAA) in 1910.” “His most notable works include The Souls of Black Folk, in which he advanced his theory of "double consciousness," and his massive book on the social structure of U.S. society, Black Reconstruction.”
Alexis de Tocqueville born July 29, 1805 Paris, . “Alexis de Tocqueville, a sociologist best known for his book Democracy in America.” “Tocqueville published many works in the areas of comparative and historical sociology and was very active in politics and the field of political science.”
Antonio Gramsci was born in Sardinia in 1891 “Antonio Gramsci was an Italian political activist and journalist who wrote prolific social theory while imprisoned by Mussolini's fascist government from 1926-34.” “He advanced Marx's theory by focusing on the role of intellectuals, politics, and media in maintaining the dominance of the bourgeois class in a capitalist system. The concept of cultural hegemony is one of his key contributions.”
Michel Foucault born October 15, 1926 Poitiers,
“Michel Foucault was a French social theorist, philosopher, historian, public intellectual and activist. He is best known for revealing through his method of "archaeology," how institutions hold power by creating debates that are used to control people. He is one of the most widely read and cited social theorists, and his theoretical contributions are still important and relevant today.”
C. Wright Mills born August 28, 1916 Waco, TX
“C. Wright Mills is known for his controversial assessments of both contemporary society and sociological practice, particularly in his book The Sociological Imagination (1959).” “He also studied power and class in the United States, as displayed in his book The Power Elite (1956).”
“Much of what we know about societies and social behavior has come to be, thanks to various sociology theories.” “There are some theories that have fallen out of popularity, while others still are extensively accepted. All have contributed a great deal to our understanding of society and social behavior. “
SOCIOLOGICAL THEORIES the·o·ry Noun
“By learning more about these theories, you can gain a deeper and richer understanding of sociology's past, present and future.”
a supposition or a system of ideas intended to explain something, especially one based on general principles independent of the thing to be explained.
Symbolic Interaction Theory “The symbolic interaction perspective, also called symbolic interactionism, is a major framework of sociological theory.” “This perspective relies on the symbolic meaning that people develop and rely upon in the process of social interaction.”
Conflict Theory “Conflict theory shows how important the role of coercion and power is, in producing social order. This perspective is obtained from the works of Karl Marx, who saw society as fragmented into groups that compete for social and economic resources.” “Social order is maintained by domination, with power in the hands of those with the greatest political, economic, and social resources.”
Functionalist Theory “The functionalist perspective, also called functionalism, is one of the major theoretical perspectives in sociology.” It has its origins in the works of Emile Durkheim, who was especially interested in how social order is possible or how society remains relatively stable.”
Feminist Theory “Feminist theory is one of the major contemporary sociological theories. It examines the status of women and men in society with the purpose of using that knowledge to better women's lives. “ “Feminist theory is most concerned with giving a voice to women and emphasizing the various ways women have contributed to society .”
Critical Theory Critical theory is a type of social theory geared toward evaluating and changing society as a whole, in contrast to traditional theory geared only to understanding or explaining it. “Critical theories aim to dig beneath the surface of social life and uncover the assumptions that keep us from a full and true understanding of how the world works.”
Labeling Theory “Labeling theory is one of the most important approaches to understanding deviant and criminal behavior.” It begins with the assumption that no act is solely criminal. “Definitions of criminality are established by those in power through the formulation of laws and the interpretation of those laws by police, courts, and correctional institutions.”
SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY “SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY TRIES TO EXPLAIN SOCIALIZATION AND ITS EFFECT OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE SELF.” “IT LOOKS AT THE INDIVIDUAL LEARNING PROCESS, THE FORMATION OF SELF, AND THE INFLUENCE OF SOCIETY IN SOCIALIZING INDIVIDUALS. SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY IS COMMONLY USED BY SOCIOLOGISTS TO EXPLAIN DEVIANCE AND CRIME.”
STRUCTURAL STRAIN THEORY “ROBERT K. MERTON DEVELOPED THE STRUCTURAL STRAIN THEORY AS AN EXTENSION OF THE FUNCTIONALIST PERSPECTIVE ON DEVIANCE.” “THIS THEORY FOLLOWS THE ORIGINS OF DEVIANCE TO THE TENSIONS THAT ARE CAUSED BY THE GAP BETWEEN CULTURAL GOALS AND THE MEANS PEOPLE HAVE AVAILABLE TO ACHIEVE THOSE GOALS.”
Rational Choice Theory “Economics plays a huge role in human behavior.” People are often stimulated by money and the possibility of making a profit. They calculate the likely costs and benefits of any action before deciding what to do. “This way of thinking is called Rational Choice Theory.”
Game Theory “Game Theory is a theory of social interaction, which attempts to explain the interaction people have with one another.” “As the name of the theory suggests, Game Theory sees human interaction as just that: a game.”
Current Events in Sociological Context
The Relationship Between Gender and Violence.
Why We're Not Really Doing Anything About Climate Change.
Child Immigrants are Very Much "Our Problem."
Current Events in Sociological Context cont’d.
The Social and Economic Fallout of Defunding Planned Parenthood
Sociologists Take Historic Stand on Racism and Police Brutality
Americans Own Nearly Half the Guns in the World. Wait, What?!
Importance Of Sociology “Before to the birth of sociology, the study of society was carried on in an unscientific manner and society had never been the main concern of any science. It is through the study of sociology that the truly scientific study of the society has been possible. Sociology, because of its bearing upon many of the problems of the present world, has assumed such a great importance that it is considered to be the best approach to all the social sciences.” “THE PRESENT WORLD IS SUFFERING FROM MANY PROBLEMS WHICH CAN BE SOLVED THROUGH SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF THE SOCIETY. “
What is “SOCIOLOGY” you ask?
"14 Sociology Theories You Should Be Familiar With." About.com Education. N.p., n.d. Web. 09 Apr. 2016
Conley, Dalton, 1969- You may ask yourself : an introduction to thinking like a sociologist / University. — Fourth edition. Gottfried, P. (2015). Robert Nisbet and the Present Age. Society, 52(4), 335-343. Doi:
Dalton Conley, New York
10.007/s12115-015-9909-z
Introduction to Sociology." THE ORIGINS OF SOCIOLOGY:Auguste Comte The Fields of Sociology Social Sciences Sociology. N.p., n.d. Web. 09 Apr. 2016. "Sociology 101: The Basics." About.com Education. N.p., n.d. Web. 09 Apr. 2016. Srinchcombe, A.L. (1984). The Origins of Sociology as a Discipline. Acta Sociologica (Taylor & 61. "The Emergence and Development of Sociology (2874 Words)."YourArticleLibrarycom The 11 Sept. 2013. Web. 21 Feb. 2016.
Francis Ltd). 27(1), 51-
Next Generation Library. N.p.,
“The Online Guide to Sociology Degrees." 10 Influential Sociologists of the 20th Century » Degree in Sociology. N.p., n.d. Web. 09 Apr. 2016.
WORK CITED
VIDEOS COURTESY OF YOUTUBE/ PICTURES-GOOGLE IMAGES
SOCIOLOGY AND ITS ORIGINS
“THERE WAS NOT A SOCIOLOGY AS A DISTINCT DISCIPLINE BEFORE THE ARRIVAL OF THE 19TH CENTURY.”
IN THE BEGINNING
SOCIOLOGY CAME INTO VIEW ABOUT THE MIDDLE OF THE 19TH CENTURY WHEN EUROPEAN SOCIAL OBSERVERS BEGAN TO USE SCIENTIFIC METHODS TO TEST THEIR IDEAS. THREE FACTORS LED TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIOLOGY. 1.
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
2.
IMPERIALISM
3.
NATURAL SCIENCE.
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION Citizens in industrial cities developed new ideas about democracy and political rights. They did not want to remain tied to their rulers. Therefore the ideas about individual liberty, individual rights to life, liberty, and pursuit of happiness came to be, which actually laid the foundation to future political revolution.
IMPERIALISM “Europeans successfully
conquered many parts of the world.” They were exposed to enormously different cultures. Startled by this different way of life, Europeans started to ask why cultures differed.
THE SUCCESS OF NATURAL SCIENCE People started to question important aspects of their social world. “They started using the scientific method (systematic observation, objectivity) to the study of human behavior.”
“NEWTON’S LAWS EXPLAINED THE MOVEMENT OF EVERYTHING VISIBLE IN THE UNIVERSE, FROM PLANETS TO BUILDINGS.” “IT SEEMED LOGICAL TO DISCOVER THE LAWS UNDERLYING SOCIAL PHENOMENA.”
“Throughout
Sociology's history, there have been many famous sociologists who have influenced the field of sociology, as well as the world at large.”
AUGUSTE COMTE
Auguste Comte was born January 20, 1798. “Comte is known as the founder of positivism and is credited with coining the term sociology. Comte helped shape and expand the field of sociology and placed a great deal of emphasis in his work on systematic observation and social order.”
KARL MARX born May 5, 1818 “Karl Marx is one of the most famous men in the discovering of sociology. He is known for his theory of historical materialism, which focuses on the way social order, like class structure and hierarchy, appears out of the economic system of a society.” “He theorized this relationship as an investigation between the base and superstructure of society.” “Some of his notable works, like "The Manifesto of the Communist Party," were co-written with Friedrich Engels. Much of his theory is contained in the series of volumes titled Capital.” “Marx has been described as one of the most influential figures in human history, and in a 1999 BBC poll was voted the "thinker of the millennium" by people from around the world.”
Emile Durkheim "father of sociology,” born in on April 15, 1858.
“Emile Durkheim is knows as the "father of sociology" and is a founding figure in the field of sociology. He is credited with making sociology a science. One of his most famous pieces of work includes Suicide: A Study In Sociology. Another important work of his that focuses on how society functions and regulates itself is The Division of Labor in Society.”
Max Weber born April 21, 1864 in Erfurt,
“Max Weber was a founding figure of the field of sociology and is considered one of the most famous sociologists in history. He is known for his thesis of the "Protestant Ethic" as well as his ideas on bureaucracy.”
Harriet Martineau born in 1802 in Norwich, England.
While being wrongfully neglected in most sociology classes today, Harriet Martineau was an important British writer and political activist. She was one of the earliest Western sociologists and founders of the discipline. Her study focused on the intersections of politics, morals, and society, and she wrote abundantly about sexism and gender roles.
W.E.B. Du Bois born in Great Barrington, Massachusetts on February 23, 1868. “W.E.B. Du Bois was an American sociologist best known for his scholarship on race and racism in the aftermath of the U.S. Civil War.” “He was the first African American to earn a doctorate degree from Harvard University and served as the head of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAA) in 1910.” “His most notable works include The Souls of Black Folk, in which he advanced his theory of "double consciousness," and his massive book on the social structure of U.S. society, Black Reconstruction.”
Alexis de Tocqueville born July 29, 1805 Paris, . “Alexis de Tocqueville, a sociologist best known for his book Democracy in America.” “Tocqueville published many works in the areas of comparative and historical sociology and was very active in politics and the field of political science.”
Antonio Gramsci was born in Sardinia in 1891 “Antonio Gramsci was an Italian political activist and journalist who wrote prolific social theory while imprisoned by Mussolini's fascist government from 1926-34.” “He advanced Marx's theory by focusing on the role of intellectuals, politics, and media in maintaining the dominance of the bourgeois class in a capitalist system. The concept of cultural hegemony is one of his key contributions.”
Michel Foucault born October 15, 1926 Poitiers,
“Michel Foucault was a French social theorist, philosopher, historian, public intellectual and activist. He is best known for revealing through his method of "archaeology," how institutions hold power by creating debates that are used to control people. He is one of the most widely read and cited social theorists, and his theoretical contributions are still important and relevant today.”
C. Wright Mills born August 28, 1916 Waco, TX
“C. Wright Mills is known for his controversial assessments of both contemporary society and sociological practice, particularly in his book The Sociological Imagination (1959).” “He also studied power and class in the United States, as displayed in his book The Power Elite (1956).”
“Much of what we know about societies and social behavior has come to be, thanks to various sociology theories.” “There are some theories that have fallen out of popularity, while others still are extensively accepted. All have contributed a great deal to our understanding of society and social behavior. “
SOCIOLOGICAL THEORIES the·o·ry Noun
“By learning more about these theories, you can gain a deeper and richer understanding of sociology's past, present and future.”
a supposition or a system of ideas intended to explain something, especially one based on general principles independent of the thing to be explained.
Symbolic Interaction Theory “The symbolic interaction perspective, also called symbolic interactionism, is a major framework of sociological theory.” “This perspective relies on the symbolic meaning that people develop and rely upon in the process of social interaction.”
Conflict Theory “Conflict theory shows how important the role of coercion and power is, in producing social order. This perspective is obtained from the works of Karl Marx, who saw society as fragmented into groups that compete for social and economic resources.” “Social order is maintained by domination, with power in the hands of those with the greatest political, economic, and social resources.”
Functionalist Theory “The functionalist perspective, also called functionalism, is one of the major theoretical perspectives in sociology.” It has its origins in the works of Emile Durkheim, who was especially interested in how social order is possible or how society remains relatively stable.”
Feminist Theory “Feminist theory is one of the major contemporary sociological theories. It examines the status of women and men in society with the purpose of using that knowledge to better women's lives. “ “Feminist theory is most concerned with giving a voice to women and emphasizing the various ways women have contributed to society .”
Critical Theory Critical theory is a type of social theory geared toward evaluating and changing society as a whole, in contrast to traditional theory geared only to understanding or explaining it. “Critical theories aim to dig beneath the surface of social life and uncover the assumptions that keep us from a full and true understanding of how the world works.”
Labeling Theory “Labeling theory is one of the most important approaches to understanding deviant and criminal behavior.” It begins with the assumption that no act is solely criminal. “Definitions of criminality are established by those in power through the formulation of laws and the interpretation of those laws by police, courts, and correctional institutions.”
SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY “SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY TRIES TO EXPLAIN SOCIALIZATION AND ITS EFFECT OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE SELF.” “IT LOOKS AT THE INDIVIDUAL LEARNING PROCESS, THE FORMATION OF SELF, AND THE INFLUENCE OF SOCIETY IN SOCIALIZING INDIVIDUALS. SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY IS COMMONLY USED BY SOCIOLOGISTS TO EXPLAIN DEVIANCE AND CRIME.”
STRUCTURAL STRAIN THEORY “ROBERT K. MERTON DEVELOPED THE STRUCTURAL STRAIN THEORY AS AN EXTENSION OF THE FUNCTIONALIST PERSPECTIVE ON DEVIANCE.” “THIS THEORY FOLLOWS THE ORIGINS OF DEVIANCE TO THE TENSIONS THAT ARE CAUSED BY THE GAP BETWEEN CULTURAL GOALS AND THE MEANS PEOPLE HAVE AVAILABLE TO ACHIEVE THOSE GOALS.”
Rational Choice Theory “Economics plays a huge role in human behavior.” People are often stimulated by money and the possibility of making a profit. They calculate the likely costs and benefits of any action before deciding what to do. “This way of thinking is called Rational Choice Theory.”
Game Theory “Game Theory is a theory of social interaction, which attempts to explain the interaction people have with one another.” “As the name of the theory suggests, Game Theory sees human interaction as just that: a game.”
Current Events in Sociological Context
The Relationship Between Gender and Violence.
Why We're Not Really Doing Anything About Climate Change.
Child Immigrants are Very Much "Our Problem."
Current Events in Sociological Context cont’d.
The Social and Economic Fallout of Defunding Planned Parenthood
Sociologists Take Historic Stand on Racism and Police Brutality
Americans Own Nearly Half the Guns in the World. Wait, What?!
Importance Of Sociology “Before to the birth of sociology, the study of society was carried on in an unscientific manner and society had never been the main concern of any science. It is through the study of sociology that the truly scientific study of the society has been possible. Sociology, because of its bearing upon many of the problems of the present world, has assumed such a great importance that it is considered to be the best approach to all the social sciences.” “THE PRESENT WORLD IS SUFFERING FROM MANY PROBLEMS WHICH CAN BE SOLVED THROUGH SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF THE SOCIETY. “
What is “SOCIOLOGY” you ask?
"14 Sociology Theories You Should Be Familiar With." About.com Education. N.p., n.d. Web. 09 Apr. 2016
Conley, Dalton, 1969- You may ask yourself : an introduction to thinking like a sociologist / University. — Fourth edition. Gottfried, P. (2015). Robert Nisbet and the Present Age. Society, 52(4), 335-343. Doi:
Dalton Conley, New York
10.007/s12115-015-9909-z
Introduction to Sociology." THE ORIGINS OF SOCIOLOGY:Auguste Comte The Fields of Sociology Social Sciences Sociology. N.p., n.d. Web. 09 Apr. 2016. "Sociology 101: The Basics." About.com Education. N.p., n.d. Web. 09 Apr. 2016. Srinchcombe, A.L. (1984). The Origins of Sociology as a Discipline. Acta Sociologica (Taylor & 61. "The Emergence and Development of Sociology (2874 Words)."YourArticleLibrarycom The 11 Sept. 2013. Web. 21 Feb. 2016.
Francis Ltd). 27(1), 51-
Next Generation Library. N.p.,
“The Online Guide to Sociology Degrees." 10 Influential Sociologists of the 20th Century » Degree in Sociology. N.p., n.d. Web. 09 Apr. 2016.
WORK CITED
VIDEOS COURTESY OF YOUTUBE/ PICTURES-GOOGLE IMAGES
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