Specific Gravity And Density Of Cement (good) 66461
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Specific Gravity of Cement – Detailed Explanation We hope almost all of us would the value as 3.15 (actually 3.12-3.19). But most of us do not know why we are calculating this value? Specific Gravity of Cement In this post, we will explain you about,
What is Specific Gravity?
Why are we calculating this value for cement?
Significance of specific gravity of cement
Experiment to determine this value
What is Specific Gravity of Cement? Definition – Specific Gravity is just a comparison between the weight of a volume of a particular material to the weight of the same volume of water at a specified temperature. In Simple – It is a value to calculate whether the material is able to sink or float on water. Every material has some specific gravity. The value is normally in digits like 0.1 – 100. If the value is less than 1, then the material will float on water. If the value is greater than 1, then the material will sink. 3.15g/cc means the cement is 3.15 times heavier than the water of the same volume.
Why are we calculating this value for cement? Normally aggregates are derived from stockpiles, which may be exposed to various conditions. If the cement has exposed to extreme moisture content then, the specific gravity of cement will differ because of the moisture content present in the pores. Every material has solid particles and pores which may contain water in it. Normally our nominal mix design is based on the value of specific gravity of cement as 3.15. The value will change over time if the cement is exposed to various weather conditions. So it is essential to determine the specific gravity of cement before using it.
This is why we are insisted on avoiding old stock cement, which may be affected by the external moisture content.
The significance of specific gravity of cement As already said, the cement may contain lots of moisture content if it is exposed to various conditions and humidity. We all know that water cement ratio is an important factor. It is directly proportional to workability and the strength of a bonding. If the cement has already more moisture in it then, the value of water-cement ratio will actually affect the workability and strength rather than increasing it. If the specific gravity of cement is greater than 3.19 then, the cement is either not minced finely as per the industry standard or it has more moisture content which will affect the mix and bonding. This is why you find lots of chunks while mixing old stock cement for concrete.
How to calculate cement specific gravity? Using Le Chatelier Flask method, we can determine this value. This is an experiment conducted at the site level.
Object: To find specific gravity of cement value.
Required Materials & Apparatus:
Ordinary Portland Cement
Kerosene
Le-Chatelier Flask capacity of 250 ml or Specific Gravity Bottle / Pycnometer (100 ml)
Weighing balance with 0.1 gm accurate
Why are we using Kerosene instead of water? To calculate specific gravity for any material, we have to use water. But water reacts with cement and forms calcium oxide. So that we are using Kerosene. It doesn’t react with cement. This is why we are using 0.79 g/cc (specific gravity of kerosene) in our calculation (specific gravity of water – 1g/cc)
Test Procedure: 1. The Flask should be free from the liquid that means it should be fully dry. Weigh the empty flask(W1) 2. Fill the cement on the bottle up to half of the flask (about 50gm) and weigh with its stopper (W2) 3. Add Kerosene to the cement up to the top of the bottle. Mix well to remove the air bubbles in it. Weigh the flask with cement and kerosene (W3) 4. Empty the flask. Fill the bottle with kerosene up to the top and weigh the flask (W4)
Calculation:
Specific Gravity, The specific gravity of kerosene is 0.79 g/cc
Note: The error value will be acceptable ±0.01. The practical will be done within 30° C temperature.
Experiment Video Here is the video tutorial that we found on YouTube which illustrates the test
Why are the numerical values of density of cement (1.44 g/cc) and specific gravity (3.15) different? Because bulk density and specific gravity represent different things.
Let's take the example of sugar.
Take some sugar. Measure its mass on a weighing scale. Put it inside a container.
Measure the volume of the sugar as shown in the figure below.
The density of the sugar is given by: MASSVOLUME MASSVOLUME
Now, as you can see, the volume considered is not entirely filled with sugar. It also contains air in the voids in between the sugar crystals. Hence the density thus measured is called bulk density. The bulk density of sugar is 0.7 g/cc. This value does not represent the actual density of a single sugar crystal, which is taken care by specific gravity.
Imagine a single sugar crystal as above. If you measured its mass and volume, you will be able to find the actual density of sugar. Naturally, this value will be higher than its bulk density (as there are no air voids). The value of the actual density of sugar is around 1.2 g/cc. Now specific gravity is nothing but the ratio of density of the substance to density of water. Since density of water is considered as 1 g/cc, the specific gravity of sugar has the same value of 1.2 without the units. Coming to the case of cement, the concept is similar. There are countless air voids in cement. If you measure the mass of the cement and its bulk volume, you get bulk density which is around 1.5 g/cc. If somehow you were to measure the mass of a single cement particle and its volume, you get the specific gravity which is around 3.1. 1- 1.5/3.1 = 0.52, meaning, more than 50% of a cement bag is just air! Like a chips packet! When I first found out about it, I was like - MY WHOLE LIFE WAS A LIE! Both BD and SG have their own significance. If you have truck load of sand, and you want to know the weight of the load, you can simply calculate the volume of the compartment and
multiply it with the bulk density. But bulk density doesn't give all the information about the material. The sugar's BD is only 0.7 g/cc. But water is 1 g/cc, so does sugar float on water? Of course not. The value you should be looking for is specific gravity i.e., 1.2, which is greater than water. On an ending note, the procedure described above is very crude, for the sake of simplicity. The size of single cement particle can be as small as 5∗10 −6 m. 5∗10−6m. Obviously the actual procedure of measuring the bulk density and specific gravity is more sophisticated than what I've described. You can read the IS CODE for the Indian Standards of measuring the same. Density of cement is 1440kg/m3
Specific Gravity Of Cement Test Specific Gravity Of Cement Test: Specific gravity can be defined as the density of any substance to the density of other reference substance at a specified temperature. For example, to determine the specific gravity of cement will consider water as reference substance. In simple words, the specific gravity determines whether the material will sink or float in water. Every material has its own specific gravity and the value normally varies from 0.1 to 100. The material will float on water if the value is less than 1 and will sink if the value is greater than 1. Why We Calculate Specific Gravity Of Cement: Normally we use nominal mix design based on the specific gravity of cement as 3.14. But this value will change with time if the cement is exposed to the different climatic conditions (Due to moisture content). Therefore it is very important to know the specific gravity of cement before using it in the mix. Significance Of Specific gravity Of Cement: As we said earlier, cement may contain excessive moisture content if it is exposed to the various weather conditions and we all know that w/c ratio is a big factor which determines the concrete strength. Because w/c ratio is directly proportional to the workability. If the cement contains a greater amount of moisture in it then the w/c ratio will definitely affect the workability as well as the strength of concrete.
As per industry, the acceptable value of specific gravity of cement is up to 3.19. But if the value is greater than 3.19 it means cement is containing greater amount of moisture content which will affect the workability and strength of concrete. This is why we need to calculate the correct value of specific gravity of cement before using it in the mix. How To Calculate Specific Gravity Of Cement: Aim: To find the specific gravity of cement. Materials And Apparatus: 1. OPC (Ordinary portland cement) 2. Specific gravity bottle / Le-Chatelier of 250 ml capacity / Pycnometer (100 ml). 3. Kerosene, 4. Weighing machine with 0.1 gm accurate.
Specific Gravity Of Cement Test Bottle Procedure Of Test: 1. Measure the weight of empty flask (W1). The flask should be totally dry and free of liquid. 2. Fill half of the flask with cement (about 50 gm) and Measure the weight with its stopper (W2). 3. Then fill the flask with kerosene up to the top level of the flask. Mix cement and kerosene properly to remove air bubble from it. Weigh the flask with cement and kerosene (W3)/
4. Now empty the flask and again fill it with kerosene up to the top of the flask. Weigh the flask (W4). Calculation:
where, Specific gravity of Kerosene = 0.79 g/cc. Note: 1. Acceptable value of specific gravity with error ± 0.01 2. The test should be done at 30° temperature. Specific Gravity of Cement:Well most of us know that specific gravity of cement is in between 3.1-3.16 g/cc. Do you know why we calculate the Specific gravity of cement and its significance?. In this post, I ‘ll clear all of your doubts regarding the specific gravity of cement. What is Specific Gravity? Specific Gravity is the ratio of a Weight of Volume of material (Your testing material) to the same Weight of Volume of water. In simple words, we are comparing the volume of our Testing material either it may be sand, cement, aggregate with the same volume of water at certain temperature. Specific Gravity of Cement Formula:-
We calculate Specific gravity to know the behaviour of the material in water. Every material has its own specific gravity, and it usually ranges between 0.1 – 100. If the specific gravity of the
material is less than 1, then that material floats in water. If the material has a specific gravity greater than 1, then it sinks in water. We know that specific gravity of cement or Density of cement is ranging between 3.1-3.16g/cc by this, cement is 3.16 times heavier than water of the same volume. Excessive presence of moisture content in cement effects Workability and strength of cement. For Nominal mix design, the specific gravity of cement should be 3.15g/cc. Every material has pores which may contain voids in it. If the cement is exposed to extreme moisture content due to bad weather conditions, then the specific gravity of cement may go up to 3.19. If the specific gravity is 3.19, then the pores in cement are filled with the moisture content. Cement undergoes a chemical reaction when it is reacted with the atmospheric moisture this process is termed as hydration. Moisture is a big enemy for cement. Cement becomes useless once it is hydrated with water. The reason for finding a lot of lumps in old cement is due to the presence of excessive moisture content in it. As per IS Cement is re-tested for Specific gravity test if it is three months older. Specific gravity test /Density of Cement test : As per Le Chatelier’s Principle, Specific gravity of cement is determined by Le Chatelier’s Flask method. And the IS code for Specific gravity test is IS 2720- Part 3. Apparatus Required for Le Chatelier’s Principle:1. Cement 2. Kerosene 3. Specific Gravity Bottle capacity of 250 ml with stopper. 4. Weighing balance with 0.1 gm accurate
Why is kerosene used in the Specific gravity of cement test? In general, To calculate the specific gravity of material, we use water. But in cement, we use kerosene for finding specific gravity in it. The reason behind this, cement hydrates and forms calcium oxide when it reacts with water. Cement won’t show any reaction when it mixed with kerosene. The specific gravity of Kerosene is 0.79 g/cc The specific gravity of water is 1g/cc Procedure for finding Specific gravity in cement:-
1. The Lechatlier flask should be free from moisture content, that mean flask is thoroughly dried. 2. Now, weigh the empty flask and note it as W1. 3. Take 50gm of cement and add it in Flask. Now weight the Flask with the stopper as W2 4. Now pour kerosene in the sample up to the neck of the bottle. Mix thoroughly and see that no air bubbles left in the flask. Note down the weight as W3 5. Empty the flask and fill the bottle with kerosene up to the tip of the bottle and record the weight as W4.
where, Specific gravity of Kerosene = 0.79 g/cc. A good cement should have the Specific gravity of 3.1-3.6 g/cc. What is Specific Gravity of Cement? Mainly Specific Gravity is the is the ratio of the density of a substance to the density of a reference substance at a fixed temperature. On the other words, it is the ratio of the mass of a substance to the mass of a reference substance. And the theme is also same for cement. Specific Gravity of cement is the ratio of the density or mass of cement to the density or mass of a reference substance. But in both of the state's density or mass, the volume should be same. If the volume does not remain same the specific gravity has no existence then. Because the mass or density will be changed of the substance or reference substance.
Specific Gravity of Cement. Source: commons.wikimedia.org Why We Calculate Specific Gravity of Any Substance We calculate specific gravity of any substance to know the behavior of the material in water. And we can know the material will sink or floats in the water. All of the materials in our environment have a fixed specific gravity. The usual range is 1-100. If the specific gravity is greater than 1, then it sinks in water. If the specific gravity Is less than 1 it floats in water. So if the specific gravity of any substance is known to us we can use the materials in suitable place of any work. Basically, specific gravity defines that the substance is how much heavier than water or reference substance of the same volume. The specific gravity of cement ranging from 3.1 to 3.16 g/cc. By this statement, we can ensure that cement 3.1-3.16 times heavier than water of the same volume. And it sinks in water. Because the specific gravity is greater than 1. Every material consists off so many little pores, which may contain voids in it. And a material becomes useless when any void present in the material. If the cement covered by extreme moisture content due to bad weather conditions, then the specific gravity of cement may go up to 3.19. If the specific gravity value reaches 3.19, then the pores in cement are filled with the moisture. Cement undergoes a chemical reaction when it is reacted with the atmospheric moisture this process is termed as hydration. Moisture is very harmful to cement. Cement becomes useless once it is hydrated with water. The presence of excessive moisture is the reason for finding a lot of lumps in old cement is due to content in it. Standard Value of Specific Gravity of Cement
The specific gravity value of portland cement is generally around 3.15 while the specific gravity value of portland-blast-furnace-slag and portland-pozzolan cements may have specific gravities near 2.90. Portland Cement Association (PCA). (1988). Design and Control of Concrete Mixtures. Portland Cement Association. Reference Substances for Specific Gravity Maximum time water is used as a reference substance. And its temperature should be near at 4°C. For gases, it is air at room temperature 25°C. But if “Cement” is used as a sample substance then kerosine would be the reference substance. Because cement hydrates and forms calcium oxide when it reacts with water. But kerosene won’t show any reaction when it mixed with cement. The specific gravity of kerosine is 0.79 g/cc. How to Calculate Cement Specific Gravity? One can easily determine the value of specific gravity of cement using Le Chatelier Flask method. Determination of specific gravity of cement at the site level can be easily done using this is an experiment. Required Materials & Apparatus Followings are the specific gravity test apparatus and materials:
Kerosene
Ordinary Portland Cement
Le-Chatelier Flask of 250 ml or Specific Gravity Bottle / Pycnometer of 100 ml
Weighing balance with 0.1 gm accurate
Specific Gravity Test Procedure for Cement The specific gravity test procedure contains only four steps. Followings are the four steps to be followed to perform specific gravity test of cement: 1. The Flask should be free from the liquid that means it should be fully dry. Weigh the empty flask. Which is W1. 2. Next, fill the cement on the bottle up to half of the flask around 50gm and weigh with its stopper. And it is W2.
3. Add Kerosene to the cement up to the top of the bottle. Mix well to remove the air bubbles in it. Weigh the flask with cement and kerosene. And it is W3. 4. Empty the flask. Fill the bottle with kerosene up to the top and weigh the flask for counting W4. Specific Gravity Calculation Cement specific gravity formula: Sg=W2−W1(W2−W1)−(W3−W4)×0.79Sg=W2−W1(W2−W1)−(W3−W4)×0.79
Keywords:sp gravity of cement, specific gravity units, specific gravity of portland cement, specific gravity test procedure, specific gravity of fine aggregate, determination of specific gravity of cement, how to find specific gravity of cement, standard value of specific gravity of cement, specific gravity of cement test procedure pdf Specific Gravity Of General Materials Table This table is a data information resource for the specific gravity of many common general materials. While the data is extremely useful for design, actual individual samples will probably differ. Temperature and purity will often have a definite effect. As 1000kg of pure water @ 4°C = 1 cubic meter, those materials under 1000kg per cubic meter will float; more dense materials will obviously sink. Those materials have a specific gravity more than 1. Pure water at 4°C (the maximum density) was chosen as the accepted standard for specific gravity and given the value of 1. Some other standards set pure water at 60°F as sg = 1 so it is more correct to state the base used. The specific gravity of all other materials are compared to water as a fraction heavier or fraction lighter density, no matter how small or large the fraction is. For example, ammonium nitrate has a specific gravity (sg) of 0.73 while dry ammonium sulphate has a sg of 1.13 (1130 kilograms/cubic meter). As specific gravity is just a comparison, it can be applied across any units. The density of pure water is also 62.4 lbs/cu.ft (pounds per cubic foot) and if we know that a sample of ammonium nitrate has a sg of 0.73 then we can calculate that its density is 0.73 x 62.4 = 45.552 lbs/cu.ft. As general information, kg/cu.m divided by 16.01846 = lbs/cu.ft.
To help with the table, unit converters are included at the top of the chart. Enter values in either side of the equation.
Specific Gravity Table Material - powder, ore, solids, etc.
kg/cu.m
Alfalfa, ground
256
Alum, lumpy
881
Alum, pulverized
753
Alumina
961
Aluminum, oxide
1522
Ammonia gas
0.77
Ammonium Nitrate
730
Ammonium Sulphate - dry
1130
Ammonium Sulphate - wet
1290
Andesite, solid
2771
Antimony, cast
6696
Apples
641
Arsenic
5671
Asbestos - shredded
320- 400
Asbestos rock
1600
Ashes - wet
730- 890
Ashes - dry
570- 650
Asphalt, crushed
721
Babbitt
7272
Bagasse
120
Bakelite, solid
1362
Baking powder
721
Barium
3780
Bark, wood refuse
240
Barley
609
Barite, crushed
2883
Basalt, broken
1954
Basalt, solid
3011
Bauxite, crushed
1281
Beans, castor
577
Beans, cocoa
593
Beans, navy
801
Beans, soy
721
Beeswax
961
Beets
721
Bentonite
593
Bicarbonate of soda
689
Bismuth
9787
Bones, pulverized
881
Borax, fine
849
Bran
256
Brewers grain
432
Brick, common red
1922
Brick, fire clay
2403
Brick, silica
2050
Brick, chrome
2803
Brick, magnesia
2563
Buckwheat
657
Butter
865
Cium
8650
Calcium carbide
1201
Caliche
1442
Carbon, solid
2146
Carbon, powdered
80
Carbon dioxide
1.98
Carbon monoxide
1.25
Cardboard
689
Cement - clinker
1290-1540
Cement, Portland
1506
Cement, mortar
2162
Cement, slurry
1442
Chalk, solid
2499
Chalk, lumpy
1442
Chalk, fine
1121
Charcoal
208
Chloroform
1522
Chocolate, powder
641
Chromic acid, flake
1201
Chromium
6856
Chromium ore
2162
Cinders, furnace
913
Cinders, Coal, ash
641
Clay, dry excavated
1089
Clay, wet excavated
1826
Clay, dry lump
1073
Clay, fire
1362
Clay, wet lump
1602
Clay, compacted
1746
Clover seed
769
Coal, Anthracite, solid
1506
Coal, Anthracite, broken
1105
Coal, Bituminous, solid
1346
Coal, Bituminous, broken
833
Cobaltite ( cobolt ore )
6295
Coconut, meal
513
Coconut, shredded
352
Coffee, fresh beans
561
Coffee, roast beans
432
Coke
570- 650
Concrete, Asphalt
2243
Concrete, Gravel
2403
Concrete, Limestone with Portland
2371
Copper ore
1940-2590
Copper sulfate, ground
3604
Copra, medium size
529
Copra, meal, ground
641
Copra, expeller cake ground
513
Copra, expeller cake chopped
465
Cork, solid
240
Cork, ground
160
Corn, on the cob
721
Corn, shelled
721
Corn, grits
673
Cottonseed, dry, de-linted
561
Cottonseed, dry, not de-linted
320
Cottonseed, cake, lumpy
673
Cottonseed, hulls
192
Cottonseed, meal
593
Cottonseed, meats
641
Cottonwood
416
Cryolite
1602
Cullet
1602
Culm
753
Dolomite, solid
2899
Dolomite, pulverized
737
Dolomite, lumpy
1522
Earth, loam, dry, excavated
1249
Earth, moist, excavated
1442
Earth, wet, excavated
1602
Earth, dense
2002
Earth, soft loose mud
1730
Earth, packed
1522
Earth, Fullers, raw
673
Emery
4005
Ether
737
Feldspar, solid
2563
Feldspar, pulverized
1233
Fertilizer, acid phosphate
961
Fish, scrap
721
Fish, meal
593
Flaxseed, whole
721
Flint - silica
1390
Flour, wheat
593
Flue dust
1450-2020
Fluorspar, solid
3204
Fluorspar, lumps
1602
Fluorspar, pulverized
1442
Fullers Earth - raw or burnt
570- 730
Galena ( lead ore )
7400 - 7600
Garbage, household rubbish
481
Glass - broken or cullet
1290-1940
Glass, window
2579
Glue, animal, flaked
561
Glue, vegetable, powdered
641
Gluten, meal
625
Gneiss, bed in place
2867
Gneiss, broken
1858
Granite, solid
2691
Granite, broken
1650
Graphite, flake
641
Grain - Maize
760
Grain - Barley
600
Grain - Millet
760- 800
Grain - Wheat
780- 800
Gravel, loose, dry
1522
Gravel, with sand, natural
1922
Gravel, dry 1/4 to 2 inch
1682
Gravel, wet 1/4 to 2 inch
2002
Gummite ( uranium ore )
3890 - 6400
Gypsum, solid
2787
Gypsum, broken
1290-1600
Gypsum, crushed
1602
Gypsum, pulverized
1121
Halite (salt), solid
2323
Halite (salt), broken
1506
Hematite ( iron ore )
5095 - 5205
Hemimorphite ( zinc ore )
3395 - 3490
Hydrochloric acid 40%
1201
Ice, solid
919
Ice, crushed
593
Ilmenite
2307
Iridium
22154
Iron ore - crushed
2100-2900
Iron oxide pigment
400
Iron Pyrites
2400
Iron sulphate - pickling tank - dry
1200
Iron sulphate - pickling tank - wet
1290
Ivory
1842
Kaolin, green crushed
1025
Kaolin, pulverized
352
Lead, rolledtd>
11389
Lead, red
3684
Lead, white pigment
4085
Leather
945
Lignite, dry
801
Lime, quick, lump
849
Lime, quick, fine
1201
Lime, stone, large
2691
Lime, stone, lump
1538
Lime, hydrated
481
Lime, wet or mortar
1540
Limonite, solid
3796
Limonite, broken
2467
Limestone, solid
2611
Limestone, broken
1554
Limestone, pulverized
1394
Linseed, whole
753
Linseed, meal
513
Locust, dry
705
Magnesite, solid
3011
Magnesium oxide
1940
Magnesium sulphate, crystal
1121
Magnetite, solid ( iron ore )
5046
Magnetite, broken
3284
Malachite ( copper ore )
3750 - 3960
Malt
336
Manganese, solid
7609
Manganese oxide
1922
Manure
400
Marble, solid
2563
Marble, broken
1570
Marl, wet, excavated
2243
Mica, solid
2883
Mica, broken
1602
Mica - flake
520
Mica - powder
986
Milk, powdered
449
Molybdenum ore
1600
Mortar, wet
2403
Mud, packed
1906
Mud, fluid
1730
Nickel ore
1600
Nickel, rolled
8666
Nickel silver
8442
Nitric acid, 91%
1506
Nitrogen
1.26
Oak, red
705
Oats
432
Oats, rolled
304
Oil cake
785
Oil, linseed
942
Oil, petroleum
881
Oxygen
1.43
Oyster shells, ground
849
Paper, standard
1201
Peanuts, shelled
641
Peanuts, not shelled
272
Peat, dry
400
Peat, moist
801
Peat, wet
1121
Pecan wood
753
Phosphate rock, broken
1762
Phosphorus
2339
Pitch
1153
Plaster
849
Platinum ore
2600
Porcelain
2403
Porphyry, solid
2547
Porphyry, broken
1650
Potash
1281
Potassium chloride
2002
Potatoes, white
769
Pumice, stone
641
Pyrite (fool's gold)
2400 - 5015
Quartz, solid
2643
Quartz, lump
1554
Quartz sand
1201
Resin, synthetic, crushed
561
Rice, hulled
753
Rice, rough
577
Rice grits
689
Rip-Rap
1602
Rock - soft - excavated with shovel
1600-1780
Rosin
1073
Rubber, caoutchouc
945
Rubber, manufactured
1522
Rubber, ground scrap
481
Rye
705
Salt cake
1442
Salt, course
801
Salt, fine
1201
Saltpeter
1201
Sand, wet
1922
Sand, wet, packed
2082
Sand, dry
1602
Sand, loose
1442
Sand, rammed
1682
Sand, water filled
1922
Sand with Gravel, dry
1650
Sand with Gravel, wet
2020
Sandstone, solid
2323
Sandstone, broken
1370-1450
Sawdust
210
Sewage, sludge
721
Shale, solid
2675
Shale, broken
1586
Shells - oyster
800
Sinter
1600-2180
Slag, solid
2114
Slag, broken
1762
Slag, crushed, 1/4 inch
1185
Slag, furn. granulated
961
Slate, solid
2691
Slate, broken
1290-1450
Slate, pulverized
1362
Smithsonite ( zinc ore )
4300
Snow, freshly fallen
160
Snow, compacted
481
Soap, solid
801
Soap, chips
160
Soap, flakes
160
Soap, powdered
368
Soapstone talc
2400
Soda Ash, heavy
1080
Soda Ash, light
432
Sodium
977
Sodium Aluminate, ground
1153
Sodium Nitrate, ground
1201
Soy beans, whole
753
Starch, powdered
561
Stone, crushed
1602
Stone (common, generic)
2515
Sugar, brown
721
Sugar, powdered
801
Sugar, granulated
849
Sugar, raw cane
961
Sugarbeet pulp, dry
208
Sugarbeet pulp, wet
561
Sugarcane
272
Sulphur, solid
2002
Sulphur, lump
1314
Sulphur, pulverized
961
Taconite
2803
Talc, solid
2691
Talc, broken
1746
Tanbark, ground
881
Tankage
961
Tar
1153
Tobacco
320
Trap rock, solid
2883
Trap rock, broken
1746
Turf
400
Turpentine
865
Walnut, black, dry
609
Water, pure
1000
Water, seatd>
1026
Wheat
769
Wheat, cracked
673
Wood chips - dry
240- 520
Wool
1314
Zinc oxide
400
What is Specific Gravity?
Why are we calculating this value for cement?
Significance of specific gravity of cement
Experiment to determine this value
What is Specific Gravity of Cement? Definition – Specific Gravity is just a comparison between the weight of a volume of a particular material to the weight of the same volume of water at a specified temperature. In Simple – It is a value to calculate whether the material is able to sink or float on water. Every material has some specific gravity. The value is normally in digits like 0.1 – 100. If the value is less than 1, then the material will float on water. If the value is greater than 1, then the material will sink. 3.15g/cc means the cement is 3.15 times heavier than the water of the same volume.
Why are we calculating this value for cement? Normally aggregates are derived from stockpiles, which may be exposed to various conditions. If the cement has exposed to extreme moisture content then, the specific gravity of cement will differ because of the moisture content present in the pores. Every material has solid particles and pores which may contain water in it. Normally our nominal mix design is based on the value of specific gravity of cement as 3.15. The value will change over time if the cement is exposed to various weather conditions. So it is essential to determine the specific gravity of cement before using it.
This is why we are insisted on avoiding old stock cement, which may be affected by the external moisture content.
The significance of specific gravity of cement As already said, the cement may contain lots of moisture content if it is exposed to various conditions and humidity. We all know that water cement ratio is an important factor. It is directly proportional to workability and the strength of a bonding. If the cement has already more moisture in it then, the value of water-cement ratio will actually affect the workability and strength rather than increasing it. If the specific gravity of cement is greater than 3.19 then, the cement is either not minced finely as per the industry standard or it has more moisture content which will affect the mix and bonding. This is why you find lots of chunks while mixing old stock cement for concrete.
How to calculate cement specific gravity? Using Le Chatelier Flask method, we can determine this value. This is an experiment conducted at the site level.
Object: To find specific gravity of cement value.
Required Materials & Apparatus:
Ordinary Portland Cement
Kerosene
Le-Chatelier Flask capacity of 250 ml or Specific Gravity Bottle / Pycnometer (100 ml)
Weighing balance with 0.1 gm accurate
Why are we using Kerosene instead of water? To calculate specific gravity for any material, we have to use water. But water reacts with cement and forms calcium oxide. So that we are using Kerosene. It doesn’t react with cement. This is why we are using 0.79 g/cc (specific gravity of kerosene) in our calculation (specific gravity of water – 1g/cc)
Test Procedure: 1. The Flask should be free from the liquid that means it should be fully dry. Weigh the empty flask(W1) 2. Fill the cement on the bottle up to half of the flask (about 50gm) and weigh with its stopper (W2) 3. Add Kerosene to the cement up to the top of the bottle. Mix well to remove the air bubbles in it. Weigh the flask with cement and kerosene (W3) 4. Empty the flask. Fill the bottle with kerosene up to the top and weigh the flask (W4)
Calculation:
Specific Gravity, The specific gravity of kerosene is 0.79 g/cc
Note: The error value will be acceptable ±0.01. The practical will be done within 30° C temperature.
Experiment Video Here is the video tutorial that we found on YouTube which illustrates the test
Why are the numerical values of density of cement (1.44 g/cc) and specific gravity (3.15) different? Because bulk density and specific gravity represent different things.
Let's take the example of sugar.
Take some sugar. Measure its mass on a weighing scale. Put it inside a container.
Measure the volume of the sugar as shown in the figure below.
The density of the sugar is given by: MASSVOLUME MASSVOLUME
Now, as you can see, the volume considered is not entirely filled with sugar. It also contains air in the voids in between the sugar crystals. Hence the density thus measured is called bulk density. The bulk density of sugar is 0.7 g/cc. This value does not represent the actual density of a single sugar crystal, which is taken care by specific gravity.
Imagine a single sugar crystal as above. If you measured its mass and volume, you will be able to find the actual density of sugar. Naturally, this value will be higher than its bulk density (as there are no air voids). The value of the actual density of sugar is around 1.2 g/cc. Now specific gravity is nothing but the ratio of density of the substance to density of water. Since density of water is considered as 1 g/cc, the specific gravity of sugar has the same value of 1.2 without the units. Coming to the case of cement, the concept is similar. There are countless air voids in cement. If you measure the mass of the cement and its bulk volume, you get bulk density which is around 1.5 g/cc. If somehow you were to measure the mass of a single cement particle and its volume, you get the specific gravity which is around 3.1. 1- 1.5/3.1 = 0.52, meaning, more than 50% of a cement bag is just air! Like a chips packet! When I first found out about it, I was like - MY WHOLE LIFE WAS A LIE! Both BD and SG have their own significance. If you have truck load of sand, and you want to know the weight of the load, you can simply calculate the volume of the compartment and
multiply it with the bulk density. But bulk density doesn't give all the information about the material. The sugar's BD is only 0.7 g/cc. But water is 1 g/cc, so does sugar float on water? Of course not. The value you should be looking for is specific gravity i.e., 1.2, which is greater than water. On an ending note, the procedure described above is very crude, for the sake of simplicity. The size of single cement particle can be as small as 5∗10 −6 m. 5∗10−6m. Obviously the actual procedure of measuring the bulk density and specific gravity is more sophisticated than what I've described. You can read the IS CODE for the Indian Standards of measuring the same. Density of cement is 1440kg/m3
Specific Gravity Of Cement Test Specific Gravity Of Cement Test: Specific gravity can be defined as the density of any substance to the density of other reference substance at a specified temperature. For example, to determine the specific gravity of cement will consider water as reference substance. In simple words, the specific gravity determines whether the material will sink or float in water. Every material has its own specific gravity and the value normally varies from 0.1 to 100. The material will float on water if the value is less than 1 and will sink if the value is greater than 1. Why We Calculate Specific Gravity Of Cement: Normally we use nominal mix design based on the specific gravity of cement as 3.14. But this value will change with time if the cement is exposed to the different climatic conditions (Due to moisture content). Therefore it is very important to know the specific gravity of cement before using it in the mix. Significance Of Specific gravity Of Cement: As we said earlier, cement may contain excessive moisture content if it is exposed to the various weather conditions and we all know that w/c ratio is a big factor which determines the concrete strength. Because w/c ratio is directly proportional to the workability. If the cement contains a greater amount of moisture in it then the w/c ratio will definitely affect the workability as well as the strength of concrete.
As per industry, the acceptable value of specific gravity of cement is up to 3.19. But if the value is greater than 3.19 it means cement is containing greater amount of moisture content which will affect the workability and strength of concrete. This is why we need to calculate the correct value of specific gravity of cement before using it in the mix. How To Calculate Specific Gravity Of Cement: Aim: To find the specific gravity of cement. Materials And Apparatus: 1. OPC (Ordinary portland cement) 2. Specific gravity bottle / Le-Chatelier of 250 ml capacity / Pycnometer (100 ml). 3. Kerosene, 4. Weighing machine with 0.1 gm accurate.
Specific Gravity Of Cement Test Bottle Procedure Of Test: 1. Measure the weight of empty flask (W1). The flask should be totally dry and free of liquid. 2. Fill half of the flask with cement (about 50 gm) and Measure the weight with its stopper (W2). 3. Then fill the flask with kerosene up to the top level of the flask. Mix cement and kerosene properly to remove air bubble from it. Weigh the flask with cement and kerosene (W3)/
4. Now empty the flask and again fill it with kerosene up to the top of the flask. Weigh the flask (W4). Calculation:
where, Specific gravity of Kerosene = 0.79 g/cc. Note: 1. Acceptable value of specific gravity with error ± 0.01 2. The test should be done at 30° temperature. Specific Gravity of Cement:Well most of us know that specific gravity of cement is in between 3.1-3.16 g/cc. Do you know why we calculate the Specific gravity of cement and its significance?. In this post, I ‘ll clear all of your doubts regarding the specific gravity of cement. What is Specific Gravity? Specific Gravity is the ratio of a Weight of Volume of material (Your testing material) to the same Weight of Volume of water. In simple words, we are comparing the volume of our Testing material either it may be sand, cement, aggregate with the same volume of water at certain temperature. Specific Gravity of Cement Formula:-
We calculate Specific gravity to know the behaviour of the material in water. Every material has its own specific gravity, and it usually ranges between 0.1 – 100. If the specific gravity of the
material is less than 1, then that material floats in water. If the material has a specific gravity greater than 1, then it sinks in water. We know that specific gravity of cement or Density of cement is ranging between 3.1-3.16g/cc by this, cement is 3.16 times heavier than water of the same volume. Excessive presence of moisture content in cement effects Workability and strength of cement. For Nominal mix design, the specific gravity of cement should be 3.15g/cc. Every material has pores which may contain voids in it. If the cement is exposed to extreme moisture content due to bad weather conditions, then the specific gravity of cement may go up to 3.19. If the specific gravity is 3.19, then the pores in cement are filled with the moisture content. Cement undergoes a chemical reaction when it is reacted with the atmospheric moisture this process is termed as hydration. Moisture is a big enemy for cement. Cement becomes useless once it is hydrated with water. The reason for finding a lot of lumps in old cement is due to the presence of excessive moisture content in it. As per IS Cement is re-tested for Specific gravity test if it is three months older. Specific gravity test /Density of Cement test : As per Le Chatelier’s Principle, Specific gravity of cement is determined by Le Chatelier’s Flask method. And the IS code for Specific gravity test is IS 2720- Part 3. Apparatus Required for Le Chatelier’s Principle:1. Cement 2. Kerosene 3. Specific Gravity Bottle capacity of 250 ml with stopper. 4. Weighing balance with 0.1 gm accurate
Why is kerosene used in the Specific gravity of cement test? In general, To calculate the specific gravity of material, we use water. But in cement, we use kerosene for finding specific gravity in it. The reason behind this, cement hydrates and forms calcium oxide when it reacts with water. Cement won’t show any reaction when it mixed with kerosene. The specific gravity of Kerosene is 0.79 g/cc The specific gravity of water is 1g/cc Procedure for finding Specific gravity in cement:-
1. The Lechatlier flask should be free from moisture content, that mean flask is thoroughly dried. 2. Now, weigh the empty flask and note it as W1. 3. Take 50gm of cement and add it in Flask. Now weight the Flask with the stopper as W2 4. Now pour kerosene in the sample up to the neck of the bottle. Mix thoroughly and see that no air bubbles left in the flask. Note down the weight as W3 5. Empty the flask and fill the bottle with kerosene up to the tip of the bottle and record the weight as W4.
where, Specific gravity of Kerosene = 0.79 g/cc. A good cement should have the Specific gravity of 3.1-3.6 g/cc. What is Specific Gravity of Cement? Mainly Specific Gravity is the is the ratio of the density of a substance to the density of a reference substance at a fixed temperature. On the other words, it is the ratio of the mass of a substance to the mass of a reference substance. And the theme is also same for cement. Specific Gravity of cement is the ratio of the density or mass of cement to the density or mass of a reference substance. But in both of the state's density or mass, the volume should be same. If the volume does not remain same the specific gravity has no existence then. Because the mass or density will be changed of the substance or reference substance.
Specific Gravity of Cement. Source: commons.wikimedia.org Why We Calculate Specific Gravity of Any Substance We calculate specific gravity of any substance to know the behavior of the material in water. And we can know the material will sink or floats in the water. All of the materials in our environment have a fixed specific gravity. The usual range is 1-100. If the specific gravity is greater than 1, then it sinks in water. If the specific gravity Is less than 1 it floats in water. So if the specific gravity of any substance is known to us we can use the materials in suitable place of any work. Basically, specific gravity defines that the substance is how much heavier than water or reference substance of the same volume. The specific gravity of cement ranging from 3.1 to 3.16 g/cc. By this statement, we can ensure that cement 3.1-3.16 times heavier than water of the same volume. And it sinks in water. Because the specific gravity is greater than 1. Every material consists off so many little pores, which may contain voids in it. And a material becomes useless when any void present in the material. If the cement covered by extreme moisture content due to bad weather conditions, then the specific gravity of cement may go up to 3.19. If the specific gravity value reaches 3.19, then the pores in cement are filled with the moisture. Cement undergoes a chemical reaction when it is reacted with the atmospheric moisture this process is termed as hydration. Moisture is very harmful to cement. Cement becomes useless once it is hydrated with water. The presence of excessive moisture is the reason for finding a lot of lumps in old cement is due to content in it. Standard Value of Specific Gravity of Cement
The specific gravity value of portland cement is generally around 3.15 while the specific gravity value of portland-blast-furnace-slag and portland-pozzolan cements may have specific gravities near 2.90. Portland Cement Association (PCA). (1988). Design and Control of Concrete Mixtures. Portland Cement Association. Reference Substances for Specific Gravity Maximum time water is used as a reference substance. And its temperature should be near at 4°C. For gases, it is air at room temperature 25°C. But if “Cement” is used as a sample substance then kerosine would be the reference substance. Because cement hydrates and forms calcium oxide when it reacts with water. But kerosene won’t show any reaction when it mixed with cement. The specific gravity of kerosine is 0.79 g/cc. How to Calculate Cement Specific Gravity? One can easily determine the value of specific gravity of cement using Le Chatelier Flask method. Determination of specific gravity of cement at the site level can be easily done using this is an experiment. Required Materials & Apparatus Followings are the specific gravity test apparatus and materials:
Kerosene
Ordinary Portland Cement
Le-Chatelier Flask of 250 ml or Specific Gravity Bottle / Pycnometer of 100 ml
Weighing balance with 0.1 gm accurate
Specific Gravity Test Procedure for Cement The specific gravity test procedure contains only four steps. Followings are the four steps to be followed to perform specific gravity test of cement: 1. The Flask should be free from the liquid that means it should be fully dry. Weigh the empty flask. Which is W1. 2. Next, fill the cement on the bottle up to half of the flask around 50gm and weigh with its stopper. And it is W2.
3. Add Kerosene to the cement up to the top of the bottle. Mix well to remove the air bubbles in it. Weigh the flask with cement and kerosene. And it is W3. 4. Empty the flask. Fill the bottle with kerosene up to the top and weigh the flask for counting W4. Specific Gravity Calculation Cement specific gravity formula: Sg=W2−W1(W2−W1)−(W3−W4)×0.79Sg=W2−W1(W2−W1)−(W3−W4)×0.79
Keywords:sp gravity of cement, specific gravity units, specific gravity of portland cement, specific gravity test procedure, specific gravity of fine aggregate, determination of specific gravity of cement, how to find specific gravity of cement, standard value of specific gravity of cement, specific gravity of cement test procedure pdf Specific Gravity Of General Materials Table This table is a data information resource for the specific gravity of many common general materials. While the data is extremely useful for design, actual individual samples will probably differ. Temperature and purity will often have a definite effect. As 1000kg of pure water @ 4°C = 1 cubic meter, those materials under 1000kg per cubic meter will float; more dense materials will obviously sink. Those materials have a specific gravity more than 1. Pure water at 4°C (the maximum density) was chosen as the accepted standard for specific gravity and given the value of 1. Some other standards set pure water at 60°F as sg = 1 so it is more correct to state the base used. The specific gravity of all other materials are compared to water as a fraction heavier or fraction lighter density, no matter how small or large the fraction is. For example, ammonium nitrate has a specific gravity (sg) of 0.73 while dry ammonium sulphate has a sg of 1.13 (1130 kilograms/cubic meter). As specific gravity is just a comparison, it can be applied across any units. The density of pure water is also 62.4 lbs/cu.ft (pounds per cubic foot) and if we know that a sample of ammonium nitrate has a sg of 0.73 then we can calculate that its density is 0.73 x 62.4 = 45.552 lbs/cu.ft. As general information, kg/cu.m divided by 16.01846 = lbs/cu.ft.
To help with the table, unit converters are included at the top of the chart. Enter values in either side of the equation.
Specific Gravity Table Material - powder, ore, solids, etc.
kg/cu.m
Alfalfa, ground
256
Alum, lumpy
881
Alum, pulverized
753
Alumina
961
Aluminum, oxide
1522
Ammonia gas
0.77
Ammonium Nitrate
730
Ammonium Sulphate - dry
1130
Ammonium Sulphate - wet
1290
Andesite, solid
2771
Antimony, cast
6696
Apples
641
Arsenic
5671
Asbestos - shredded
320- 400
Asbestos rock
1600
Ashes - wet
730- 890
Ashes - dry
570- 650
Asphalt, crushed
721
Babbitt
7272
Bagasse
120
Bakelite, solid
1362
Baking powder
721
Barium
3780
Bark, wood refuse
240
Barley
609
Barite, crushed
2883
Basalt, broken
1954
Basalt, solid
3011
Bauxite, crushed
1281
Beans, castor
577
Beans, cocoa
593
Beans, navy
801
Beans, soy
721
Beeswax
961
Beets
721
Bentonite
593
Bicarbonate of soda
689
Bismuth
9787
Bones, pulverized
881
Borax, fine
849
Bran
256
Brewers grain
432
Brick, common red
1922
Brick, fire clay
2403
Brick, silica
2050
Brick, chrome
2803
Brick, magnesia
2563
Buckwheat
657
Butter
865
Cium
8650
Calcium carbide
1201
Caliche
1442
Carbon, solid
2146
Carbon, powdered
80
Carbon dioxide
1.98
Carbon monoxide
1.25
Cardboard
689
Cement - clinker
1290-1540
Cement, Portland
1506
Cement, mortar
2162
Cement, slurry
1442
Chalk, solid
2499
Chalk, lumpy
1442
Chalk, fine
1121
Charcoal
208
Chloroform
1522
Chocolate, powder
641
Chromic acid, flake
1201
Chromium
6856
Chromium ore
2162
Cinders, furnace
913
Cinders, Coal, ash
641
Clay, dry excavated
1089
Clay, wet excavated
1826
Clay, dry lump
1073
Clay, fire
1362
Clay, wet lump
1602
Clay, compacted
1746
Clover seed
769
Coal, Anthracite, solid
1506
Coal, Anthracite, broken
1105
Coal, Bituminous, solid
1346
Coal, Bituminous, broken
833
Cobaltite ( cobolt ore )
6295
Coconut, meal
513
Coconut, shredded
352
Coffee, fresh beans
561
Coffee, roast beans
432
Coke
570- 650
Concrete, Asphalt
2243
Concrete, Gravel
2403
Concrete, Limestone with Portland
2371
Copper ore
1940-2590
Copper sulfate, ground
3604
Copra, medium size
529
Copra, meal, ground
641
Copra, expeller cake ground
513
Copra, expeller cake chopped
465
Cork, solid
240
Cork, ground
160
Corn, on the cob
721
Corn, shelled
721
Corn, grits
673
Cottonseed, dry, de-linted
561
Cottonseed, dry, not de-linted
320
Cottonseed, cake, lumpy
673
Cottonseed, hulls
192
Cottonseed, meal
593
Cottonseed, meats
641
Cottonwood
416
Cryolite
1602
Cullet
1602
Culm
753
Dolomite, solid
2899
Dolomite, pulverized
737
Dolomite, lumpy
1522
Earth, loam, dry, excavated
1249
Earth, moist, excavated
1442
Earth, wet, excavated
1602
Earth, dense
2002
Earth, soft loose mud
1730
Earth, packed
1522
Earth, Fullers, raw
673
Emery
4005
Ether
737
Feldspar, solid
2563
Feldspar, pulverized
1233
Fertilizer, acid phosphate
961
Fish, scrap
721
Fish, meal
593
Flaxseed, whole
721
Flint - silica
1390
Flour, wheat
593
Flue dust
1450-2020
Fluorspar, solid
3204
Fluorspar, lumps
1602
Fluorspar, pulverized
1442
Fullers Earth - raw or burnt
570- 730
Galena ( lead ore )
7400 - 7600
Garbage, household rubbish
481
Glass - broken or cullet
1290-1940
Glass, window
2579
Glue, animal, flaked
561
Glue, vegetable, powdered
641
Gluten, meal
625
Gneiss, bed in place
2867
Gneiss, broken
1858
Granite, solid
2691
Granite, broken
1650
Graphite, flake
641
Grain - Maize
760
Grain - Barley
600
Grain - Millet
760- 800
Grain - Wheat
780- 800
Gravel, loose, dry
1522
Gravel, with sand, natural
1922
Gravel, dry 1/4 to 2 inch
1682
Gravel, wet 1/4 to 2 inch
2002
Gummite ( uranium ore )
3890 - 6400
Gypsum, solid
2787
Gypsum, broken
1290-1600
Gypsum, crushed
1602
Gypsum, pulverized
1121
Halite (salt), solid
2323
Halite (salt), broken
1506
Hematite ( iron ore )
5095 - 5205
Hemimorphite ( zinc ore )
3395 - 3490
Hydrochloric acid 40%
1201
Ice, solid
919
Ice, crushed
593
Ilmenite
2307
Iridium
22154
Iron ore - crushed
2100-2900
Iron oxide pigment
400
Iron Pyrites
2400
Iron sulphate - pickling tank - dry
1200
Iron sulphate - pickling tank - wet
1290
Ivory
1842
Kaolin, green crushed
1025
Kaolin, pulverized
352
Lead, rolledtd>
11389
Lead, red
3684
Lead, white pigment
4085
Leather
945
Lignite, dry
801
Lime, quick, lump
849
Lime, quick, fine
1201
Lime, stone, large
2691
Lime, stone, lump
1538
Lime, hydrated
481
Lime, wet or mortar
1540
Limonite, solid
3796
Limonite, broken
2467
Limestone, solid
2611
Limestone, broken
1554
Limestone, pulverized
1394
Linseed, whole
753
Linseed, meal
513
Locust, dry
705
Magnesite, solid
3011
Magnesium oxide
1940
Magnesium sulphate, crystal
1121
Magnetite, solid ( iron ore )
5046
Magnetite, broken
3284
Malachite ( copper ore )
3750 - 3960
Malt
336
Manganese, solid
7609
Manganese oxide
1922
Manure
400
Marble, solid
2563
Marble, broken
1570
Marl, wet, excavated
2243
Mica, solid
2883
Mica, broken
1602
Mica - flake
520
Mica - powder
986
Milk, powdered
449
Molybdenum ore
1600
Mortar, wet
2403
Mud, packed
1906
Mud, fluid
1730
Nickel ore
1600
Nickel, rolled
8666
Nickel silver
8442
Nitric acid, 91%
1506
Nitrogen
1.26
Oak, red
705
Oats
432
Oats, rolled
304
Oil cake
785
Oil, linseed
942
Oil, petroleum
881
Oxygen
1.43
Oyster shells, ground
849
Paper, standard
1201
Peanuts, shelled
641
Peanuts, not shelled
272
Peat, dry
400
Peat, moist
801
Peat, wet
1121
Pecan wood
753
Phosphate rock, broken
1762
Phosphorus
2339
Pitch
1153
Plaster
849
Platinum ore
2600
Porcelain
2403
Porphyry, solid
2547
Porphyry, broken
1650
Potash
1281
Potassium chloride
2002
Potatoes, white
769
Pumice, stone
641
Pyrite (fool's gold)
2400 - 5015
Quartz, solid
2643
Quartz, lump
1554
Quartz sand
1201
Resin, synthetic, crushed
561
Rice, hulled
753
Rice, rough
577
Rice grits
689
Rip-Rap
1602
Rock - soft - excavated with shovel
1600-1780
Rosin
1073
Rubber, caoutchouc
945
Rubber, manufactured
1522
Rubber, ground scrap
481
Rye
705
Salt cake
1442
Salt, course
801
Salt, fine
1201
Saltpeter
1201
Sand, wet
1922
Sand, wet, packed
2082
Sand, dry
1602
Sand, loose
1442
Sand, rammed
1682
Sand, water filled
1922
Sand with Gravel, dry
1650
Sand with Gravel, wet
2020
Sandstone, solid
2323
Sandstone, broken
1370-1450
Sawdust
210
Sewage, sludge
721
Shale, solid
2675
Shale, broken
1586
Shells - oyster
800
Sinter
1600-2180
Slag, solid
2114
Slag, broken
1762
Slag, crushed, 1/4 inch
1185
Slag, furn. granulated
961
Slate, solid
2691
Slate, broken
1290-1450
Slate, pulverized
1362
Smithsonite ( zinc ore )
4300
Snow, freshly fallen
160
Snow, compacted
481
Soap, solid
801
Soap, chips
160
Soap, flakes
160
Soap, powdered
368
Soapstone talc
2400
Soda Ash, heavy
1080
Soda Ash, light
432
Sodium
977
Sodium Aluminate, ground
1153
Sodium Nitrate, ground
1201
Soy beans, whole
753
Starch, powdered
561
Stone, crushed
1602
Stone (common, generic)
2515
Sugar, brown
721
Sugar, powdered
801
Sugar, granulated
849
Sugar, raw cane
961
Sugarbeet pulp, dry
208
Sugarbeet pulp, wet
561
Sugarcane
272
Sulphur, solid
2002
Sulphur, lump
1314
Sulphur, pulverized
961
Taconite
2803
Talc, solid
2691
Talc, broken
1746
Tanbark, ground
881
Tankage
961
Tar
1153
Tobacco
320
Trap rock, solid
2883
Trap rock, broken
1746
Turf
400
Turpentine
865
Walnut, black, dry
609
Water, pure
1000
Water, seatd>
1026
Wheat
769
Wheat, cracked
673
Wood chips - dry
240- 520
Wool
1314
Zinc oxide
400
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