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STEAM TABLES and
Mollier Diagram (S.I. Units)
dharm \M-therm\C-steam.pm5
CONTENTS Table No. I
…
Page No. (ii)
1.
Saturated Water and Steam (Temperature) Tables
2.
Saturated Water and Steam (Pressure) Tables
II
…
(iv)
3.
Superheated Steam at Various Pressures and Temperatures
III
…
(xiii)
4.
Supercritical Steam
IV
…
(xviii)
5.
Conversion Factors
V
…
(xix)
SYMBOLS AND UNITS USED IN THE TABLES t
= Temperature, °C
t s = Saturation temperature, °C p
= Pressure, bar
hf = Specific enthalpy of saturated liquid, kJ/kg hfg = Specific enthalpy of evaporation (latent heat), kJ/kg h g = Specific enthalpy of saturated vapour, kJ/kg s f = Specific entropy of saturated liquid, kJ/kg K s fg = Specific entropy of evaporation, kJ/kg K s g = Specific entropy of saturated vapour, kJ/kg K v f = Specific volume of saturated liquid, m3/kg v g = Specific volume of saturated steam, m3/kg
( ii )
ENGINEERING THERMODYNAMICS
TABLE I Saturated Water and Steam (Temperature) Tables Temp. Absolute (°C) pressure (bar) t p
Specific enthalpy (kJ/kg)
Specific entropy (kJ/kg K)
hf
hfg
hg
sf
sfg
Specific volume (m3/kg) sg
vf
vg
0 0.01
0.0061 0.0061
– 0.02 0.01
2501.4 2501.3
2501.3 2501.4
– 0.0001 0.000
9.1566 9.156
9.1565 9.156
0.0010002 0.0010002
206.3 206.2
1 2 3 4 5
0.0065 0.0070 0.0076 0.0081 0.0087
4.2 8.4 12.6 16.8 21.0
2499.0 2496.7 2494.3 2491.9 2489.6
2503.2 2505.0 2506.9 2508.7 2510.6
0.015 0.031 0.046 0.061 0.076
9.115 9.073 9.032 8.990 8.950
9.130 9.104 9.077 9.051 9.026
0.0010002 0.0010001 0.0010001 0.0010001 0.0010001
192.6 179.9 168.1 157.2 147.1
6 7 8 9 10
0.0093 0.0100 0.0107 0.0115 0.0123
25.2 29.4 33.6 37.8 42.0
2487.2 2484.8 2482.5 2480.1 2477.7
2512.4 2514.2 2516.1 2517.9 2519.7
0.091 0.106 0.121 0.136 0.151
8.909 8.869 8.829 8.789 8.750
9.000 8.975 8.950 8.925 8.901
0.0010001 0.0010002 0.0010002 0.0010003 0.0010004
137.7 129.0 120.9 113.4 106.4
11 12 13 14 15
0.0131 0.0140 0.0150 0.0160 0.0170
46.2 50.4 54.6 58.8 63.0
2475.4 2473.0 2470.7 2468.3 2465.9
2521.6 2523.4 2525.3 2527.1 2528.9
0.166 0.181 0.195 0.210 0.224
8.711 8.672 8.632 8.595 8.557
8.877 8.852 8.828 8.805 8.781
0.0010004 0.0010005 0.0010007 0.0010008 0.0010009
99.86 93.78 88.12 82.85 77.93
16 17 18 19 20
0.0182 0.0194 0.0206 0.0220 0.0234
67.2 71.4 75.6 79.8 84.0
2463.6 2461.2 2458.8 2456.5 2454.1
2530.8 2532.6 2534.4 2536.3 2538.1
0.239 0.253 0.268 0.282 0.297
8.519 8.482 8.444 8.407 8.371
8.758 8.735 8.712 8.690 8.667
0.001001 0.001001 0.001001 0.001002 0.001002
73.33 69.04 65.04 61.29 57.79
21 22 23 24 25
0.0249 0.0264 0.0281 0.0298 0.0317
88.1 92.3 96.5 100.7 104.9
2451.8 2449.4 2447.0 2444.7 2442.3
2539.9 2541.7 2543.5 2545.4 2547.2
0.311 0.325 0.339 0.353 0.367
8.334 8.298 8.262 8.226 8.191
8.645 8.623 8.601 8.579 8.558
0.001002 0.001002 0.001002 0.001003 0.001003
54.51 51.45 48.57 45.88 43.36
26 27 28 29 30
0.0336 0.0357 0.0378 0.0401 0.0425
109.1 113.2 117.4 121.6 125.8
2439.9 2437.6 2435.2 2432.8 2430.5
2549.0 2550.8 2552.6 2554.5 2556.3
0.382 0.396 0.409 0.423 0.437
8.155 8.120 8.086 8.051 8.016
8.537 8.516 8.495 8.474 8.453
0.001003 0.001004 0.001004 0.001004 0.001004
40.99 38.77 36.69 34.73 32.89
dharm \M-therm\C-steam.pm5
( iii )
STEAM TABLES AND MOLLIER DIAGRAM
Temp. (°C) t
Absolute pressure (bar) p
Specific enthalpy (kJ/kg) hf
hfg
31 32 33 34 35
0.0450 0.0476 0.0503 0.0532 0.0563
130.0 134.2 138.3 142.5 146.7
2428.1 2425.7 2423.4 2421.0 2418.6
36 37 38 39 40
0.0595 0.0628 0.0663 0.0700 0.0738
150.9 155.0 159.2 163.4 167.6
41 42 43 44 45
0.0779 0.0821 0.0865 0.0911 0.0959
46 47 48 49 50
Specific entropy (kJ/kg K) sf
sfg
sg
vf
vg
2558.1 2559.9 2561.7 2563.5 2565.3
0.451 0.464 0.478 0.492 0.505
7.982 7.948 7.915 7.881 7.848
8.433 8.413 8.393 8.373 8.353
0.001005 0.001005 0.001005 0.001006 0.001006
31.17 29.54 28.01 26.57 25.22
2416.2 2413.9 2411.5 2409.1 2406.7
2567.1 2568.9 2570.7 2572.5 2574.3
0.519 0.532 0.546 0.559 0.573
7.815 7.782 7.749 7.717 7.685
8.334 8.314 8.295 8.276 8.257
0.001006 0.001007 0.001007 0.001007 0.001008
23.94 22.74 21.60 20.53 19.52
171.7 175.9 180.1 184.3 188.4
2404.3 2401.9 2399.5 2397.2 2394.8
2576.0 2577.8 2579.6 2581.5 2583.2
0.586 0.599 0.612 0.626 0.639
7.652 7.621 7.589 7.557 7.526
8.238 8.220 8.201 8.183 8.165
0.001008 0.001009 0.001009 0.001010 0.001010
18.57 17.67 16.82 16.02 15.26
0.1010 0.1062 0.1118 0.1175 0.1235
192.6 196.8 201.0 205.1 209.3
2392.4 2390.0 2387.6 2385.2 2382.7
2585.0 2586.8 2588.6 2590.3 2592.1
0.652 0.665 0.678 0.691 0.704
7.495 7.464 7.433 7.403 7.372
8.147 8.129 8.111 8.094 8.076
0.001010 0.001011 0.001011 0.001012 0.001012
14.54 13.86 13.22 12.61 12.03
52 54 56 58 60
0.1363 0.1502 0.1653 0.1817 0.1994
217.7 226.0 234.4 242.8 251.1
2377.9 2373.1 2368.2 2363.4 2358.5
2595.6 2599.1 2602.6 2606.2 2609.6
0.730 0.755 0.781 0.806 0.831
7.312 7.253 7.194 7.136 7.078
8.042 8.008 7.975 7.942 7.909
0.001013 0.001014 0.001015 0.001016 0.001017
10.97 10.01 9.149 8.372 7.671
62 64 66 68 70
0.2186 0.2393 0.2617 0.2859 0.3119
259.5 267.9 276.2 284.6 293.0
2353.6 2348.7 2343.7 2338.8 2333.8
2613.1 2616.5 2619.9 2623.4 2626.8
0.856 0.881 0.906 0.930 0.955
7.022 6.965 6.910 6.855 6.800
7.878 7.846 7.816 7.785 7.755
0.001018 0.001019 0.001020 0.001022 0.001023
7.037 6.463 5.943 5.471 5.042
75 80 85 90 95 100
0.3858 0.4739 0.5783 0.7014 0.8455 1.0135
313.9 334.9 355.9 376.9 397.9 419.0
2321.4 2308.8 2296.0 2283.2 2270.2 2257.0
2635.3 2643.7 2651.9 2660.1 2668.1 2676.0
1.015 1.075 1.134 1.192 1.250 1.307
6.667 6.537 6.410 6.287 6.166 6.048
7.682 7.612 7.544 7.479 7.416 7.355
0.001026 0.001029 0.001033 0.001036 0.001040 0.001044
4.131 3.407 2.828 2.361 1.982 1.673
dharm \M-therm\C-steam.pm5
hg
Specific volume (m3/kg)
( iv )
ENGINEERING THERMODYNAMICS
TABLE II Saturated Water and Steam (Pressure) Tables Absolute pressure (bar) p
Temp. (°C)
Specific enthalpy (kJ/kg)
Specific entropy (kJ/kg K)
Specific volume (m3/kg)
ts
hf
hfg
hg
sf
sfg
sg
vf
vg
0.006113 0.010 0.015 0.020 0.025 0.030
0.01 7.0 13.0 17.0 21.1 24.1
0.01 29.3 54.7 73.5 88.5 101.0
2 501.3 2 484.9 2 470.6 2 460.0 2 451.6 2 444.5
2 501.4 2 514.2 2 525.3 2 533.5 2 540.1 2 545.5
0.000 0.106 0.196 0.261 0.312 0.355
9.156 8.870 8.632 8.463 8.331 8.223
9.156 8.976 8.828 8.724 8.643 8.578
0.0010002 0.0010000 0.0010007 0.001001 0.001002 0.001003
206.14 129.21 87.98 67.00 54.25 45.67
0.035 0.040 0.045 0.050 0.055
26.7 29.0 31.0 32.9 34.6
111.9 121.5 130.0 137.8 144.9
2 438.4 2 432.9 2 428.2 2 423.7 2 419.6
2 550.3 2 554.4 2 558.2 2 561.5 2 565.5
0.391 0.423 0.451 0.476 0.500
8.132 8.052 7.982 7.919 7.861
8.523 8.475 8.433 8.395 8.361
0.001003 0.001004 0.001005 0.001005 0.001006
39.50 34.80 31.13 28.19 25.77
0.060 0.065 0.070 0.075 0.080
36.2 37.6 39.0 40.3 41.5
151.5 157.7 163.4 168.8 173.9
2 415.9 2 412.4 2 409.1 2 406.0 2 403.1
2 567.4 2 570.1 2 572.5 2 574.8 2 577.0
0.521 0.541 0.559 0.576 0.593
7.809 7.761 7.717 7.675 7.636
8.330 8.302 8.276 8.251 8.229
0.001006 0.001007 0.001007 0.001008 0.001008
23.74 22.01 20.53 19.24 18.10
0.085 0.090 0.095 0.10
42.7 43.8 44.8 45.8
178.7 183.3 187.7 191.8
2 400.3 2 397.7 2 395.2 2 392.8
2 579.0 2 581.0 2 582.9 2 584.7
0.608 0.622 0.636 0.649
7.599 7.565 7.532 7.501
8.207 8.187 8.168 8.150
0.001009 0.001009 0.001010 0.001010
17.10 16.20 15.40 14.67
0.11 0.12 0.13 0.14
47.7 49.4 51.0 52.6
199.7 206.9 213.7 220.0
2 388.3 2 384.2 2 380.2 2 376.6
2 588.0 2 591.1 2 593.9 2 596.6
0.674 0.696 0.717 0.737
7.453 7.390 7.341 7.296
8.117 8.086 8.058 8.033
0.001011 0.001012 0.001013 0.001013
13.42 12.36 11.47 10.69
0.15 0.16 0.17 0.18 0.19
54.0 55.3 56.6 57.8 59.0
226.0 231.6 236.9 242.0 246.8
2 373.2 2 370.0 2 366.9 2 363.9 2 361.1
2 599.2 2 601.6 2 603.8 2 605.9 2 607.9
0.754 9 0.772 1 0.788 3 0.803 6 0.818 2
7.254 4 7.214 8 7.177 5 7.142 4 7.109 0
8.009 3 7.986 9 7.965 8 7.945 9 7.927 2
0.001014 0.001015 0.001015 0.001016 0.001017
10.022 9.433 8.911 8.445 8.027
0.20 0.21 0.22 0.23 0.24
60.1 61.1 62.2 63.1 64.1
251.5 255.9 260.1 264.2 268.2
2 358.4 2 355.8 2 353.3 2 350.9 2 348.6
2 609.9 2 611.7 2 613.5 2 615.2 2 616.8
0.832 1 0.845 3 0.858 1 0.870 2 0.882 0
7.077 3 7.047 2 7.018 4 6.990 8 6.964 4
7.909 4 7.892 5 7.876 4 7.861 1 7.846 4
0.001017 0.001018 0.001018 0.001019 0.001019
7.650 7.307 6.995 6.709 6.447
dharm \M-therm\C-steam.pm5
(v)
STEAM TABLES AND MOLLIER DIAGRAM
Absolute pressure (bar) p
Temp. (°C) ts
hf
hfg
hg
sf
sfg
sg
0.25 0.26 0.27 0.28 0.29
65.0 65.9 66.7 67.5 68.3
272.0 275.7 279.2 282.7 286.0
2 346.4 2 344.2 2 342.1 2 340.0 2 338.1
2 618.3 2 619.9 2 621.3 2 622.7 2 624.1
0.893 2 0.904 1 0.914 6 0.924 8 0.934 6
6.939 1 6.914 7 6.891 2 6.868 5 6.846 6
7.832 3 7.818 8 7.805 8 7.793 3 7.781 2
0.001020 0.001020 0.001021 0.001021 0.001022
6.205 5.980 5.772 5.579 5.398
0.30 0.32 0.34 0.36 0.38
69.1 70.6 72.0 73.4 74.7
289.3 295.5 301.5 307.1 312.5
2 336.1 2 332.4 2 328.9 2 325.5 2 322.3
2 625.4 2 628.0 2 630.4 2 632.6 2 634.8
0.944 1 0.962 3 0.979 5 0.995 8 1.011 3
6.825 4 6.785 0 6.747 0 6.711 1 6.677 1
7.769 5 7.747 4 7.726 5 7.707 0 7.688 4
0.001022 0.001023 0.001024 0.001025 0.001026
5.229 4.922 4.650 4.408 4.190
0.40 0.42 0.44 0.46 0.48
75.9 77.1 78.2 79.3 80.3
317.7 322.6 327.3 331.9 336.3
2 319.2 2 316.3 2 313.4 2 310.7 2 308.0
2 636.9 2 638.9 2 640.7 2 642.6 2 644.3
1.026 1 1.040 2 1.053 7 1.066 7 1.079 2
6.644 8 6.614 0 6.584 6 6.556 4 6.529 4
7.670 9 7.654 2 7.638 3 7.623 1 7.608 6
0.001026 0.001027 0.001028 0.001029 0.001029
3.993 3.815 3.652 3.503 3.367
0.50 0.55 0.60 0.65 0.70
81.3 83.7 86.0 88.0 90.0
340.6 350.6 359.9 368.6 376.8
2 305.4 2 299.3 2 293.6 2 288.3 2 283.3
2 646.0 2 649.9 2 653.6 2 656.9 2 660.1
1.091 2 1.119 4 1.145 4 1.169 6 1.192 1
6.503 5 6.442 8 6.387 3 6.336 0 6.288 3
7.594 7 7.562 3 7.532 7 7.505 5 7.480 4
0.001030 0.001032 0.001033 0.001035 0.001036
3.240 2.964 2.732 2.535 2.369
0.75 0.80 0.85 0.90 0.95
92.0 93.5 95.1 96.7 98.2
384.5 391.7 398.6 405.2 411.5
2 278.6 2 274.0 2 269.8 2 265.6 2 261.7
2 663.0 2 665.8 2 668.4 2 670.9 2 673.2
1.213 1 1.233 0 1.251 8 1.269 6 1.286 5
6.243 9 6.202 2 3.162 9 6.125 8 6.090 6
7.457 0 7.435 2 7.414 7 7.395 4 7.377 1
0.001037 0.001039 0.001040 0.001041 0.001042
2.217 2.087 1.972 1.869 1.777
1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4
99.6 102.3 104.8 107.1 109.3
417.5 428.8 439.4 449.2 458.4
2 257.9 2 250.8 2 244.1 2 237.8 2 231.9
2 675.4 2 679.6 2 683.4 2 687.0 2 690.3
1.302 7 1.333 0 1.360 9 1.386 8 1.410 9
6.057 1 5.994 7 5.937 5 5.884 7 5.835 6
7.359 8 7.327 7 7.298 4 7.271 5 7.246 5
0.001043 0.001046 0.001048 0.001050 0.001051
1.694 1.549 1.428 1.325 1.236
1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9
111.3 113.3 115.2 116.9 118.6
467.1 475.4 483.2 490.7 497.8
2 226.2 2 220.9 2 215.7 2 210.8 2 206.1
2 693.4 2 696.2 2 699.0 2 701.5 2 704.0
1.433 6 1.455 0 1.475 2 1.494 4 1.512 7
5.789 8 5.746 7 5.706 1 5.667 8 5.631 4
7.233 4 7.201 7 7.181 3 7.162 2 7.144 0
0.001053 0.001055 0.001056 0.001058 0.001060
1.159 1.091 1.031 0.977 0.929
dharm \M-therm\C-steam.pm5
Specific enthalpy (kJ/kg)
Specific entropy (kJ/kg K)
Specific volume (m 3/kg) vf
vg
( vi ) Absolute pressure (bar) p
ENGINEERING THERMODYNAMICS
Temp. (°C) ts
Specific enthalpy (kJ/kg)
Specific entropy (kJ/kg K)
Specific volume (m 3/kg)
hf
hfg
hg
sf
sfg
sg
vf
vg
2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4
120.2 121.8 123.3 124.7 126.1
504.7 511.3 517.6 523.7 529.6
2 201.6 2 197.2 2 193.0 2 188.9 2 184.9
2 706.3 2 708.5 2 710.6 2 712.6 2 714.5
1.530 1 1.546 8 1.562 7 1.578 1 1.592 9
5.596 7 5.563 7 5.532 1 5.501 9 5.472 8
7.126 8 7.110 5 7.094 9 7.080 0 7.065 7
0.001061 0.001062 0.001064 0.001065 0.001066
0.885 0.846 0.810 0.777 0.746
2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9
127.4 128.7 129.9 131.2 132.4
535.3 540.9 546.2 551.4 556.5
2 181.0 2 177.3 2 173.6 2 170.1 2 166.6
2 716.4 2 718.2 2 719.9 2 721.5 2 723.1
1.607 1 1.620 9 1.634 2 1.647 1 1.659 5
5.444 9 5.418 0 5.392 0 5.367 0 5.342 7
7.052 0 7.038 9 7.026 2 7.014 0 7.002 3
0.001068 0.001069 0.001070 0.001071 0.001072
0.718 0.693 0.668 0.646 0.625
3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4
133.5 134.6 135.7 136.8 137.8
561.4 566.2 570.9 575.5 579.9
2 163.2 2 159.9 2 156.7 2 153.5 2 150.4
2 724.7 2 726.1 2 727.6 2 729.0 2 730.3
1.671 6 1.683 4 1.694 8 1.705 9 1.716 8
5.319 3 5.296 5 5.274 4 5.253 0 5.232 2
6.990 9 6.979 9 6.969 2 6.958 9 6.948 9
0.001074 0.001075 0.001076 0.001077 0.001078
0.606 0.587 0.570 0.554 0.538
3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9
138.8 139.8 140.8 141.8 142.7
584.3 588.5 592.7 596.8 600.8
2 147.4 2 144.4 2 141.4 2 138.6 2 135.7
2 731.6 2 732.9 2 734.1 2 735.3 2 736.5
1.727 3 1.737 6 1.747 6 1.757 4 1.767 0
5.211 9 5.192 1 5.172 9 5.154 1 5.135 8
6.939 2 6.929 7 6.920 5 6.911 6 6.902 8
0.001079 0.001080 0.001081 0.001082 0.001083
0.524 0.510 0.497 0.486 0.473
4.0 4.2 4.4 4.6 4.8
143.6 145.4 147.1 148.7 150.3
604.7 612.3 619.6 626.7 633.5
2 133.0 2 127.5 2 122.3 2 117.2 2 112.2
2 737.6 2 739.8 2 741.9 2 743.9 2 745.7
1.776 4 1.794 5 1.812 0 1.828 7 1.844 8
5.117 9 5.083 4 5.050 3 5.018 6 4.988 1
6.894 3 6.877 9 6.862 3 6.847 3 6.832 9
0.001084 0.001086 0.001088 0.001089 0.001091
0.462 0.441 0.423 0.405 0.390
5.0 5.2 5.4 5.6 5.8
151.8 153.3 154.7 156.2 157.5
640.1 646.5 652.8 658.8 664.7
2 107.4 2 102.7 2 098.1 2 093.7 2 089.3
2 747.5 2 749.3 2 750.9 2 752.5 2 754.0
1.860 4 1.875 4 1.889 9 1.904 0 1.917 6
4.958 8 4.930 6 4.903 3 4.876 9 4.851 4
6.819 2 6.805 9 6.793 2 6.780 9 6.769 0
0.001093 0.001094 0.001096 0.001098 0.001099
0.375 0.361 0.348 0.337 0.326
6.0 6.2 6.4 6.6 6.8
158.8 160.1 161.4 162.6 163.8
670.4 676.0 681.5 686.8 692.0
2 085.0 2 080.9 2 076.8 2 072.7 2 068.8
2 755.5 2 756.9 2 758.2 2 759.5 2 760.8
1.930 8 1.943 7 1.956 2 1.968 4 1.980 2
4.826 7 4.802 7 4.779 4 4.756 8 4.734 8
6.757 5 6.746 4 6.735 6 6.725 2 6.715 0
0.001101 0.001102 0.001104 0.001105 0.001107
0.315 0.306 0.297 0.288 0.280
dharm \M-therm\C-steam.pm5
( vii )
STEAM TABLES AND MOLLIER DIAGRAM
Absolute pressure (bar) p
Temp. (°C)
Specific enthalpy (kJ/kg)
Specific entropy (kJ/kg K)
Specific volume (m3/kg)
ts
hf
hfg
hg
sf
sfg
sg
vf
vg
7.0 7.2 7.4 7.6 7.8
165.0 166.1 167.2 168.3 169.4
697.1 702.0 706.9 711.7 716.3
2 064.9 2 061.1 2 057.4 2 053.7 2 050.1
2 762.0 2 763.2 2 764.3 2 765.4 2 766.4
1.991 8 2.003 1 2.014 1 2.024 9 2.035 4
4.713 4 4.692 5 4.672 1 4.652 2 4.632 8
6.705 2 6.695 6 6.686 2 6.677 1 6.668 3
0.001108 0.001110 0.001111 0.001112 0.001114
0.273 0.265 0.258 0.252 0.246
8.0 8.2 8.4 8.6 8.8
170.4 171.4 172.4 173.4 174.4
720.9 725.4 729.9 734.2 738.5
2 046.5 2 043.0 2 039.6 2 036.2 2 032.8
2 767.5 2 768.5 2 769.4 2 770.4 2 771.3
2.045 7 2.055 8 2.065 7 2.075 3 2.084 8
4.613 9 4.595 3 4.577 2 4.559 4 4.542 1
6.659 6 6.651 1 6.642 9 6.634 8 6.626 9
0.001115 0.001116 0.001118 0.001119 0.001120
0.240 0.235 0.229 0.224 0.219
9.0 9.2 9.4 9.6 9.8
175.4 176.3 177.2 178.1 179.0
742.6 746.8 750.8 754.8 758.7
2 029.5 2 026.2 2 023.0 2 019.8 2 016.7
2 772.1 2 773.0 2 773.8 2 774.6 2 775.4
2.094 1 2.103 3 2.112 2 2.121 0 2.129 7
4.525 0 4.508 3 4.492 0 4.475 9 4.460 1
6.619 2 6.611 6 6.604 2 6.596 9 6.589 8
0.001121 0.001123 0.001124 0.001125 0.001126
0.215 0.210 0.206 0.202 0.198
10.0 10.5 11.0 11.5 12.0
179.9 182.0 184.1 186.0 188.0
762.6 772.0 781.1 789.9 798.4
2 013.6 2 005.9 1 998.5 1 991.3 1 984.3
2 776.2 2 778.0 2 779.7 2 781.3 2 782.7
2.138 2 2.158 8 2.178 6 2.197 7 2.216 1
4.444 6 4.407 1 4.371 1 4.336 6 4.303 3
6.582 8 6.565 9 6.549 7 6.534 2 6.519 4
0.001127 0.001130 0.001133 0.001136 0.001139
0.194 0.185 0.177 0.170 0.163
12.5 13.0 13.5 14.0 14.5
189.8 191.6 193.3 195.0 196.7
806.7 814.7 822.5 830.1 837.5
1 977.4 1 970.7 1 964.2 1 957.7 1 951.4
2 784.1 2 785.4 2 786.6 2 787.8 2 788.9
2.233 8 2.251 0 2.267 6 2.283 7 2.299 3
4.271 2 4.240 3 4.210 4 4.181 4 4.153 3
6.505 0 6.491 3 6.477 9 6.465 1 6.452 6
0.001141 0.001144 0.001146 0.001149 0.001151
0.157 0.151 0.146 0.141 0.136
15.0 15.5 16.0 16.5 17.0
198.3 199.8 201.4 202.8 204.3
844.7 851.7 858.6 865.3 871.8
1 945.2 1 939.2 1 933.2 1 927.3 1 921.5
2 789.9 2 790.8 2 791.7 2 792.6 2 793.4
2.314 5 2.329 2 2.343 6 2.357 6 2.371 3
4.126 1 4.099 6 4.073 9 4.048 9 4.024 5
6.440 6 6.428 9 6.417 5 6.406 5 6.395 7
0.001154 0.001156 0.001159 0.001161 0.001163
0.132 0.128 0.124 0.120 0.117
17.5 18.0 18.5 19.0 19.5
205.7 207.1 208.4 209.8 211.1
878.3 884.6 890.7 896.8 902.8
1 915.9 1 910.3 1 904.7 1 899.3 1 893.9
2 794.1 2 794.8 2 795.5 2 796.1 2 796.7
2.384 6 2.397 6 2.410 3 2.422 8 2.434 9
4.000 7 3.977 5 3.954 8 3.932 6 3.911 0
6.385 3 6.375 1 6.365 1 6.355 4 6.345 9
0.001166 0.001168 0.001170 0.001172 0.001174
0.113 0.110 0.107 0.105 0.102
( viii )
ENGINEERING THERMODYNAMICS
Absolute pressure (bar) p
Temp. (°C)
20.0 20.5 21.0 21.5 22.0
ts
Specific enthalpy (kJ/kg)
Specific entropy (kJ/kg K)
Specific volume (m3/kg)
hf
hfg
hg
sf
sfg
sg
vf
vg
212.4 213.6 214.8 216.1 217.2
908.6 914.3 920.0 925.5 931.0
1 888.6 1 883.4 1 878.2 1 873.1 1 868.1
2 797.2 2 797.7 2 798.2 2 798.6 2 799.1
2.446 9 2.458 5 2.470 0 2.481 2 2.492 2
3.889 8 3.869 0 3.848 7 3.828 8 3.809 3
6.336 6 6.327 6 6.318 7 6.310 0 6.301 5
0.001177 0.001179 0.001181 0.001183 0.001185
0.0995 0.0971 0.0949 0.0927 0.0907
22.5 23.0 23.5 24.0 24.5
218.4 219.5 220.7 221.8 222.9
936.3 941.6 946.8 951.9 957.0
1 863.1 1 858.2 1 853.3 1 848.5 1 843.7
2 799.4 2 799.8 2 800.1 2 800.4 2 800.7
2.503 0 2.513 6 2.524 1 2.534 3 2.544 4
3.790 1 3.771 3 3.752 8 3.734 7 3.716 8
6.293 1 6.284 9 6.276 9 6.269 0 6.261 2
0.001187 0.001189 0.001191 0.001193 0.001195
0.0887 0.0868 0.0849 0.0832 0.0815
25.0 25.5 26.0 26.5 27.0
223.9 225.0 226.0 227.1 228.1
962.0 966.9 971.7 976.5 981.2
1 839.0 1 834.3 1 829.6 1 825.1 1 820.5
2 800.9 2 801.2 2 801.4 2 801.6 2 801.7
2.554 3 2.564 0 2.573 6 2.583 1 2.592 4
3.699 3 3.682 1 3.665 1 3.648 4 3.632 0
6.253 6 6.246 1 6.238 7 6.231 5 6.224 4
0.001197 0.001199 0.001201 0.001203 0.001205
0.0799 0.0783 0.0769 0.0754 0.0740
27.5 28.0 28.5 29.0 29.5
229.1 230.0 231.0 232.0 233.0
985.9 990.5 995.0 999.5 1 004.0
1 816.0 1 811.5 1 807.1 1 802.6 1 798.3
2 801.9 2 802.0 2 802.1 2 802.2 2 802.2
2.601 6 2.610 6 2.619 5 2.628 3 2.637 0
3.615 8 3.599 8 3.584 1 3.568 6 3.553 3
6.217 3 6.210 4 6.203 6 6.196 9 6.190 2
0.001207 0.001209 0.001211 0.001213 0.001214
0.0727 0.0714 0.0701 0.0689 0.0677
30.0 30.5 31.0 31.5 32.0
233.8 234.7 235.6 236.5 237.4
1 008.4 1 012.7 1 017.0 1 021.2 1 025.4
1 793.9 1 789.6 1 785.4 1 781.1 1 776.9
2 802.3 2 802.3 2 802.3 2 802.3 2 802.3
2.645 5 2.653 9 2.662 3 2.670 5 2.678 6
3.538 2 3.523 3 3.508 7 3.494 2 3.479 9
6.183 7 6.177 2 6.170 9 6.164 7 6.158 5
0.001216 0.001218 0.001220 0.001222 0.001224
0.0666 0.0655 0.0645 0.0634 0.0624
32.5 33.0 33.5 34.0 34.5
238.3 239.2 240.0 240.9 241.7
1 029.6 1 033.7 1 037.8 1 041.8 1 045.8
1 772.7 1 768.6 1 764.4 1 760.3 1 756.3
2 802.3 2 802.3 2 802.2 2 802.1 2 802.1
2.686 6 2.694 5 2.702 3 2.710 1 2.717 7
3.465 7 3.451 8 3.438 0 3.424 4 3.410 9
6.152 3 6.146 3 6.140 3 6.134 4 6.128 6
0.001225 0.001227 0.001229 0.001231 0.001233
0.0615 0.0605 0.0596 0.0587 0.0579
35.0 35.5 36.0 36.5 37.0
242.5 243.3 244.2 245.0 245.7
1 049.8 1 053.7 1 057.6 1 061.4 1 065.2
1 752.2 1 748.2 1 744.2 1 740.2 1 736.2
2 802.0 2 801.8 2 801.7 2 801.6 2 801.4
2.725 3 2.732 7 2.740 1 2.747 4 2.754 7
3.397 6 3.384 4 3.371 4 3.358 5 3.345 8
6.122 8 6.117 1 6.111 5 6.105 9 6.100 4
0.001234 0.001236 0.001238 0.001239 0.001242
0.0570 0.0562 0.0554 0.0546 0.0539
( ix )
STEAM TABLES AND MOLLIER DIAGRAM
Absolute pressure (bar) p
Temp. (°C)
37.5 38.0 38.5 39.0 39.5
246.5 247.3 248.1 248.8 249.6
40.0 41.0 42.0 43.0 44.0
ts
Specific enthalpy (kJ/kg) hf
Specific entropy (kJ/kg K)
Specific volume (m3/kg)
hfg
hg
sf
sfg
sg
vf
vg
1 069.0 1 072.7 1 076.4 1 080.1 1 083.8
1 732.3 1 728.4 1 724.5 1 720.6 1 716.8
2 801.3 2 801.1 2 800.9 2 800.8 2 800.5
2.761 8 2.768 9 2.775 9 2.782 9 2.789 7
3.333 2 3.320 7 3.308 3 3.296 1 3.284 0
6.095 0 6.089 6 6.084 2 6.078 9 6.073 7
0.001243 0.001245 0.001247 0.001249 0.001250
0.0531 0.0524 0.0517 0.0511 0.0504
250.3 251.8 253.2 254.6 256.0
1 087.4 1 094.6 1 101.6 1 108.5 1 115.4
1 712.9 1 705.3 1 697.8 1 690.3 1 682.9
2 800.3 2 799.9 2 799.4 2 798.8 2 798.3
2.796 5 2.809 9 2.823 1 2.836 0 2.848 7
3.272 0 3.248 3 3.225 1 3.202 3 3.179 9
6.068 5 6.058 2 6.048 2 6.038 3 6.028 6
0.001252 0.001255 0.001259 0.001262 0.001266
0.0497 0.0485 0.0473 0.0461 0.0451
45.0 46.0 47.0 48.0 49.0
257.4 258.7 260.1 261.4 262.6
1 122.1 1 128.8 1 135.3 1 141.8 1 148.2
1 675.6 1 668.3 1 661.1 1 653.9 1 646.8
2 797.7 2 797.0 2 796.4 2 795.7 2 794.9
2.861 2 2.873 5 2.885 5 2.897 4 2.909 1
3.157 9 3.136 2 3.114 9 3.093 9 3.073 3
6.019 1 6.009 7 6.000 4 5.991 3 5.982 3
0.001269 0.001272 0.001276 0.001279 0.001282
0.0440 0.0430 0.0421 0.0412 0.0403
50.0 51.0 52.0 53.0 54.0
263.9 265.1 266.4 267.6 268.7
1 154.5 1 160.7 1 166.8 1 172.9 1 178.9
1 639.7 1 632.7 1 625.7 1 618.8 1 611.9
2 794.2 2 793.4 2 792.6 2 791.7 2 790.8
2.920 6 2.931 9 2.943 1 2.954 1 2.965 0
3.052 9 3.032 8 3.013 0 2.993 5 2.974 2
5.973 5 5.964 8 5.956 1 5.947 6 5.939 2
0.001286 0.001289 0.001292 0.001296 0.001299
0.0394 0.0386 0.0378 0.0371 0.0363
55.0 56.0 57.0 58.0 59.0
269.9 271.1 272.2 273.3 274.4
1 184.9 1 190.8 1 196.6 1 202.3 1 208.0
1 605.0 1 598.2 1 591.4 1 584.7 1 578.0
2 789.9 2 789.0 2 788.0 2 787.0 2 786.0
2.975 7 2.986 3 2.996 7 3.007 1 3.017 2
2.955 2 2.936 4 2.917 9 2.899 5 2.881 4
5.930 9 5.922 7 5.914 6 5.906 6 5.898 6
0.001302 0.001306 0.001309 0.001312 0.001315
0.0356 0.0349 0.0343 0.0336 0.0330
60.0 61.0 62.0 63.0 64.0
275.5 276.6 277.7 278.7 279.8
1 213.7 1 219.3 1 224.8 1 230.3 1 235.7
1 571.3 1 564.7 1 558.0 1 551.5 1 544.9
2 785.0 2 784.0 2 782.9 2 781.8 2 780.6
3.027 3 3.037 2 3.047 1 3.056 8 3.066 4
2.863 5 2.845 8 2.828 3 2.810 9 2.793 8
5.890 8 5.883 0 5.875 3 5.867 7 5.860 1
0.001318 0.001322 0.001325 0.001328 0.001332
0.0324 0.0319 0.0313 0.0308 0.0302
65.0 66.0 67.0 68.0 69.0
280.8 281.8 282.8 283.8 284.8
1 241.1 1 246.5 1 251.8 1 257.0 1 262.2
1 538.4 1 531.9 1 525.4 1 518.9 1 512.5
2 779.5 2 778.3 2 777.1 2 775.9 2 774.7
3.075 9 3.085 3 3.094 6 3.103 8 3.112 9
2.776 8 2.760 0 2.743 3 2.726 8 2.710 5
5.852 7 5.845 2 5.837 9 5.830 6 5.823 3
0.001335 0.001338 0.001341 0.001345 0.001348
0.0297 0.0292 0.0287 0.0283 0.0278
(x)
ENGINEERING THERMODYNAMICS
Absolute pressure (bar) p
Temp. (°C)
70.0 71.0 72.0 73.0 74.0
285.8 286.7 287.7 288.6 289.6
75.0 76.0 77.0 78.0 79.0
Specific enthalpy (kJ/kg)
Specific volume (m3/kg)
hfg
hg
sf
sfg
sg
1 267.4 1 272.5 1 277.6 1 282.7 1 287.7
1 506.0 1 499.6 1 493.3 1 486.9 1 480.5
2 773.5 2 772.2 2 770.9 2 769.6 2 768.3
3.121 9 3.130 8 3.139 7 3.148 4 3.157 1
2.694 3 2.678 2 2.662 3 2.646 5 2.630 9
5.816 2 5.809 0 5.802 0 5.794 9 5.788 0
0.001351 0.001355 0.001358 0.001361 0.001364
0.0274 0.0269 0.0265 0.0261 0.0257
290.5 291.4 292.3 293.2 294.1
1 292.7 1 297.6 1 302.5 1 307.4 1 312.3
1 474.2 1 467.9 1 461.6 1 455.3 1 449.1
2 766.9 2 765.5 2 764.2 2 762.8 2 761.3
3.165 7 3.174 2 3.182 7 3.191 1 3.199 4
2.615 3 2.599 9 2.584 6 2.569 5 2.554 4
5.781 0 5.774 2 5.767 3 5.760 5 5.753 8
0.001368 0.001371 0.001374 0.001378 0.001381
0.0253 0.0249 0.0246 0.0242 0.0239
80.0 81.0 82.0 83.0 84.0
294.9 295.8 296.7 297.5 298.4
1 317.1 1 321.9 1 326.6 1 331.4 1 336.1
1 442.8 1 436.6 1 430.3 1 424.1 1 417.9
2 759.9 2 758.4 2 757.0 2 755.5 2 754.0
3.207 6 3.215 8 3.223 9 3.232 0 3.239 9
2.539 5 2.524 6 2.509 9 2.495 2 2.480 7
5.747 1 5.740 4 5.733 8 5.727 2 5.720 6
0.001384 0.001387 0.001391 0.001394 0.001397
0.0235 0.0232 0.0229 0.0225 0.0222
85.0 86.0 87.0 88.0 89.0
299.2 300.1 300.9 301.7 302.5
1 340.7 1 345.4 1 350.0 1 354.6 1 359.2
1 411.7 1 405.5 1 399.3 1 393.2 1 387.0
2 752.5 2 750.9 2 749.4 2 747.8 2 746.2
3.247 9 3.255 7 3.263 6 3.271 3 3.279 0
2.466 3 2.451 9 2.437 6 2.423 5 2.409 4
5.714 1 5.707 6 5.701 2 5.694 8 5.688 4
0.001401 0.001404 0.001408 0.001411 0.001414
0.0219 0.0216 0.0213 0.0211 0.0208
90.0 91.0 92.0 93.0 94.0
303.3 304.1 304.9 305.7 306.4
1 363.7 1 368.3 1 372.8 1 377.2 1 381.7
1 380.9 1 374.7 1 368.6 1 362.5 1 356.3
2 744.6 2 743.0 2 741.4 2 739.7 2 738.0
3.286 7 3.294 3 3.301 8 3.309 3 3.316 8
2.395 3 2.381 4 2.367 6 2.353 8 2.340 1
5.682 0 5.675 7 5.669 4 5.663 1 5.656 8
0.001418 0.001421 0.001425 0.001428 0.001432
0.0205 0.0202 0.0199 0.0197 0.0194
95.0 96.0 97.0 98.0 99.0
307.2 308.0 308.7 309.4 310.2
1 386.1 1 390.6 1 395.0 1 399.3 1 403.7
1 350.2 1 344.1 1 338.0 1 331.9 1 325.8
2 736.4 2 734.7 2 733.0 2 731.2 2 729.5
3.324 2 3.331 5 3.338 8 3.346 1 3.353 4
2.326 4 2.312 9 2.299 4 2.285 9 2.272 6
5.650 6 5.644 4 5.638 2 5.632 1 5.625 9
0.001435 0.001438 0.001442 0.001445 0.001449
0.0192 0.0189 0.0187 0.0185 0.0183
100.0 102.0 104.0 106.0 108.0
311.1 312.4 313.8 315.3 316.6
1 408.0 1 416.7 1 425.2 1 433.7 1 442.2
1 319.7 1 307.5 1 295.3 1 283.1 1 270.9
2 727.7 2 724.2 2 720.5 2 716.8 2 713.1
3.360 5 3.374 8 3.388 9 3.402 9 3.416 7
2.259 3 2.232 8 2.206 6 2.180 6 2.154 8
5.619 8 5.607 6 5.595 5 5.583 5 5.571 5
0.001452 0.001459 0.001467 0.001474 0.001481
0.0181 0.0176 0.0172 0.0168 0.0164
ts
hf
Specific entropy (kJ/kg K)
vf
vg
( xi )
STEAM TABLES AND MOLLIER DIAGRAM
Absolute pressure (bar) p
Temp. (°C)
Specific enthalpy (kJ/kg)
Specific entropy (kJ/kg K)
ts
hf
hfg
hg
110.0 112.0 114.0 116.0 118.0
318.0 319.4 320.7 322.1 323.4
1 450.6 1 458.9 1 467.2 1 475.4 1 483.6
1 258.7 1 246.5 1 234.3 1 222.0 1 209.7
2 709.3 2 705.4 2 701.5 2 697.4 2 693.3
3.430 4 3.444 0 3.457 4 3.470 8 3.484 0
2.129 1 2.103 6 2.078 3 2.053 1 2.028 0
5.559 5 5.547 6 5.535 7 5.523 9 5.512 1
0.001488 0.001496 0.001504 0.001511 0.001519
0.0160 0.0157 0.0153 0.0149 0.0146
120.0 122.0 124.0 126.0 128.0
324.6 325.9 327.1 328.4 329.6
1 491.8 1 499.9 1 508.0 1 516.0 1 524.0
1 197.4 1 185.0 1 172.6 1 160.1 1 147.6
2 689.2 2 684.9 2 680.6 2 676.1 2 671.6
3.497 2 3.510 2 3.523 2 3.536 0 3.548 8
2.003 0 1.978 2 1.953 3 1.928 6 1.903 9
5.500 2 5.488 4 5.476 5 5.464 6 5.452 7
0.001527 0.001535 0.001543 0.001551 0.001559
0.0143 0.0139 0.0137 0.0134 0.0131
130.0 132.0 134.0 136.0 138.0
330.8 332.0 333.2 334.3 335.5
1 532.0 1 540.0 1 547.9 1 555.8 1 563.7
1 135.0 1 122.3 1 109.5 1 096.7 1 083.8
2 667.0 2 662.3 2 657.4 2 652.5 2 647.5
3.561 6 3.574 2 3.586 8 3.599 3 3.611 8
1.879 2 1.854 6 1.830 0 1.805 3 1.780 7
5.440 8 5.428 8 5.416 8 5.404 7 5.392 5
0.001567 0.001576 0.001584 0.001593 0.001602
0.0128 0.0125 0.0123 0.0120 0.0117
140.0 142.0 144.0 146.0 148.0
336.6 337.7 338.8 339.9 341.1
1 571.6 1 579.5 1 587.4 1 595.3 1 603.1
1 070.7 1 057.6 1 044.4 1 031.0 1 017.6
2 642.4 2 637.1 2 631.8 2 626.3 2 620.7
3.624 2 3.636 6 3.649 0 3.661 3 3.673 6
1.756 0 1.731 3 1.706 6 1.681 8 1.656 9
5.380 3 5.367 9 5.355 5 5.343 1 5.330 5
0.001611 0.001619 0.001629 0.001638 0.001648
0.0115 0.0112 0.0110 0.0108 0.0106
150.0 152.0 154.0 156.0 158.0
342.1 343.2 344.2 345.3 346.3
1 611.0 1 618.9 1 626.8 1 634.7 1 642.6
1 004.0 990.3 976.5 962.6 948.5
2 615.0 2 609.2 2 603.3 2 597.3 2 591.1
3.685 9 3.698 1 3.710 3 3.722 6 3.734 8
1.632 0 1.607 0 1.581 9 1.556 7 1.531 4
5.317 9 5.305 1 5.292 2 5.279 3 5.266 3
0.001658 0.001668 0.001678 0.001689 0.001699
0.0103 0.0101 0.00991 0.00971 0.00951
160.0 162.0 164.0 166.0 168.0
347.3 348.3 349.3 350.3 351.3
1 650.5 1 658.5 1 666.5 1 674.5 1 683.0
934.3 920.0 905.6 891.0 875.6
2 584.9 2 578.5 2 572.1 2 565.5 2 558.6
3.747 1 3.759 4 3.771 7 3.784 2 3.797 4
1.506 0 1.480 6 1.455 0 1.429 0 1.402 1
5.253 1 5.239 9 5.226 7 5.213 2 5.199 4
0.001710 0.001721 0.001733 0.001745 0.001757
0.00931 0.00911 0.00893 0.00874 0.00855
170.0 172.0 174.0 176.0 178.0
352.3 353.2 354.2 355.1 356.0
1 691.7 1 700.4 1 709.0 1 717.6 1 726.2
859.9 844.0 828.1 811.9 795.6
2 551.6 2 544.4 2 537.1 2 529.5 2 521.8
3.810 7 3.824 0 3.837 2 3.850 4 3.863 5
1.374 8 1.347 3 1.319 8 1.292 2 1.264 3
5.185 5 5.171 3 5.157 0 5.142 5 5.127 8
0.001769 0.001783 0.001796 0.001810 0.001825
0.00837 0.00819 0.00801 0.00784 0.00767
sf
sfg
Specific volume (m3/kg) sg
vf
vg
( xii ) Absolute pressure (bar) p
ENGINEERING THERMODYNAMICS
Temp. (°C) ts
Specific enthalpy (kJ/kg) hf
Specific entropy (kJ/kg K)
Specific volume (m3/kg)
hfg
hg
sf
sfg
sg
vf
vg
180.0 182.0 184.0 186.0 188.0
356.9 357.8 358.7 359.6 360.5
1 734.8 1 743.4 1 752.1 1 760.9 1 769.7
779.1 762.3 745.3 727.9 710.1
2 513.9 2 505.8 2 497.4 2 488.8 2 479.8
3.876 5 3.889 6 3.902 8 3.916 0 3.929 4
1.236 2 1.207 9 1.179 2 1.150 1 1.120 5
5.112 8 5.097 5 5.082 0 5.066 1 5.049 8
0.001840 0.001856 0.001872 0.001889 0.001907
0.00750 0.00733 0.00717 0.00701 0.00684
190.0 192.0 194.0 196.0 198.0
361.4 362.3 363.2 364.0 364.8
1 778.7 1 787.8 1 797.0 1 806.6 1 816.3
692.0 673.3 654.1 634.2 613.5
2 470.6 2 461.1 2 451.1 2 440.7 2 429.8
3.942 9 3.956 6 3.970 6 3.984 9 3.999 6
1.090 3 1.059 4 1.027 8 0.995 1 0.961 4
5.033 2 5.016 0 4.998 3 4.980 0 4.961 1
0.001926 0.001946 0.001967 0.001989 0.002012
0.00668 0.00652 0.00636 0.00620 0.00604
200.0 202.0 204.0 206.0 208.0
365.7 366.5 367.3 368.2 368.9
1 826.5 1 837.0 1 848.1 1 859.9 1 872.5
591.9 569.2 545.1 519.5 491.7
2 418.4 2 406.2 2 393.3 2 379.4 2 364.2
4.014 9 4.030 8 4.047 4 4.065 1 4.084 1
0.926 3 0.889 7 0.851 0 0.809 9 0.765 7
4.941 2 4.920 4 4.898 4 4.875 0 4.849 8
0.002037 0.002064 0.002093 0.002125 0.002161
0.00588 0.00571 0.00555 0.00538 0.00521
210.0 212.0 214.0 216.0 218.0
369.8 370.6 371.3 372.1 372.9
1 886.3 1 901.5 1 919.0 1 939.9 1 967.2
461.3 427.4 388.4 341.6 280.8
2 347.6 2 328.9 2 307.4 2 281.6 2 248.0
4.104 8 4.127 9 4.154 3 4.186 1 4.227 6
0.717 5 0.663 9 0.602 6 0.529 3 0.434 6
4.822 3 4.791 7 4.756 9 4.715 4 4.662 2
0.002201 0.002249 0.002306 0.002379 0.002483
0.00502 0.00483 0.00462 0.00439 0.00412
220.0 221.2
373.7 374.1
2 011.1 2 107.4
184.5 0.0
2 195.6 2 107.4
4.294 7 4.442 9
0.285 2 4.579 9 0.0 4.442 9
0.002671 0.003170
0.00373 0.00317
( xiii )
STEAM TABLES AND MOLLIER DIAGRAM
TABLE III Superheated Steam at Various Pressures and Temperatures ↓p (bar) (t s)
t (°C) →
50
100
150
200
250
300
400
500
0.01 (7.0)
v u h s
149.1 2445.4 2594.5 9.242
172.2 2516.4 2688.6 9.513
195.3 2588.4 2783.6 9.752
218.4 2661.6 2880.0 9.967
241.5 2736.9 2978.4 10.163
264.5 2812.2 3076.8 10.344
310.7 2969.0 3279.7 10.671
356.8 3132.4 3489.2 10.960
0.05 (32.9)
v u h s
29.78 2444.8 2593.7 8.498
34.42 2516.2 2688.1 8.770
39.04 2588.4 2783.4 9.009
48.66 2661.9 2879.9 9.225
48.28 2736.6 2977.6 9.421
52.9 2812.6 3076.7 9.602
62.13 2969.6 3279.7 9.928
71.36 3133.0 3489.2 10.218
0.1 (45.8)
v u h s
14.57 2443.9 2592.6 8.175
17.19 2515.5 2687.5 8.448
19.51 2587.9 2783.0 8.688
21.82 2661.3 2879.5 8.904
24.14 2736.0 2977.3 9.100
26.44 2812.1 3076.5 9.281
31.06 2968.9 3279.6 9.608
35.68 3132.3 3489.1 9.898
0.5 (81.3)
v u h s
34.18 2511.6 2682.5 7.695
3.889 2585.6 2780.1 7.940
43.56 2659.9 2877.7 8.158
4.821 2735.0 2976.0 8.356
5.284 2811.3 3075.5 8.537
6.209 2968.5 3278.9 8.864
7.134 3132.0 3488.7 9.155
0.75 (92.0)
v u h s
2.27 2509.2 2679.4 7.501
2.587 2584.2 2778.2 7.749
2.900 2659.0 2876.5 7.969
3.211 2734.4 2975.2 8.167
3.520 2810.9 3074.9 8.349
4.138 2968.2 3278.5 8.677
4.755 3131.8 3488.4 8.967
1.0 (99.6)
v u h s
1.696 2506.2 2676.2 7.361
1.936 2582.8 2776.4 7.613
2.172 2658.1 2875.3 7.834
2.406 2733.7 2974.3 8.033
2.639 2810.4 3074.3 8.216
3.103 2967.9 3278.2 8.544
3.565 3131.6 3488.1 8.834
1.01325 (100)
v u h s
1.912 2582.6 2776.3 7.828
2.146 2658.0 2875.2 7.827
2.375 2733.6 2974.2 8.027
2.603 2810.3 3074.2 8.209
3.062 2967.8 3278.1 8.538
3.519 3131.5 3488.0 8.828
1.5 (111.4)
v u h s
1.285 2579.8 2772.6 7.419
1.143 2656.2 2872.9 7.643
1.601 2732.5 2972.7 7.844
1.757 2809.5 3073.1 8.027
2.067 2967.3 3277.4 8.356
2.376 3131.2 3487.6 8.647
( xiv ) ↓p (bar) (t s)
ENGINEERING THERMODYNAMICS
t (°C) →
50
100
150
200
250
300
400
500
2.0 (120.2)
v u h s
0.960 2576.9 2768.8 7.279
1.080 2654.4 2870.5 7.507
1.199 2731.2 2971.0 7.709
1.316 2808.6 3071.8 7.893
1.549 2966.7 3276.6 8.222
1.781 3130.8 3487.1 8.513
2.5 (127.4)
v u h s
0.764 2574.7 2764.5 7.169
0.862 2655.7 2868.0 7.401
0.957 2734.9 2969.6 7.604
1.052 2813.8 3070.9 7.789
1.238 2973.9 3275.9 8.119
1.424 3139.6 3486.5 8.410
3.0 (133.5)
v u h s
0.634 2570.8 2761.0 7.078
0.716 2650.7 2865.6 7.311
0.796 2728.7 2967.6 7.517
0.875 2806.7 3069.3 7.702
1.031 2965.6 3275.0 8.033
1.187 3130.0 3486.1 8.325
4.0 (143.6)
v u h s
0.471 2564.5 2752.8 6.930
0.534 2646.8 2860.5 7.171
0.595 2726.1 2964.2 7.379
0.655 2804.8 3066.8 7.566
0.773 2964.4 3273.4 7.899
0.889 3129.2 3484.9 8.191
450
500
↓p (bar) (t s)
t (°C) →
200
250
300
350
400
600
5.0 (151.8)
v u h s
0.425 2642.9 2855.4 7.059
0.474 2723.5 2960.7 7.271
0.523 2802.9 3064.2 7.460
0.570 2882.6 3167.7 7.633
0.617 2963.2 3271.9 7.794
0.664 3045.3 3377.2 7.945
0.711 3128.4 3483.9 8.087
0.804 3299.6 3701.7 8.353
6.0 (158.8)
v u h s
0.352 2638.9 2850.1 6.967
0.394 2720.9 2957.2 7.182
0.434 2801.0 3061.6 7.372
0.474 2881.2 3165.7 7.546
0.514 2962.1 3270.3 7.708
0.553 3044.2 3376.0 7.859
0.592 3127.6 3482.8 8.002
0.670 3299.1 3700.9 8.267
7.0 (165.0)
v u h s
0.300 2634.8 2844.8 6.886
0.336 2718.2 2953.6 7.105
0.371 2799.1 3059.1 7.298
0.406 2879.7 3163.7 7.473
0.440 2960.9 3268.7 7.635
0.473 3043.2 3374.7 7.787
0.507 3126.8 3481.7 7.930
0.574 3298.5 3700.2 8.196
8.0 (170.4)
v u h s
0.261 2630.6 2839.3 6.816
0.293 2715.5 2950.1 7.038
0.324 2797.2 3056.5 7.233
0.354 2878.2 3161.7 7.409
0.384 2959.7 3267.1 7.572
0.414 3042.3 3373.4 7.724
0.443 3126.0 3480.6 7.867
0.502 3297.8 3699.4 8.133
( xv )
STEAM TABLES AND MOLLIER DIAGRAM
↓p (bar) (ts)
t (°C) →
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
600
9.0 (175.4)
v u h s
0.230 2626.3 2833.6 6.752
0.260 2712.7 2946.3 6.979
0.287 2795.2 3053.8 7.175
0.314 2876.7 3159.7 7.352
0.341 2958.5 3265.5 7.516
0.367 3041.3 3372.1 7.668
0.394 3125.2 3479.6 7.812
0.446 3297.3 3698.6 8.078
10.0 (179.9)
v u h s
0.206 2621.9 2827.9 6.694
0.233 2709.9 2942.6 6.925
0.258 2793.2 3051.2 7.123
0.282 2875.2 3157.8 7.301
0.307 2957.3 3263.9 7.465
0.330 3040.3 3370.7 7.618
0.354 3124.4 3478.5 7.762
0.401 3296.8 3697.9 8.029
15.0 (198.3)
v u h s
0.132 2598.8 2796.8 6.455
0.152 2695.3 2923.3 6.709
0.169 2783.1 3037.6 6.918
0.187 2867.6 3147.5 7.102
0.203 2951.3 3255.8 7.269
0.219 3035.3 3364.2 7.424
0.235 3120.3 3473.1 7.570
0.267 3293.9 3694.0 7.839
20.0 (212.4)
v u h s
0.111 2679.6 2902.5 6.545
0.125 2772.6 3023.5 6.766
0.139 2859.8 3137.0 6.956
0.151 2945.2 3247.6 7.127
0.163 3030.5 3357.5 7.285
0.176 3116.2 3467.6 7.432
0.200 3290.9 3690.1 7.702
25 (223.9)
v u h s
0.0870 2662.6 2880.1 6.408
0.0989 2761.6 3008.8 6.644
0.109 2851.9 3126.3 6.840
0.120 2939.1 3239.3 7.015
0.130 3025.5 3350.8 7.175
0.140 3112.1 3462.1 7.323
0.159 3288.0 3686.3 7.596
30 (233.8)
v u h s
0.0706 2644.0 2855.8 6.287
0.0811 2750.1 2993.5 6.539
0.0905 2843.7 3115.3 6.743
0.0994 2932.8 3230.9 6.921
0.108 3020.4 3344.0 7.083
0.116 3108.0 3456.5 7.234
0.132 3285.0 3682.3 7.509
40 (250.4)
v u h s
0.0588 2725.3 2960.7 6.362
0.0664 2826.7 3092.5 6.582
0.0734 2919.9 3213.6 6.769
0.080 3010.2 3330.3 6.936
0.0864 3099.5 3445.3 7.090
0.0989 3279.1 3674.4 7.369
50 (263.9)
v u h s
0.0453 2698.0 2924.5 6.208
0.0519 2808.7 3068.4 6.449
0.0578 2906.6 3195.7 6.646
0.0633 2999.7 3316.2 6.819
0.0686 3091.0 3433.8 6.976
0.0787 3273.0 3666.5 7.259
( xvi ) ↓p (bar) (ts)
ENGINEERING THERMODYNAMICS
t (°C) →
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
600
60 (275.5)
v u h s
0.0362 2667.2 2884.2 6.067
0.0422 2789.6 3043.0 6.333
0.0474 2892.9 3177.2 6.541
0.0521 2988.9 3301.8 6.719
0.0567 3082.2 3422.2 6.880
0.0653 3266.9 3658.4 7.168
70 (285.8)
v u h s
0.0295 2632.2 2838.4 5.931
0.0352 2769.4 3016.0 6.228
0.0399 2878.6 3158.1 6.448
0.0442 2978.0 3287.1 6.633
0.0481 3073.4 3410.3 6.798
0.0557 3260.7 3650.3 7.089
375
400
450
500
550
600
↓p (bar) (t s)
t (°C) →
350
700
80 (294.9)
v h s
0.02995 2987.3 6.130
0.03222 3066.1 6.254
0.03432 3138.3 6.363
0.03817 3272.0 6.555
0.04175 3398.3 6.724
0.04516 3521.0 6.878
0.04845 3642.0 7.021
0.05481 3882.4 7.281
90 (303.3)
v h s
0.0258 2956.6 6.036
0.02796 3041.3 6.169
0.02993 3117.8 6.285
0.03350 3256.6 6.484
0.03677 3386.1 6.658
0.03987 3511.0 6.814
0.04285 3633.7 6.959
0.04857 3876.5 7.222
100 (311.0)
v h s
0.02242 2923.4 5.944
0.02453 3015.4 6.089
0.02641 3096.5 6.212
0.02975 3240.9 6.419
0.03279 3373.7 6.597
0.03564 3500.9 6.756
0.03837 3625.3 6.903
0.04358 3870.5 7.169
110 (318.0)
v h s
0.01961 2887.3 5.853
0.02169 2988.2 6.011
0.02351 3074.3 6.142
0.02668 3224.7 6.358
0.02952 3361.0 6.540
0.03217 3490.7 6.703
0.03470 3616.9 6.851
0.03950 3864.5 7.120
120 (324.6)
v h s
0.01721 2847.7 5.760
0.01931 2958.9 5.935
0.02108 3051.3 6.075
0.02412 3208.2 6.300
0.02680 3348.2 6.487
0.02929 3480.4 6.653
0.03164 3608.3 6.804
0.03610 3858.4 7.075
130 (330.8)
v h s
0.01511 2803.3 5.663
0.01725 2927.9 5.859
0.01900 3027.2 6.009
0.02194 3191.3 6.245
0.0245 3335.2 6.437
0.02684 3469.9 6.606
0.02905 3599.7 6.759
0.03322 3852.3 7.033
140 (336.6)
v h s
0.01322 2752.6 5.559
0.01546 2894.5 5.782
0.01722 3001.9 5.945
0.02007 3174.0 6.192
0.02252 3322.0 6.390
0.02474 3459.3 6.562
0.02683 3591.1 6.712
0.03075 3846.2 6.994
150 (342.1)
v h s
0.01145 2692.4 5.442
0.01388 2858.4 5.703
0.01565 2975.5 5.881
0.01845 3156.2 6.140
0.02080 3308.6 6.344
0.02293 3448.6 6.520
0.02491 3582.3 6.679
0.02861 3840.1 6.957
( xvii )
STEAM TABLES AND MOLLIER DIAGRAM
↓p (bar) (ts)
t (°C) →
350 0.00975 2615.7 5.302
375
400
450
0.01245 2818.9 5.622
0.01426 2947.6 5.188
0.01701 3138.0 6.091
500
550
600
700
0.01930 3294.9 6.301
0.02134 3437.8 6.480
0.02323 3573.5 6.640
0.02674 3833.9 6.922
160 (347.3)
v h s
170 (352.3)
v h s
0.01117 2776.8 5.539
0.01302 2918.2 5.754
0.01575 3119.3 6.042
0.01797 3281.1 6.259
0.01993 3426.9 6.442
0.02174 3564.6 6.604
0.02509 3827.7 6.889
180 (356.9)
v h s
0.00996 2727.9 5.448
0.01190 2887.0 5.689
0.01462 3100.1 5.995
0.01678 3267.0 6.218
0.01868 3415.9 6.405
0.02042 3555.6 6.570
0.02362 3821.5 6.858
190 (361.4)
v h s
0.00881 2671.3 5.346
0.01088 2853.8 5.622
0.01361 3080.4 5.948
0.01572 3252.7 6.179
0.01756 3404.7 6.369
0.01924 3546.6 6.537
0.02231 3815.3 6.828
200 (365.7)
v h s
0.00767 2602.5 5.227
0.00994 2818.1 5.554
0.01269 3060.1 5.902
0.9477 3238.2 6.140
0.01655 3393.5 6.335
0.01818 3537.6 6.505
0.02113 3809.0 6.799
210 (369.8)
v h s
0.00645 2511.0 5.075
0.00907 2779.6 5.483
0.01186 3039.3 5.856
0.01390 3223.5 6.103
0.01564 3382.1 6.301
0.01722 3528.4 6.474
0.02006 3802.8 6.772
220 (373.7)
v h s
0.00482 2345.1 4.810
0.00825 2737.6 5.407
0.01110 3017.9 5.811
0.01312 3208.6 6.066
0.01481 3370.6 6.269
0.01634 3519.2 6.444
0.01909 3796.5 6.745
( xviii )
ENGINEERING THERMODYNAMICS
TABLE IV Supercritical Steam p(bar) t (°C) →
350
375
400
425
450
500
600
700
800
230
v h s
0.00162 1632.8 3.137
0.00221 1912.2 4.137
0.00748 2691.2 5.327
0.00915 2869.2 5.587
0.01040 2995.8 5.765
0.01239 3193.4 6.030
0.01554 0.01821 0.02063 3510.0 3790.2 4056.2 6.415 6.719 6.980
250
v h s
0.00160 1623.5 3.680
0.00197 1848.0 4.032
0.00600 2580.2 5.142
0.00788 2806.3 5.472
0.00916 2949.7 5.674
0.01112 3162.4 5.959
0.01414 0.01665 0.01891 3491.4 3775.5 4047.1 6.360 6.671 6.934
300
v h s
0.00155 1608.5 3.643
0.00179 1791.5 3.930
0.00279 2151.1 4.473
0.00530 2614.2 5.150
0.00673 2821.4 5.442
0.00868 3081.1 5.790
0.01145 0.01366 0.01562 3443.9 3745.6 4024.2 6.233 6.561 6.833
350
v h s
0.00152 1597.1 3.612
0.00110 1762.4 3.872
0.00210 1987.6 4.213
0.00343 2373.4 4.775
0.00496 2672.4 5.196
0.00693 2994.4 5.628
0.00953 0.01153 0.01328 3395.5 3713.5 4001.5 6.118 6.463 6.745
400
v h s
0.00149 1588.3 3.586
0.00164 1742.8 3.829
0.00191 1930.9 4.113
0.00253 2198.1 4.503
0.00369 2512.8 4.946
0.00562 2903.3 5.470
0.00809 0.00994 0.01152 3346.4 3681.2 3978.7 6.011 6.375 6.666
500
v h s
0.00144 1575.3 3.542
0.00156 1716.6 3.764
0.00173 1874.6 4.003
0.00201 2060.0 4.273
0.00249 2284.0 4.588
0.00389 2720.1 5.173
0.00611 0.00773 0.00908 3247.6 3616.8 3933.6 5.818 6.219 6.529
600
v h s
0.00140 1566.4 3.505
0.00150 1699.5 3.764
0.00163 1843.4 3.932
0.00182 2001.7 4.163
0.00209 2179.0 4.412
0.00296 2567.9 4.932
0.00483 0.00627 0.00746 3151.2 3553.5 3889.1 5.645 6.082 6.411
700
v h s
0.00137 1560.4 3.473
0.00146 1687.7 3.673
0.00157 1822.8 3.877
0.00171 1967.2 4.088
0.00189 2122.7 4.307
0.00247 2463.2 4.762
0.00398 0.00526 0.00632 3061.7 3492.4 3845.7 5.492 5.961 6.307
800
v h s
0.00135 1556.4 3.444
0.00142 1679.4 3.638
0.00152 1808.3 3.833
0.00163 1943.9 4.031
0.00177 2086.9 4.232
0.00219 2394.0 4.642
0.00339 0.00452 0.00548 2982.7 3434.6 3803.8 5.360 5.851 6.213
900
v h s
0.00133 1553.9 3.419
0.00139 1673.4 3.607
0.00147 1797.7 3.795
0.00157 1927.2 3.984
0.00169 2062.0 4.174
0.00201 2346.7 4.554
0.00297 0.00397 0.00484 2915.6 3381.1 3763.8 5.247 5.753 6.128
1000
v h s
0.01308 1552.7 3.396
0.00137 1669.4 3.579
0.00144 1790.0 3.762
0.00152 1914.8 3.944
0.00163 2043.8 4.126
0.00189 2312.8 4.485
0.00267 0.00355 0.00434 2859.8 3332.3 3726.1 5.151 5.664 6.050
( xix )
STEAM TABLES AND MOLLIER DIAGRAM
TABLE V Conversion Factors Force = = =
1 kg-m/sec2 0.012 kgf 9.81 N
1 bar
= = = =
750.06 mm Hg 0.9869 atm 105 N/m2 103 kg/m-sec2
1 N/m2
= = =
1 pascal 10 – 5 bar 10 – 2 kg/m-sec2
1 atm
= = =
760 mm Hg 1.03 kgf/cm2 = 1.01325 bar 1.01325 × 105 N/m2
1 joule
= = = = =
1 newton metre 1 watt-sec 2.7778 × 10 – 7 kWh 0.239 cal 0.239 × 10 – 3 kcal
1 cal
= =
4.184 joule 1.1622 × 10 – 6 kWh
1 kcal
= = =
4.184 × 103 joule 427 kgfm 1.1622 × 10 – 3 kWh
1 kWh
= = =
8.6 × 105 cal 860 kcal 3.6 × 106 joule
1 kgfm
=
FG 1 IJ kcal = 9.81 joules H 427 K
1 watt 1 h.p.
= = = = =
1 joule/sec = 0.86 kcal/h 75 mkgf/sec = 0.1757 kcal/sec 735.3 watt 1000 watts 860 kcal/h
1 newton 1 kgf Pressure
Work, Energy or Heat
Power
1 kW
( xx )
ENGINEERING THERMODYNAMICS
Specific heat 1 kcal/kg - °K
=
4.18 kJ/kg-K
= = =
0.8598 kcal/h-m-°C 1.16123 watt/m-K 1.16123 joules/s-m-K
= =
0.86 kcal/m2-h-°C 1.163 watt/m2-K
Thermal conductivity 1 watt/m-K 1 kcal/h-m-°C
Heat transfer co-efficient 1 watt/m2-K 1 kcal/m2-h-°C
IMPORTANT ENGINEERING CONSTANTS AND EXPRESSIONS IN SI UNITS Engineering constants and expressions
M.K.S. system
1. 2.
Value of g0 Universal gas constant
9.81 kg-m/kgf-sec2 848 kgf-m/kg mole-°K
3.
Gas constant (R)
29.27 kgf m/kg-°K for air
4.
Specific heats (for air)
cv = 0.17 kcal/kg-°K = 0.24 kcal/kg-°K
S.I. units
1 kg-m/N-sec2 848 × 9.81 = 8314 J/kg-mole-°K ( 3 1 kgf-m = 9.81 joules) 8314 = 287 joules/kg-K for air 29
cv = 0.17 × 4.184 = 0.71128 kJ/kg-K = 0.24 × 4.184 = 1 kJ/kg-K
5.
Flow through nozzle-exit velocity (C2)
91.5 √U where U is in kcal
44.7 √U where U is in kJ
6.
Refrigeration 1 ton
= 50 kcal/min
= 210 kJ/min
7.
Heat transfer The Stefan Boltzman Law is given by :
Q = σT4 kcal/m2-h when σ = 4.9 × 10 – 8 kcal/h-m2-°K4
Q = σT4 watts/m2-h when σ = 5.67 × 10 – 8 W/m2K4
Mollier Diagram (S.I. Units)
dharm \M-therm\C-steam.pm5
CONTENTS Table No. I
…
Page No. (ii)
1.
Saturated Water and Steam (Temperature) Tables
2.
Saturated Water and Steam (Pressure) Tables
II
…
(iv)
3.
Superheated Steam at Various Pressures and Temperatures
III
…
(xiii)
4.
Supercritical Steam
IV
…
(xviii)
5.
Conversion Factors
V
…
(xix)
SYMBOLS AND UNITS USED IN THE TABLES t
= Temperature, °C
t s = Saturation temperature, °C p
= Pressure, bar
hf = Specific enthalpy of saturated liquid, kJ/kg hfg = Specific enthalpy of evaporation (latent heat), kJ/kg h g = Specific enthalpy of saturated vapour, kJ/kg s f = Specific entropy of saturated liquid, kJ/kg K s fg = Specific entropy of evaporation, kJ/kg K s g = Specific entropy of saturated vapour, kJ/kg K v f = Specific volume of saturated liquid, m3/kg v g = Specific volume of saturated steam, m3/kg
( ii )
ENGINEERING THERMODYNAMICS
TABLE I Saturated Water and Steam (Temperature) Tables Temp. Absolute (°C) pressure (bar) t p
Specific enthalpy (kJ/kg)
Specific entropy (kJ/kg K)
hf
hfg
hg
sf
sfg
Specific volume (m3/kg) sg
vf
vg
0 0.01
0.0061 0.0061
– 0.02 0.01
2501.4 2501.3
2501.3 2501.4
– 0.0001 0.000
9.1566 9.156
9.1565 9.156
0.0010002 0.0010002
206.3 206.2
1 2 3 4 5
0.0065 0.0070 0.0076 0.0081 0.0087
4.2 8.4 12.6 16.8 21.0
2499.0 2496.7 2494.3 2491.9 2489.6
2503.2 2505.0 2506.9 2508.7 2510.6
0.015 0.031 0.046 0.061 0.076
9.115 9.073 9.032 8.990 8.950
9.130 9.104 9.077 9.051 9.026
0.0010002 0.0010001 0.0010001 0.0010001 0.0010001
192.6 179.9 168.1 157.2 147.1
6 7 8 9 10
0.0093 0.0100 0.0107 0.0115 0.0123
25.2 29.4 33.6 37.8 42.0
2487.2 2484.8 2482.5 2480.1 2477.7
2512.4 2514.2 2516.1 2517.9 2519.7
0.091 0.106 0.121 0.136 0.151
8.909 8.869 8.829 8.789 8.750
9.000 8.975 8.950 8.925 8.901
0.0010001 0.0010002 0.0010002 0.0010003 0.0010004
137.7 129.0 120.9 113.4 106.4
11 12 13 14 15
0.0131 0.0140 0.0150 0.0160 0.0170
46.2 50.4 54.6 58.8 63.0
2475.4 2473.0 2470.7 2468.3 2465.9
2521.6 2523.4 2525.3 2527.1 2528.9
0.166 0.181 0.195 0.210 0.224
8.711 8.672 8.632 8.595 8.557
8.877 8.852 8.828 8.805 8.781
0.0010004 0.0010005 0.0010007 0.0010008 0.0010009
99.86 93.78 88.12 82.85 77.93
16 17 18 19 20
0.0182 0.0194 0.0206 0.0220 0.0234
67.2 71.4 75.6 79.8 84.0
2463.6 2461.2 2458.8 2456.5 2454.1
2530.8 2532.6 2534.4 2536.3 2538.1
0.239 0.253 0.268 0.282 0.297
8.519 8.482 8.444 8.407 8.371
8.758 8.735 8.712 8.690 8.667
0.001001 0.001001 0.001001 0.001002 0.001002
73.33 69.04 65.04 61.29 57.79
21 22 23 24 25
0.0249 0.0264 0.0281 0.0298 0.0317
88.1 92.3 96.5 100.7 104.9
2451.8 2449.4 2447.0 2444.7 2442.3
2539.9 2541.7 2543.5 2545.4 2547.2
0.311 0.325 0.339 0.353 0.367
8.334 8.298 8.262 8.226 8.191
8.645 8.623 8.601 8.579 8.558
0.001002 0.001002 0.001002 0.001003 0.001003
54.51 51.45 48.57 45.88 43.36
26 27 28 29 30
0.0336 0.0357 0.0378 0.0401 0.0425
109.1 113.2 117.4 121.6 125.8
2439.9 2437.6 2435.2 2432.8 2430.5
2549.0 2550.8 2552.6 2554.5 2556.3
0.382 0.396 0.409 0.423 0.437
8.155 8.120 8.086 8.051 8.016
8.537 8.516 8.495 8.474 8.453
0.001003 0.001004 0.001004 0.001004 0.001004
40.99 38.77 36.69 34.73 32.89
dharm \M-therm\C-steam.pm5
( iii )
STEAM TABLES AND MOLLIER DIAGRAM
Temp. (°C) t
Absolute pressure (bar) p
Specific enthalpy (kJ/kg) hf
hfg
31 32 33 34 35
0.0450 0.0476 0.0503 0.0532 0.0563
130.0 134.2 138.3 142.5 146.7
2428.1 2425.7 2423.4 2421.0 2418.6
36 37 38 39 40
0.0595 0.0628 0.0663 0.0700 0.0738
150.9 155.0 159.2 163.4 167.6
41 42 43 44 45
0.0779 0.0821 0.0865 0.0911 0.0959
46 47 48 49 50
Specific entropy (kJ/kg K) sf
sfg
sg
vf
vg
2558.1 2559.9 2561.7 2563.5 2565.3
0.451 0.464 0.478 0.492 0.505
7.982 7.948 7.915 7.881 7.848
8.433 8.413 8.393 8.373 8.353
0.001005 0.001005 0.001005 0.001006 0.001006
31.17 29.54 28.01 26.57 25.22
2416.2 2413.9 2411.5 2409.1 2406.7
2567.1 2568.9 2570.7 2572.5 2574.3
0.519 0.532 0.546 0.559 0.573
7.815 7.782 7.749 7.717 7.685
8.334 8.314 8.295 8.276 8.257
0.001006 0.001007 0.001007 0.001007 0.001008
23.94 22.74 21.60 20.53 19.52
171.7 175.9 180.1 184.3 188.4
2404.3 2401.9 2399.5 2397.2 2394.8
2576.0 2577.8 2579.6 2581.5 2583.2
0.586 0.599 0.612 0.626 0.639
7.652 7.621 7.589 7.557 7.526
8.238 8.220 8.201 8.183 8.165
0.001008 0.001009 0.001009 0.001010 0.001010
18.57 17.67 16.82 16.02 15.26
0.1010 0.1062 0.1118 0.1175 0.1235
192.6 196.8 201.0 205.1 209.3
2392.4 2390.0 2387.6 2385.2 2382.7
2585.0 2586.8 2588.6 2590.3 2592.1
0.652 0.665 0.678 0.691 0.704
7.495 7.464 7.433 7.403 7.372
8.147 8.129 8.111 8.094 8.076
0.001010 0.001011 0.001011 0.001012 0.001012
14.54 13.86 13.22 12.61 12.03
52 54 56 58 60
0.1363 0.1502 0.1653 0.1817 0.1994
217.7 226.0 234.4 242.8 251.1
2377.9 2373.1 2368.2 2363.4 2358.5
2595.6 2599.1 2602.6 2606.2 2609.6
0.730 0.755 0.781 0.806 0.831
7.312 7.253 7.194 7.136 7.078
8.042 8.008 7.975 7.942 7.909
0.001013 0.001014 0.001015 0.001016 0.001017
10.97 10.01 9.149 8.372 7.671
62 64 66 68 70
0.2186 0.2393 0.2617 0.2859 0.3119
259.5 267.9 276.2 284.6 293.0
2353.6 2348.7 2343.7 2338.8 2333.8
2613.1 2616.5 2619.9 2623.4 2626.8
0.856 0.881 0.906 0.930 0.955
7.022 6.965 6.910 6.855 6.800
7.878 7.846 7.816 7.785 7.755
0.001018 0.001019 0.001020 0.001022 0.001023
7.037 6.463 5.943 5.471 5.042
75 80 85 90 95 100
0.3858 0.4739 0.5783 0.7014 0.8455 1.0135
313.9 334.9 355.9 376.9 397.9 419.0
2321.4 2308.8 2296.0 2283.2 2270.2 2257.0
2635.3 2643.7 2651.9 2660.1 2668.1 2676.0
1.015 1.075 1.134 1.192 1.250 1.307
6.667 6.537 6.410 6.287 6.166 6.048
7.682 7.612 7.544 7.479 7.416 7.355
0.001026 0.001029 0.001033 0.001036 0.001040 0.001044
4.131 3.407 2.828 2.361 1.982 1.673
dharm \M-therm\C-steam.pm5
hg
Specific volume (m3/kg)
( iv )
ENGINEERING THERMODYNAMICS
TABLE II Saturated Water and Steam (Pressure) Tables Absolute pressure (bar) p
Temp. (°C)
Specific enthalpy (kJ/kg)
Specific entropy (kJ/kg K)
Specific volume (m3/kg)
ts
hf
hfg
hg
sf
sfg
sg
vf
vg
0.006113 0.010 0.015 0.020 0.025 0.030
0.01 7.0 13.0 17.0 21.1 24.1
0.01 29.3 54.7 73.5 88.5 101.0
2 501.3 2 484.9 2 470.6 2 460.0 2 451.6 2 444.5
2 501.4 2 514.2 2 525.3 2 533.5 2 540.1 2 545.5
0.000 0.106 0.196 0.261 0.312 0.355
9.156 8.870 8.632 8.463 8.331 8.223
9.156 8.976 8.828 8.724 8.643 8.578
0.0010002 0.0010000 0.0010007 0.001001 0.001002 0.001003
206.14 129.21 87.98 67.00 54.25 45.67
0.035 0.040 0.045 0.050 0.055
26.7 29.0 31.0 32.9 34.6
111.9 121.5 130.0 137.8 144.9
2 438.4 2 432.9 2 428.2 2 423.7 2 419.6
2 550.3 2 554.4 2 558.2 2 561.5 2 565.5
0.391 0.423 0.451 0.476 0.500
8.132 8.052 7.982 7.919 7.861
8.523 8.475 8.433 8.395 8.361
0.001003 0.001004 0.001005 0.001005 0.001006
39.50 34.80 31.13 28.19 25.77
0.060 0.065 0.070 0.075 0.080
36.2 37.6 39.0 40.3 41.5
151.5 157.7 163.4 168.8 173.9
2 415.9 2 412.4 2 409.1 2 406.0 2 403.1
2 567.4 2 570.1 2 572.5 2 574.8 2 577.0
0.521 0.541 0.559 0.576 0.593
7.809 7.761 7.717 7.675 7.636
8.330 8.302 8.276 8.251 8.229
0.001006 0.001007 0.001007 0.001008 0.001008
23.74 22.01 20.53 19.24 18.10
0.085 0.090 0.095 0.10
42.7 43.8 44.8 45.8
178.7 183.3 187.7 191.8
2 400.3 2 397.7 2 395.2 2 392.8
2 579.0 2 581.0 2 582.9 2 584.7
0.608 0.622 0.636 0.649
7.599 7.565 7.532 7.501
8.207 8.187 8.168 8.150
0.001009 0.001009 0.001010 0.001010
17.10 16.20 15.40 14.67
0.11 0.12 0.13 0.14
47.7 49.4 51.0 52.6
199.7 206.9 213.7 220.0
2 388.3 2 384.2 2 380.2 2 376.6
2 588.0 2 591.1 2 593.9 2 596.6
0.674 0.696 0.717 0.737
7.453 7.390 7.341 7.296
8.117 8.086 8.058 8.033
0.001011 0.001012 0.001013 0.001013
13.42 12.36 11.47 10.69
0.15 0.16 0.17 0.18 0.19
54.0 55.3 56.6 57.8 59.0
226.0 231.6 236.9 242.0 246.8
2 373.2 2 370.0 2 366.9 2 363.9 2 361.1
2 599.2 2 601.6 2 603.8 2 605.9 2 607.9
0.754 9 0.772 1 0.788 3 0.803 6 0.818 2
7.254 4 7.214 8 7.177 5 7.142 4 7.109 0
8.009 3 7.986 9 7.965 8 7.945 9 7.927 2
0.001014 0.001015 0.001015 0.001016 0.001017
10.022 9.433 8.911 8.445 8.027
0.20 0.21 0.22 0.23 0.24
60.1 61.1 62.2 63.1 64.1
251.5 255.9 260.1 264.2 268.2
2 358.4 2 355.8 2 353.3 2 350.9 2 348.6
2 609.9 2 611.7 2 613.5 2 615.2 2 616.8
0.832 1 0.845 3 0.858 1 0.870 2 0.882 0
7.077 3 7.047 2 7.018 4 6.990 8 6.964 4
7.909 4 7.892 5 7.876 4 7.861 1 7.846 4
0.001017 0.001018 0.001018 0.001019 0.001019
7.650 7.307 6.995 6.709 6.447
dharm \M-therm\C-steam.pm5
(v)
STEAM TABLES AND MOLLIER DIAGRAM
Absolute pressure (bar) p
Temp. (°C) ts
hf
hfg
hg
sf
sfg
sg
0.25 0.26 0.27 0.28 0.29
65.0 65.9 66.7 67.5 68.3
272.0 275.7 279.2 282.7 286.0
2 346.4 2 344.2 2 342.1 2 340.0 2 338.1
2 618.3 2 619.9 2 621.3 2 622.7 2 624.1
0.893 2 0.904 1 0.914 6 0.924 8 0.934 6
6.939 1 6.914 7 6.891 2 6.868 5 6.846 6
7.832 3 7.818 8 7.805 8 7.793 3 7.781 2
0.001020 0.001020 0.001021 0.001021 0.001022
6.205 5.980 5.772 5.579 5.398
0.30 0.32 0.34 0.36 0.38
69.1 70.6 72.0 73.4 74.7
289.3 295.5 301.5 307.1 312.5
2 336.1 2 332.4 2 328.9 2 325.5 2 322.3
2 625.4 2 628.0 2 630.4 2 632.6 2 634.8
0.944 1 0.962 3 0.979 5 0.995 8 1.011 3
6.825 4 6.785 0 6.747 0 6.711 1 6.677 1
7.769 5 7.747 4 7.726 5 7.707 0 7.688 4
0.001022 0.001023 0.001024 0.001025 0.001026
5.229 4.922 4.650 4.408 4.190
0.40 0.42 0.44 0.46 0.48
75.9 77.1 78.2 79.3 80.3
317.7 322.6 327.3 331.9 336.3
2 319.2 2 316.3 2 313.4 2 310.7 2 308.0
2 636.9 2 638.9 2 640.7 2 642.6 2 644.3
1.026 1 1.040 2 1.053 7 1.066 7 1.079 2
6.644 8 6.614 0 6.584 6 6.556 4 6.529 4
7.670 9 7.654 2 7.638 3 7.623 1 7.608 6
0.001026 0.001027 0.001028 0.001029 0.001029
3.993 3.815 3.652 3.503 3.367
0.50 0.55 0.60 0.65 0.70
81.3 83.7 86.0 88.0 90.0
340.6 350.6 359.9 368.6 376.8
2 305.4 2 299.3 2 293.6 2 288.3 2 283.3
2 646.0 2 649.9 2 653.6 2 656.9 2 660.1
1.091 2 1.119 4 1.145 4 1.169 6 1.192 1
6.503 5 6.442 8 6.387 3 6.336 0 6.288 3
7.594 7 7.562 3 7.532 7 7.505 5 7.480 4
0.001030 0.001032 0.001033 0.001035 0.001036
3.240 2.964 2.732 2.535 2.369
0.75 0.80 0.85 0.90 0.95
92.0 93.5 95.1 96.7 98.2
384.5 391.7 398.6 405.2 411.5
2 278.6 2 274.0 2 269.8 2 265.6 2 261.7
2 663.0 2 665.8 2 668.4 2 670.9 2 673.2
1.213 1 1.233 0 1.251 8 1.269 6 1.286 5
6.243 9 6.202 2 3.162 9 6.125 8 6.090 6
7.457 0 7.435 2 7.414 7 7.395 4 7.377 1
0.001037 0.001039 0.001040 0.001041 0.001042
2.217 2.087 1.972 1.869 1.777
1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4
99.6 102.3 104.8 107.1 109.3
417.5 428.8 439.4 449.2 458.4
2 257.9 2 250.8 2 244.1 2 237.8 2 231.9
2 675.4 2 679.6 2 683.4 2 687.0 2 690.3
1.302 7 1.333 0 1.360 9 1.386 8 1.410 9
6.057 1 5.994 7 5.937 5 5.884 7 5.835 6
7.359 8 7.327 7 7.298 4 7.271 5 7.246 5
0.001043 0.001046 0.001048 0.001050 0.001051
1.694 1.549 1.428 1.325 1.236
1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9
111.3 113.3 115.2 116.9 118.6
467.1 475.4 483.2 490.7 497.8
2 226.2 2 220.9 2 215.7 2 210.8 2 206.1
2 693.4 2 696.2 2 699.0 2 701.5 2 704.0
1.433 6 1.455 0 1.475 2 1.494 4 1.512 7
5.789 8 5.746 7 5.706 1 5.667 8 5.631 4
7.233 4 7.201 7 7.181 3 7.162 2 7.144 0
0.001053 0.001055 0.001056 0.001058 0.001060
1.159 1.091 1.031 0.977 0.929
dharm \M-therm\C-steam.pm5
Specific enthalpy (kJ/kg)
Specific entropy (kJ/kg K)
Specific volume (m 3/kg) vf
vg
( vi ) Absolute pressure (bar) p
ENGINEERING THERMODYNAMICS
Temp. (°C) ts
Specific enthalpy (kJ/kg)
Specific entropy (kJ/kg K)
Specific volume (m 3/kg)
hf
hfg
hg
sf
sfg
sg
vf
vg
2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4
120.2 121.8 123.3 124.7 126.1
504.7 511.3 517.6 523.7 529.6
2 201.6 2 197.2 2 193.0 2 188.9 2 184.9
2 706.3 2 708.5 2 710.6 2 712.6 2 714.5
1.530 1 1.546 8 1.562 7 1.578 1 1.592 9
5.596 7 5.563 7 5.532 1 5.501 9 5.472 8
7.126 8 7.110 5 7.094 9 7.080 0 7.065 7
0.001061 0.001062 0.001064 0.001065 0.001066
0.885 0.846 0.810 0.777 0.746
2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9
127.4 128.7 129.9 131.2 132.4
535.3 540.9 546.2 551.4 556.5
2 181.0 2 177.3 2 173.6 2 170.1 2 166.6
2 716.4 2 718.2 2 719.9 2 721.5 2 723.1
1.607 1 1.620 9 1.634 2 1.647 1 1.659 5
5.444 9 5.418 0 5.392 0 5.367 0 5.342 7
7.052 0 7.038 9 7.026 2 7.014 0 7.002 3
0.001068 0.001069 0.001070 0.001071 0.001072
0.718 0.693 0.668 0.646 0.625
3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4
133.5 134.6 135.7 136.8 137.8
561.4 566.2 570.9 575.5 579.9
2 163.2 2 159.9 2 156.7 2 153.5 2 150.4
2 724.7 2 726.1 2 727.6 2 729.0 2 730.3
1.671 6 1.683 4 1.694 8 1.705 9 1.716 8
5.319 3 5.296 5 5.274 4 5.253 0 5.232 2
6.990 9 6.979 9 6.969 2 6.958 9 6.948 9
0.001074 0.001075 0.001076 0.001077 0.001078
0.606 0.587 0.570 0.554 0.538
3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9
138.8 139.8 140.8 141.8 142.7
584.3 588.5 592.7 596.8 600.8
2 147.4 2 144.4 2 141.4 2 138.6 2 135.7
2 731.6 2 732.9 2 734.1 2 735.3 2 736.5
1.727 3 1.737 6 1.747 6 1.757 4 1.767 0
5.211 9 5.192 1 5.172 9 5.154 1 5.135 8
6.939 2 6.929 7 6.920 5 6.911 6 6.902 8
0.001079 0.001080 0.001081 0.001082 0.001083
0.524 0.510 0.497 0.486 0.473
4.0 4.2 4.4 4.6 4.8
143.6 145.4 147.1 148.7 150.3
604.7 612.3 619.6 626.7 633.5
2 133.0 2 127.5 2 122.3 2 117.2 2 112.2
2 737.6 2 739.8 2 741.9 2 743.9 2 745.7
1.776 4 1.794 5 1.812 0 1.828 7 1.844 8
5.117 9 5.083 4 5.050 3 5.018 6 4.988 1
6.894 3 6.877 9 6.862 3 6.847 3 6.832 9
0.001084 0.001086 0.001088 0.001089 0.001091
0.462 0.441 0.423 0.405 0.390
5.0 5.2 5.4 5.6 5.8
151.8 153.3 154.7 156.2 157.5
640.1 646.5 652.8 658.8 664.7
2 107.4 2 102.7 2 098.1 2 093.7 2 089.3
2 747.5 2 749.3 2 750.9 2 752.5 2 754.0
1.860 4 1.875 4 1.889 9 1.904 0 1.917 6
4.958 8 4.930 6 4.903 3 4.876 9 4.851 4
6.819 2 6.805 9 6.793 2 6.780 9 6.769 0
0.001093 0.001094 0.001096 0.001098 0.001099
0.375 0.361 0.348 0.337 0.326
6.0 6.2 6.4 6.6 6.8
158.8 160.1 161.4 162.6 163.8
670.4 676.0 681.5 686.8 692.0
2 085.0 2 080.9 2 076.8 2 072.7 2 068.8
2 755.5 2 756.9 2 758.2 2 759.5 2 760.8
1.930 8 1.943 7 1.956 2 1.968 4 1.980 2
4.826 7 4.802 7 4.779 4 4.756 8 4.734 8
6.757 5 6.746 4 6.735 6 6.725 2 6.715 0
0.001101 0.001102 0.001104 0.001105 0.001107
0.315 0.306 0.297 0.288 0.280
dharm \M-therm\C-steam.pm5
( vii )
STEAM TABLES AND MOLLIER DIAGRAM
Absolute pressure (bar) p
Temp. (°C)
Specific enthalpy (kJ/kg)
Specific entropy (kJ/kg K)
Specific volume (m3/kg)
ts
hf
hfg
hg
sf
sfg
sg
vf
vg
7.0 7.2 7.4 7.6 7.8
165.0 166.1 167.2 168.3 169.4
697.1 702.0 706.9 711.7 716.3
2 064.9 2 061.1 2 057.4 2 053.7 2 050.1
2 762.0 2 763.2 2 764.3 2 765.4 2 766.4
1.991 8 2.003 1 2.014 1 2.024 9 2.035 4
4.713 4 4.692 5 4.672 1 4.652 2 4.632 8
6.705 2 6.695 6 6.686 2 6.677 1 6.668 3
0.001108 0.001110 0.001111 0.001112 0.001114
0.273 0.265 0.258 0.252 0.246
8.0 8.2 8.4 8.6 8.8
170.4 171.4 172.4 173.4 174.4
720.9 725.4 729.9 734.2 738.5
2 046.5 2 043.0 2 039.6 2 036.2 2 032.8
2 767.5 2 768.5 2 769.4 2 770.4 2 771.3
2.045 7 2.055 8 2.065 7 2.075 3 2.084 8
4.613 9 4.595 3 4.577 2 4.559 4 4.542 1
6.659 6 6.651 1 6.642 9 6.634 8 6.626 9
0.001115 0.001116 0.001118 0.001119 0.001120
0.240 0.235 0.229 0.224 0.219
9.0 9.2 9.4 9.6 9.8
175.4 176.3 177.2 178.1 179.0
742.6 746.8 750.8 754.8 758.7
2 029.5 2 026.2 2 023.0 2 019.8 2 016.7
2 772.1 2 773.0 2 773.8 2 774.6 2 775.4
2.094 1 2.103 3 2.112 2 2.121 0 2.129 7
4.525 0 4.508 3 4.492 0 4.475 9 4.460 1
6.619 2 6.611 6 6.604 2 6.596 9 6.589 8
0.001121 0.001123 0.001124 0.001125 0.001126
0.215 0.210 0.206 0.202 0.198
10.0 10.5 11.0 11.5 12.0
179.9 182.0 184.1 186.0 188.0
762.6 772.0 781.1 789.9 798.4
2 013.6 2 005.9 1 998.5 1 991.3 1 984.3
2 776.2 2 778.0 2 779.7 2 781.3 2 782.7
2.138 2 2.158 8 2.178 6 2.197 7 2.216 1
4.444 6 4.407 1 4.371 1 4.336 6 4.303 3
6.582 8 6.565 9 6.549 7 6.534 2 6.519 4
0.001127 0.001130 0.001133 0.001136 0.001139
0.194 0.185 0.177 0.170 0.163
12.5 13.0 13.5 14.0 14.5
189.8 191.6 193.3 195.0 196.7
806.7 814.7 822.5 830.1 837.5
1 977.4 1 970.7 1 964.2 1 957.7 1 951.4
2 784.1 2 785.4 2 786.6 2 787.8 2 788.9
2.233 8 2.251 0 2.267 6 2.283 7 2.299 3
4.271 2 4.240 3 4.210 4 4.181 4 4.153 3
6.505 0 6.491 3 6.477 9 6.465 1 6.452 6
0.001141 0.001144 0.001146 0.001149 0.001151
0.157 0.151 0.146 0.141 0.136
15.0 15.5 16.0 16.5 17.0
198.3 199.8 201.4 202.8 204.3
844.7 851.7 858.6 865.3 871.8
1 945.2 1 939.2 1 933.2 1 927.3 1 921.5
2 789.9 2 790.8 2 791.7 2 792.6 2 793.4
2.314 5 2.329 2 2.343 6 2.357 6 2.371 3
4.126 1 4.099 6 4.073 9 4.048 9 4.024 5
6.440 6 6.428 9 6.417 5 6.406 5 6.395 7
0.001154 0.001156 0.001159 0.001161 0.001163
0.132 0.128 0.124 0.120 0.117
17.5 18.0 18.5 19.0 19.5
205.7 207.1 208.4 209.8 211.1
878.3 884.6 890.7 896.8 902.8
1 915.9 1 910.3 1 904.7 1 899.3 1 893.9
2 794.1 2 794.8 2 795.5 2 796.1 2 796.7
2.384 6 2.397 6 2.410 3 2.422 8 2.434 9
4.000 7 3.977 5 3.954 8 3.932 6 3.911 0
6.385 3 6.375 1 6.365 1 6.355 4 6.345 9
0.001166 0.001168 0.001170 0.001172 0.001174
0.113 0.110 0.107 0.105 0.102
( viii )
ENGINEERING THERMODYNAMICS
Absolute pressure (bar) p
Temp. (°C)
20.0 20.5 21.0 21.5 22.0
ts
Specific enthalpy (kJ/kg)
Specific entropy (kJ/kg K)
Specific volume (m3/kg)
hf
hfg
hg
sf
sfg
sg
vf
vg
212.4 213.6 214.8 216.1 217.2
908.6 914.3 920.0 925.5 931.0
1 888.6 1 883.4 1 878.2 1 873.1 1 868.1
2 797.2 2 797.7 2 798.2 2 798.6 2 799.1
2.446 9 2.458 5 2.470 0 2.481 2 2.492 2
3.889 8 3.869 0 3.848 7 3.828 8 3.809 3
6.336 6 6.327 6 6.318 7 6.310 0 6.301 5
0.001177 0.001179 0.001181 0.001183 0.001185
0.0995 0.0971 0.0949 0.0927 0.0907
22.5 23.0 23.5 24.0 24.5
218.4 219.5 220.7 221.8 222.9
936.3 941.6 946.8 951.9 957.0
1 863.1 1 858.2 1 853.3 1 848.5 1 843.7
2 799.4 2 799.8 2 800.1 2 800.4 2 800.7
2.503 0 2.513 6 2.524 1 2.534 3 2.544 4
3.790 1 3.771 3 3.752 8 3.734 7 3.716 8
6.293 1 6.284 9 6.276 9 6.269 0 6.261 2
0.001187 0.001189 0.001191 0.001193 0.001195
0.0887 0.0868 0.0849 0.0832 0.0815
25.0 25.5 26.0 26.5 27.0
223.9 225.0 226.0 227.1 228.1
962.0 966.9 971.7 976.5 981.2
1 839.0 1 834.3 1 829.6 1 825.1 1 820.5
2 800.9 2 801.2 2 801.4 2 801.6 2 801.7
2.554 3 2.564 0 2.573 6 2.583 1 2.592 4
3.699 3 3.682 1 3.665 1 3.648 4 3.632 0
6.253 6 6.246 1 6.238 7 6.231 5 6.224 4
0.001197 0.001199 0.001201 0.001203 0.001205
0.0799 0.0783 0.0769 0.0754 0.0740
27.5 28.0 28.5 29.0 29.5
229.1 230.0 231.0 232.0 233.0
985.9 990.5 995.0 999.5 1 004.0
1 816.0 1 811.5 1 807.1 1 802.6 1 798.3
2 801.9 2 802.0 2 802.1 2 802.2 2 802.2
2.601 6 2.610 6 2.619 5 2.628 3 2.637 0
3.615 8 3.599 8 3.584 1 3.568 6 3.553 3
6.217 3 6.210 4 6.203 6 6.196 9 6.190 2
0.001207 0.001209 0.001211 0.001213 0.001214
0.0727 0.0714 0.0701 0.0689 0.0677
30.0 30.5 31.0 31.5 32.0
233.8 234.7 235.6 236.5 237.4
1 008.4 1 012.7 1 017.0 1 021.2 1 025.4
1 793.9 1 789.6 1 785.4 1 781.1 1 776.9
2 802.3 2 802.3 2 802.3 2 802.3 2 802.3
2.645 5 2.653 9 2.662 3 2.670 5 2.678 6
3.538 2 3.523 3 3.508 7 3.494 2 3.479 9
6.183 7 6.177 2 6.170 9 6.164 7 6.158 5
0.001216 0.001218 0.001220 0.001222 0.001224
0.0666 0.0655 0.0645 0.0634 0.0624
32.5 33.0 33.5 34.0 34.5
238.3 239.2 240.0 240.9 241.7
1 029.6 1 033.7 1 037.8 1 041.8 1 045.8
1 772.7 1 768.6 1 764.4 1 760.3 1 756.3
2 802.3 2 802.3 2 802.2 2 802.1 2 802.1
2.686 6 2.694 5 2.702 3 2.710 1 2.717 7
3.465 7 3.451 8 3.438 0 3.424 4 3.410 9
6.152 3 6.146 3 6.140 3 6.134 4 6.128 6
0.001225 0.001227 0.001229 0.001231 0.001233
0.0615 0.0605 0.0596 0.0587 0.0579
35.0 35.5 36.0 36.5 37.0
242.5 243.3 244.2 245.0 245.7
1 049.8 1 053.7 1 057.6 1 061.4 1 065.2
1 752.2 1 748.2 1 744.2 1 740.2 1 736.2
2 802.0 2 801.8 2 801.7 2 801.6 2 801.4
2.725 3 2.732 7 2.740 1 2.747 4 2.754 7
3.397 6 3.384 4 3.371 4 3.358 5 3.345 8
6.122 8 6.117 1 6.111 5 6.105 9 6.100 4
0.001234 0.001236 0.001238 0.001239 0.001242
0.0570 0.0562 0.0554 0.0546 0.0539
( ix )
STEAM TABLES AND MOLLIER DIAGRAM
Absolute pressure (bar) p
Temp. (°C)
37.5 38.0 38.5 39.0 39.5
246.5 247.3 248.1 248.8 249.6
40.0 41.0 42.0 43.0 44.0
ts
Specific enthalpy (kJ/kg) hf
Specific entropy (kJ/kg K)
Specific volume (m3/kg)
hfg
hg
sf
sfg
sg
vf
vg
1 069.0 1 072.7 1 076.4 1 080.1 1 083.8
1 732.3 1 728.4 1 724.5 1 720.6 1 716.8
2 801.3 2 801.1 2 800.9 2 800.8 2 800.5
2.761 8 2.768 9 2.775 9 2.782 9 2.789 7
3.333 2 3.320 7 3.308 3 3.296 1 3.284 0
6.095 0 6.089 6 6.084 2 6.078 9 6.073 7
0.001243 0.001245 0.001247 0.001249 0.001250
0.0531 0.0524 0.0517 0.0511 0.0504
250.3 251.8 253.2 254.6 256.0
1 087.4 1 094.6 1 101.6 1 108.5 1 115.4
1 712.9 1 705.3 1 697.8 1 690.3 1 682.9
2 800.3 2 799.9 2 799.4 2 798.8 2 798.3
2.796 5 2.809 9 2.823 1 2.836 0 2.848 7
3.272 0 3.248 3 3.225 1 3.202 3 3.179 9
6.068 5 6.058 2 6.048 2 6.038 3 6.028 6
0.001252 0.001255 0.001259 0.001262 0.001266
0.0497 0.0485 0.0473 0.0461 0.0451
45.0 46.0 47.0 48.0 49.0
257.4 258.7 260.1 261.4 262.6
1 122.1 1 128.8 1 135.3 1 141.8 1 148.2
1 675.6 1 668.3 1 661.1 1 653.9 1 646.8
2 797.7 2 797.0 2 796.4 2 795.7 2 794.9
2.861 2 2.873 5 2.885 5 2.897 4 2.909 1
3.157 9 3.136 2 3.114 9 3.093 9 3.073 3
6.019 1 6.009 7 6.000 4 5.991 3 5.982 3
0.001269 0.001272 0.001276 0.001279 0.001282
0.0440 0.0430 0.0421 0.0412 0.0403
50.0 51.0 52.0 53.0 54.0
263.9 265.1 266.4 267.6 268.7
1 154.5 1 160.7 1 166.8 1 172.9 1 178.9
1 639.7 1 632.7 1 625.7 1 618.8 1 611.9
2 794.2 2 793.4 2 792.6 2 791.7 2 790.8
2.920 6 2.931 9 2.943 1 2.954 1 2.965 0
3.052 9 3.032 8 3.013 0 2.993 5 2.974 2
5.973 5 5.964 8 5.956 1 5.947 6 5.939 2
0.001286 0.001289 0.001292 0.001296 0.001299
0.0394 0.0386 0.0378 0.0371 0.0363
55.0 56.0 57.0 58.0 59.0
269.9 271.1 272.2 273.3 274.4
1 184.9 1 190.8 1 196.6 1 202.3 1 208.0
1 605.0 1 598.2 1 591.4 1 584.7 1 578.0
2 789.9 2 789.0 2 788.0 2 787.0 2 786.0
2.975 7 2.986 3 2.996 7 3.007 1 3.017 2
2.955 2 2.936 4 2.917 9 2.899 5 2.881 4
5.930 9 5.922 7 5.914 6 5.906 6 5.898 6
0.001302 0.001306 0.001309 0.001312 0.001315
0.0356 0.0349 0.0343 0.0336 0.0330
60.0 61.0 62.0 63.0 64.0
275.5 276.6 277.7 278.7 279.8
1 213.7 1 219.3 1 224.8 1 230.3 1 235.7
1 571.3 1 564.7 1 558.0 1 551.5 1 544.9
2 785.0 2 784.0 2 782.9 2 781.8 2 780.6
3.027 3 3.037 2 3.047 1 3.056 8 3.066 4
2.863 5 2.845 8 2.828 3 2.810 9 2.793 8
5.890 8 5.883 0 5.875 3 5.867 7 5.860 1
0.001318 0.001322 0.001325 0.001328 0.001332
0.0324 0.0319 0.0313 0.0308 0.0302
65.0 66.0 67.0 68.0 69.0
280.8 281.8 282.8 283.8 284.8
1 241.1 1 246.5 1 251.8 1 257.0 1 262.2
1 538.4 1 531.9 1 525.4 1 518.9 1 512.5
2 779.5 2 778.3 2 777.1 2 775.9 2 774.7
3.075 9 3.085 3 3.094 6 3.103 8 3.112 9
2.776 8 2.760 0 2.743 3 2.726 8 2.710 5
5.852 7 5.845 2 5.837 9 5.830 6 5.823 3
0.001335 0.001338 0.001341 0.001345 0.001348
0.0297 0.0292 0.0287 0.0283 0.0278
(x)
ENGINEERING THERMODYNAMICS
Absolute pressure (bar) p
Temp. (°C)
70.0 71.0 72.0 73.0 74.0
285.8 286.7 287.7 288.6 289.6
75.0 76.0 77.0 78.0 79.0
Specific enthalpy (kJ/kg)
Specific volume (m3/kg)
hfg
hg
sf
sfg
sg
1 267.4 1 272.5 1 277.6 1 282.7 1 287.7
1 506.0 1 499.6 1 493.3 1 486.9 1 480.5
2 773.5 2 772.2 2 770.9 2 769.6 2 768.3
3.121 9 3.130 8 3.139 7 3.148 4 3.157 1
2.694 3 2.678 2 2.662 3 2.646 5 2.630 9
5.816 2 5.809 0 5.802 0 5.794 9 5.788 0
0.001351 0.001355 0.001358 0.001361 0.001364
0.0274 0.0269 0.0265 0.0261 0.0257
290.5 291.4 292.3 293.2 294.1
1 292.7 1 297.6 1 302.5 1 307.4 1 312.3
1 474.2 1 467.9 1 461.6 1 455.3 1 449.1
2 766.9 2 765.5 2 764.2 2 762.8 2 761.3
3.165 7 3.174 2 3.182 7 3.191 1 3.199 4
2.615 3 2.599 9 2.584 6 2.569 5 2.554 4
5.781 0 5.774 2 5.767 3 5.760 5 5.753 8
0.001368 0.001371 0.001374 0.001378 0.001381
0.0253 0.0249 0.0246 0.0242 0.0239
80.0 81.0 82.0 83.0 84.0
294.9 295.8 296.7 297.5 298.4
1 317.1 1 321.9 1 326.6 1 331.4 1 336.1
1 442.8 1 436.6 1 430.3 1 424.1 1 417.9
2 759.9 2 758.4 2 757.0 2 755.5 2 754.0
3.207 6 3.215 8 3.223 9 3.232 0 3.239 9
2.539 5 2.524 6 2.509 9 2.495 2 2.480 7
5.747 1 5.740 4 5.733 8 5.727 2 5.720 6
0.001384 0.001387 0.001391 0.001394 0.001397
0.0235 0.0232 0.0229 0.0225 0.0222
85.0 86.0 87.0 88.0 89.0
299.2 300.1 300.9 301.7 302.5
1 340.7 1 345.4 1 350.0 1 354.6 1 359.2
1 411.7 1 405.5 1 399.3 1 393.2 1 387.0
2 752.5 2 750.9 2 749.4 2 747.8 2 746.2
3.247 9 3.255 7 3.263 6 3.271 3 3.279 0
2.466 3 2.451 9 2.437 6 2.423 5 2.409 4
5.714 1 5.707 6 5.701 2 5.694 8 5.688 4
0.001401 0.001404 0.001408 0.001411 0.001414
0.0219 0.0216 0.0213 0.0211 0.0208
90.0 91.0 92.0 93.0 94.0
303.3 304.1 304.9 305.7 306.4
1 363.7 1 368.3 1 372.8 1 377.2 1 381.7
1 380.9 1 374.7 1 368.6 1 362.5 1 356.3
2 744.6 2 743.0 2 741.4 2 739.7 2 738.0
3.286 7 3.294 3 3.301 8 3.309 3 3.316 8
2.395 3 2.381 4 2.367 6 2.353 8 2.340 1
5.682 0 5.675 7 5.669 4 5.663 1 5.656 8
0.001418 0.001421 0.001425 0.001428 0.001432
0.0205 0.0202 0.0199 0.0197 0.0194
95.0 96.0 97.0 98.0 99.0
307.2 308.0 308.7 309.4 310.2
1 386.1 1 390.6 1 395.0 1 399.3 1 403.7
1 350.2 1 344.1 1 338.0 1 331.9 1 325.8
2 736.4 2 734.7 2 733.0 2 731.2 2 729.5
3.324 2 3.331 5 3.338 8 3.346 1 3.353 4
2.326 4 2.312 9 2.299 4 2.285 9 2.272 6
5.650 6 5.644 4 5.638 2 5.632 1 5.625 9
0.001435 0.001438 0.001442 0.001445 0.001449
0.0192 0.0189 0.0187 0.0185 0.0183
100.0 102.0 104.0 106.0 108.0
311.1 312.4 313.8 315.3 316.6
1 408.0 1 416.7 1 425.2 1 433.7 1 442.2
1 319.7 1 307.5 1 295.3 1 283.1 1 270.9
2 727.7 2 724.2 2 720.5 2 716.8 2 713.1
3.360 5 3.374 8 3.388 9 3.402 9 3.416 7
2.259 3 2.232 8 2.206 6 2.180 6 2.154 8
5.619 8 5.607 6 5.595 5 5.583 5 5.571 5
0.001452 0.001459 0.001467 0.001474 0.001481
0.0181 0.0176 0.0172 0.0168 0.0164
ts
hf
Specific entropy (kJ/kg K)
vf
vg
( xi )
STEAM TABLES AND MOLLIER DIAGRAM
Absolute pressure (bar) p
Temp. (°C)
Specific enthalpy (kJ/kg)
Specific entropy (kJ/kg K)
ts
hf
hfg
hg
110.0 112.0 114.0 116.0 118.0
318.0 319.4 320.7 322.1 323.4
1 450.6 1 458.9 1 467.2 1 475.4 1 483.6
1 258.7 1 246.5 1 234.3 1 222.0 1 209.7
2 709.3 2 705.4 2 701.5 2 697.4 2 693.3
3.430 4 3.444 0 3.457 4 3.470 8 3.484 0
2.129 1 2.103 6 2.078 3 2.053 1 2.028 0
5.559 5 5.547 6 5.535 7 5.523 9 5.512 1
0.001488 0.001496 0.001504 0.001511 0.001519
0.0160 0.0157 0.0153 0.0149 0.0146
120.0 122.0 124.0 126.0 128.0
324.6 325.9 327.1 328.4 329.6
1 491.8 1 499.9 1 508.0 1 516.0 1 524.0
1 197.4 1 185.0 1 172.6 1 160.1 1 147.6
2 689.2 2 684.9 2 680.6 2 676.1 2 671.6
3.497 2 3.510 2 3.523 2 3.536 0 3.548 8
2.003 0 1.978 2 1.953 3 1.928 6 1.903 9
5.500 2 5.488 4 5.476 5 5.464 6 5.452 7
0.001527 0.001535 0.001543 0.001551 0.001559
0.0143 0.0139 0.0137 0.0134 0.0131
130.0 132.0 134.0 136.0 138.0
330.8 332.0 333.2 334.3 335.5
1 532.0 1 540.0 1 547.9 1 555.8 1 563.7
1 135.0 1 122.3 1 109.5 1 096.7 1 083.8
2 667.0 2 662.3 2 657.4 2 652.5 2 647.5
3.561 6 3.574 2 3.586 8 3.599 3 3.611 8
1.879 2 1.854 6 1.830 0 1.805 3 1.780 7
5.440 8 5.428 8 5.416 8 5.404 7 5.392 5
0.001567 0.001576 0.001584 0.001593 0.001602
0.0128 0.0125 0.0123 0.0120 0.0117
140.0 142.0 144.0 146.0 148.0
336.6 337.7 338.8 339.9 341.1
1 571.6 1 579.5 1 587.4 1 595.3 1 603.1
1 070.7 1 057.6 1 044.4 1 031.0 1 017.6
2 642.4 2 637.1 2 631.8 2 626.3 2 620.7
3.624 2 3.636 6 3.649 0 3.661 3 3.673 6
1.756 0 1.731 3 1.706 6 1.681 8 1.656 9
5.380 3 5.367 9 5.355 5 5.343 1 5.330 5
0.001611 0.001619 0.001629 0.001638 0.001648
0.0115 0.0112 0.0110 0.0108 0.0106
150.0 152.0 154.0 156.0 158.0
342.1 343.2 344.2 345.3 346.3
1 611.0 1 618.9 1 626.8 1 634.7 1 642.6
1 004.0 990.3 976.5 962.6 948.5
2 615.0 2 609.2 2 603.3 2 597.3 2 591.1
3.685 9 3.698 1 3.710 3 3.722 6 3.734 8
1.632 0 1.607 0 1.581 9 1.556 7 1.531 4
5.317 9 5.305 1 5.292 2 5.279 3 5.266 3
0.001658 0.001668 0.001678 0.001689 0.001699
0.0103 0.0101 0.00991 0.00971 0.00951
160.0 162.0 164.0 166.0 168.0
347.3 348.3 349.3 350.3 351.3
1 650.5 1 658.5 1 666.5 1 674.5 1 683.0
934.3 920.0 905.6 891.0 875.6
2 584.9 2 578.5 2 572.1 2 565.5 2 558.6
3.747 1 3.759 4 3.771 7 3.784 2 3.797 4
1.506 0 1.480 6 1.455 0 1.429 0 1.402 1
5.253 1 5.239 9 5.226 7 5.213 2 5.199 4
0.001710 0.001721 0.001733 0.001745 0.001757
0.00931 0.00911 0.00893 0.00874 0.00855
170.0 172.0 174.0 176.0 178.0
352.3 353.2 354.2 355.1 356.0
1 691.7 1 700.4 1 709.0 1 717.6 1 726.2
859.9 844.0 828.1 811.9 795.6
2 551.6 2 544.4 2 537.1 2 529.5 2 521.8
3.810 7 3.824 0 3.837 2 3.850 4 3.863 5
1.374 8 1.347 3 1.319 8 1.292 2 1.264 3
5.185 5 5.171 3 5.157 0 5.142 5 5.127 8
0.001769 0.001783 0.001796 0.001810 0.001825
0.00837 0.00819 0.00801 0.00784 0.00767
sf
sfg
Specific volume (m3/kg) sg
vf
vg
( xii ) Absolute pressure (bar) p
ENGINEERING THERMODYNAMICS
Temp. (°C) ts
Specific enthalpy (kJ/kg) hf
Specific entropy (kJ/kg K)
Specific volume (m3/kg)
hfg
hg
sf
sfg
sg
vf
vg
180.0 182.0 184.0 186.0 188.0
356.9 357.8 358.7 359.6 360.5
1 734.8 1 743.4 1 752.1 1 760.9 1 769.7
779.1 762.3 745.3 727.9 710.1
2 513.9 2 505.8 2 497.4 2 488.8 2 479.8
3.876 5 3.889 6 3.902 8 3.916 0 3.929 4
1.236 2 1.207 9 1.179 2 1.150 1 1.120 5
5.112 8 5.097 5 5.082 0 5.066 1 5.049 8
0.001840 0.001856 0.001872 0.001889 0.001907
0.00750 0.00733 0.00717 0.00701 0.00684
190.0 192.0 194.0 196.0 198.0
361.4 362.3 363.2 364.0 364.8
1 778.7 1 787.8 1 797.0 1 806.6 1 816.3
692.0 673.3 654.1 634.2 613.5
2 470.6 2 461.1 2 451.1 2 440.7 2 429.8
3.942 9 3.956 6 3.970 6 3.984 9 3.999 6
1.090 3 1.059 4 1.027 8 0.995 1 0.961 4
5.033 2 5.016 0 4.998 3 4.980 0 4.961 1
0.001926 0.001946 0.001967 0.001989 0.002012
0.00668 0.00652 0.00636 0.00620 0.00604
200.0 202.0 204.0 206.0 208.0
365.7 366.5 367.3 368.2 368.9
1 826.5 1 837.0 1 848.1 1 859.9 1 872.5
591.9 569.2 545.1 519.5 491.7
2 418.4 2 406.2 2 393.3 2 379.4 2 364.2
4.014 9 4.030 8 4.047 4 4.065 1 4.084 1
0.926 3 0.889 7 0.851 0 0.809 9 0.765 7
4.941 2 4.920 4 4.898 4 4.875 0 4.849 8
0.002037 0.002064 0.002093 0.002125 0.002161
0.00588 0.00571 0.00555 0.00538 0.00521
210.0 212.0 214.0 216.0 218.0
369.8 370.6 371.3 372.1 372.9
1 886.3 1 901.5 1 919.0 1 939.9 1 967.2
461.3 427.4 388.4 341.6 280.8
2 347.6 2 328.9 2 307.4 2 281.6 2 248.0
4.104 8 4.127 9 4.154 3 4.186 1 4.227 6
0.717 5 0.663 9 0.602 6 0.529 3 0.434 6
4.822 3 4.791 7 4.756 9 4.715 4 4.662 2
0.002201 0.002249 0.002306 0.002379 0.002483
0.00502 0.00483 0.00462 0.00439 0.00412
220.0 221.2
373.7 374.1
2 011.1 2 107.4
184.5 0.0
2 195.6 2 107.4
4.294 7 4.442 9
0.285 2 4.579 9 0.0 4.442 9
0.002671 0.003170
0.00373 0.00317
( xiii )
STEAM TABLES AND MOLLIER DIAGRAM
TABLE III Superheated Steam at Various Pressures and Temperatures ↓p (bar) (t s)
t (°C) →
50
100
150
200
250
300
400
500
0.01 (7.0)
v u h s
149.1 2445.4 2594.5 9.242
172.2 2516.4 2688.6 9.513
195.3 2588.4 2783.6 9.752
218.4 2661.6 2880.0 9.967
241.5 2736.9 2978.4 10.163
264.5 2812.2 3076.8 10.344
310.7 2969.0 3279.7 10.671
356.8 3132.4 3489.2 10.960
0.05 (32.9)
v u h s
29.78 2444.8 2593.7 8.498
34.42 2516.2 2688.1 8.770
39.04 2588.4 2783.4 9.009
48.66 2661.9 2879.9 9.225
48.28 2736.6 2977.6 9.421
52.9 2812.6 3076.7 9.602
62.13 2969.6 3279.7 9.928
71.36 3133.0 3489.2 10.218
0.1 (45.8)
v u h s
14.57 2443.9 2592.6 8.175
17.19 2515.5 2687.5 8.448
19.51 2587.9 2783.0 8.688
21.82 2661.3 2879.5 8.904
24.14 2736.0 2977.3 9.100
26.44 2812.1 3076.5 9.281
31.06 2968.9 3279.6 9.608
35.68 3132.3 3489.1 9.898
0.5 (81.3)
v u h s
34.18 2511.6 2682.5 7.695
3.889 2585.6 2780.1 7.940
43.56 2659.9 2877.7 8.158
4.821 2735.0 2976.0 8.356
5.284 2811.3 3075.5 8.537
6.209 2968.5 3278.9 8.864
7.134 3132.0 3488.7 9.155
0.75 (92.0)
v u h s
2.27 2509.2 2679.4 7.501
2.587 2584.2 2778.2 7.749
2.900 2659.0 2876.5 7.969
3.211 2734.4 2975.2 8.167
3.520 2810.9 3074.9 8.349
4.138 2968.2 3278.5 8.677
4.755 3131.8 3488.4 8.967
1.0 (99.6)
v u h s
1.696 2506.2 2676.2 7.361
1.936 2582.8 2776.4 7.613
2.172 2658.1 2875.3 7.834
2.406 2733.7 2974.3 8.033
2.639 2810.4 3074.3 8.216
3.103 2967.9 3278.2 8.544
3.565 3131.6 3488.1 8.834
1.01325 (100)
v u h s
1.912 2582.6 2776.3 7.828
2.146 2658.0 2875.2 7.827
2.375 2733.6 2974.2 8.027
2.603 2810.3 3074.2 8.209
3.062 2967.8 3278.1 8.538
3.519 3131.5 3488.0 8.828
1.5 (111.4)
v u h s
1.285 2579.8 2772.6 7.419
1.143 2656.2 2872.9 7.643
1.601 2732.5 2972.7 7.844
1.757 2809.5 3073.1 8.027
2.067 2967.3 3277.4 8.356
2.376 3131.2 3487.6 8.647
( xiv ) ↓p (bar) (t s)
ENGINEERING THERMODYNAMICS
t (°C) →
50
100
150
200
250
300
400
500
2.0 (120.2)
v u h s
0.960 2576.9 2768.8 7.279
1.080 2654.4 2870.5 7.507
1.199 2731.2 2971.0 7.709
1.316 2808.6 3071.8 7.893
1.549 2966.7 3276.6 8.222
1.781 3130.8 3487.1 8.513
2.5 (127.4)
v u h s
0.764 2574.7 2764.5 7.169
0.862 2655.7 2868.0 7.401
0.957 2734.9 2969.6 7.604
1.052 2813.8 3070.9 7.789
1.238 2973.9 3275.9 8.119
1.424 3139.6 3486.5 8.410
3.0 (133.5)
v u h s
0.634 2570.8 2761.0 7.078
0.716 2650.7 2865.6 7.311
0.796 2728.7 2967.6 7.517
0.875 2806.7 3069.3 7.702
1.031 2965.6 3275.0 8.033
1.187 3130.0 3486.1 8.325
4.0 (143.6)
v u h s
0.471 2564.5 2752.8 6.930
0.534 2646.8 2860.5 7.171
0.595 2726.1 2964.2 7.379
0.655 2804.8 3066.8 7.566
0.773 2964.4 3273.4 7.899
0.889 3129.2 3484.9 8.191
450
500
↓p (bar) (t s)
t (°C) →
200
250
300
350
400
600
5.0 (151.8)
v u h s
0.425 2642.9 2855.4 7.059
0.474 2723.5 2960.7 7.271
0.523 2802.9 3064.2 7.460
0.570 2882.6 3167.7 7.633
0.617 2963.2 3271.9 7.794
0.664 3045.3 3377.2 7.945
0.711 3128.4 3483.9 8.087
0.804 3299.6 3701.7 8.353
6.0 (158.8)
v u h s
0.352 2638.9 2850.1 6.967
0.394 2720.9 2957.2 7.182
0.434 2801.0 3061.6 7.372
0.474 2881.2 3165.7 7.546
0.514 2962.1 3270.3 7.708
0.553 3044.2 3376.0 7.859
0.592 3127.6 3482.8 8.002
0.670 3299.1 3700.9 8.267
7.0 (165.0)
v u h s
0.300 2634.8 2844.8 6.886
0.336 2718.2 2953.6 7.105
0.371 2799.1 3059.1 7.298
0.406 2879.7 3163.7 7.473
0.440 2960.9 3268.7 7.635
0.473 3043.2 3374.7 7.787
0.507 3126.8 3481.7 7.930
0.574 3298.5 3700.2 8.196
8.0 (170.4)
v u h s
0.261 2630.6 2839.3 6.816
0.293 2715.5 2950.1 7.038
0.324 2797.2 3056.5 7.233
0.354 2878.2 3161.7 7.409
0.384 2959.7 3267.1 7.572
0.414 3042.3 3373.4 7.724
0.443 3126.0 3480.6 7.867
0.502 3297.8 3699.4 8.133
( xv )
STEAM TABLES AND MOLLIER DIAGRAM
↓p (bar) (ts)
t (°C) →
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
600
9.0 (175.4)
v u h s
0.230 2626.3 2833.6 6.752
0.260 2712.7 2946.3 6.979
0.287 2795.2 3053.8 7.175
0.314 2876.7 3159.7 7.352
0.341 2958.5 3265.5 7.516
0.367 3041.3 3372.1 7.668
0.394 3125.2 3479.6 7.812
0.446 3297.3 3698.6 8.078
10.0 (179.9)
v u h s
0.206 2621.9 2827.9 6.694
0.233 2709.9 2942.6 6.925
0.258 2793.2 3051.2 7.123
0.282 2875.2 3157.8 7.301
0.307 2957.3 3263.9 7.465
0.330 3040.3 3370.7 7.618
0.354 3124.4 3478.5 7.762
0.401 3296.8 3697.9 8.029
15.0 (198.3)
v u h s
0.132 2598.8 2796.8 6.455
0.152 2695.3 2923.3 6.709
0.169 2783.1 3037.6 6.918
0.187 2867.6 3147.5 7.102
0.203 2951.3 3255.8 7.269
0.219 3035.3 3364.2 7.424
0.235 3120.3 3473.1 7.570
0.267 3293.9 3694.0 7.839
20.0 (212.4)
v u h s
0.111 2679.6 2902.5 6.545
0.125 2772.6 3023.5 6.766
0.139 2859.8 3137.0 6.956
0.151 2945.2 3247.6 7.127
0.163 3030.5 3357.5 7.285
0.176 3116.2 3467.6 7.432
0.200 3290.9 3690.1 7.702
25 (223.9)
v u h s
0.0870 2662.6 2880.1 6.408
0.0989 2761.6 3008.8 6.644
0.109 2851.9 3126.3 6.840
0.120 2939.1 3239.3 7.015
0.130 3025.5 3350.8 7.175
0.140 3112.1 3462.1 7.323
0.159 3288.0 3686.3 7.596
30 (233.8)
v u h s
0.0706 2644.0 2855.8 6.287
0.0811 2750.1 2993.5 6.539
0.0905 2843.7 3115.3 6.743
0.0994 2932.8 3230.9 6.921
0.108 3020.4 3344.0 7.083
0.116 3108.0 3456.5 7.234
0.132 3285.0 3682.3 7.509
40 (250.4)
v u h s
0.0588 2725.3 2960.7 6.362
0.0664 2826.7 3092.5 6.582
0.0734 2919.9 3213.6 6.769
0.080 3010.2 3330.3 6.936
0.0864 3099.5 3445.3 7.090
0.0989 3279.1 3674.4 7.369
50 (263.9)
v u h s
0.0453 2698.0 2924.5 6.208
0.0519 2808.7 3068.4 6.449
0.0578 2906.6 3195.7 6.646
0.0633 2999.7 3316.2 6.819
0.0686 3091.0 3433.8 6.976
0.0787 3273.0 3666.5 7.259
( xvi ) ↓p (bar) (ts)
ENGINEERING THERMODYNAMICS
t (°C) →
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
600
60 (275.5)
v u h s
0.0362 2667.2 2884.2 6.067
0.0422 2789.6 3043.0 6.333
0.0474 2892.9 3177.2 6.541
0.0521 2988.9 3301.8 6.719
0.0567 3082.2 3422.2 6.880
0.0653 3266.9 3658.4 7.168
70 (285.8)
v u h s
0.0295 2632.2 2838.4 5.931
0.0352 2769.4 3016.0 6.228
0.0399 2878.6 3158.1 6.448
0.0442 2978.0 3287.1 6.633
0.0481 3073.4 3410.3 6.798
0.0557 3260.7 3650.3 7.089
375
400
450
500
550
600
↓p (bar) (t s)
t (°C) →
350
700
80 (294.9)
v h s
0.02995 2987.3 6.130
0.03222 3066.1 6.254
0.03432 3138.3 6.363
0.03817 3272.0 6.555
0.04175 3398.3 6.724
0.04516 3521.0 6.878
0.04845 3642.0 7.021
0.05481 3882.4 7.281
90 (303.3)
v h s
0.0258 2956.6 6.036
0.02796 3041.3 6.169
0.02993 3117.8 6.285
0.03350 3256.6 6.484
0.03677 3386.1 6.658
0.03987 3511.0 6.814
0.04285 3633.7 6.959
0.04857 3876.5 7.222
100 (311.0)
v h s
0.02242 2923.4 5.944
0.02453 3015.4 6.089
0.02641 3096.5 6.212
0.02975 3240.9 6.419
0.03279 3373.7 6.597
0.03564 3500.9 6.756
0.03837 3625.3 6.903
0.04358 3870.5 7.169
110 (318.0)
v h s
0.01961 2887.3 5.853
0.02169 2988.2 6.011
0.02351 3074.3 6.142
0.02668 3224.7 6.358
0.02952 3361.0 6.540
0.03217 3490.7 6.703
0.03470 3616.9 6.851
0.03950 3864.5 7.120
120 (324.6)
v h s
0.01721 2847.7 5.760
0.01931 2958.9 5.935
0.02108 3051.3 6.075
0.02412 3208.2 6.300
0.02680 3348.2 6.487
0.02929 3480.4 6.653
0.03164 3608.3 6.804
0.03610 3858.4 7.075
130 (330.8)
v h s
0.01511 2803.3 5.663
0.01725 2927.9 5.859
0.01900 3027.2 6.009
0.02194 3191.3 6.245
0.0245 3335.2 6.437
0.02684 3469.9 6.606
0.02905 3599.7 6.759
0.03322 3852.3 7.033
140 (336.6)
v h s
0.01322 2752.6 5.559
0.01546 2894.5 5.782
0.01722 3001.9 5.945
0.02007 3174.0 6.192
0.02252 3322.0 6.390
0.02474 3459.3 6.562
0.02683 3591.1 6.712
0.03075 3846.2 6.994
150 (342.1)
v h s
0.01145 2692.4 5.442
0.01388 2858.4 5.703
0.01565 2975.5 5.881
0.01845 3156.2 6.140
0.02080 3308.6 6.344
0.02293 3448.6 6.520
0.02491 3582.3 6.679
0.02861 3840.1 6.957
( xvii )
STEAM TABLES AND MOLLIER DIAGRAM
↓p (bar) (ts)
t (°C) →
350 0.00975 2615.7 5.302
375
400
450
0.01245 2818.9 5.622
0.01426 2947.6 5.188
0.01701 3138.0 6.091
500
550
600
700
0.01930 3294.9 6.301
0.02134 3437.8 6.480
0.02323 3573.5 6.640
0.02674 3833.9 6.922
160 (347.3)
v h s
170 (352.3)
v h s
0.01117 2776.8 5.539
0.01302 2918.2 5.754
0.01575 3119.3 6.042
0.01797 3281.1 6.259
0.01993 3426.9 6.442
0.02174 3564.6 6.604
0.02509 3827.7 6.889
180 (356.9)
v h s
0.00996 2727.9 5.448
0.01190 2887.0 5.689
0.01462 3100.1 5.995
0.01678 3267.0 6.218
0.01868 3415.9 6.405
0.02042 3555.6 6.570
0.02362 3821.5 6.858
190 (361.4)
v h s
0.00881 2671.3 5.346
0.01088 2853.8 5.622
0.01361 3080.4 5.948
0.01572 3252.7 6.179
0.01756 3404.7 6.369
0.01924 3546.6 6.537
0.02231 3815.3 6.828
200 (365.7)
v h s
0.00767 2602.5 5.227
0.00994 2818.1 5.554
0.01269 3060.1 5.902
0.9477 3238.2 6.140
0.01655 3393.5 6.335
0.01818 3537.6 6.505
0.02113 3809.0 6.799
210 (369.8)
v h s
0.00645 2511.0 5.075
0.00907 2779.6 5.483
0.01186 3039.3 5.856
0.01390 3223.5 6.103
0.01564 3382.1 6.301
0.01722 3528.4 6.474
0.02006 3802.8 6.772
220 (373.7)
v h s
0.00482 2345.1 4.810
0.00825 2737.6 5.407
0.01110 3017.9 5.811
0.01312 3208.6 6.066
0.01481 3370.6 6.269
0.01634 3519.2 6.444
0.01909 3796.5 6.745
( xviii )
ENGINEERING THERMODYNAMICS
TABLE IV Supercritical Steam p(bar) t (°C) →
350
375
400
425
450
500
600
700
800
230
v h s
0.00162 1632.8 3.137
0.00221 1912.2 4.137
0.00748 2691.2 5.327
0.00915 2869.2 5.587
0.01040 2995.8 5.765
0.01239 3193.4 6.030
0.01554 0.01821 0.02063 3510.0 3790.2 4056.2 6.415 6.719 6.980
250
v h s
0.00160 1623.5 3.680
0.00197 1848.0 4.032
0.00600 2580.2 5.142
0.00788 2806.3 5.472
0.00916 2949.7 5.674
0.01112 3162.4 5.959
0.01414 0.01665 0.01891 3491.4 3775.5 4047.1 6.360 6.671 6.934
300
v h s
0.00155 1608.5 3.643
0.00179 1791.5 3.930
0.00279 2151.1 4.473
0.00530 2614.2 5.150
0.00673 2821.4 5.442
0.00868 3081.1 5.790
0.01145 0.01366 0.01562 3443.9 3745.6 4024.2 6.233 6.561 6.833
350
v h s
0.00152 1597.1 3.612
0.00110 1762.4 3.872
0.00210 1987.6 4.213
0.00343 2373.4 4.775
0.00496 2672.4 5.196
0.00693 2994.4 5.628
0.00953 0.01153 0.01328 3395.5 3713.5 4001.5 6.118 6.463 6.745
400
v h s
0.00149 1588.3 3.586
0.00164 1742.8 3.829
0.00191 1930.9 4.113
0.00253 2198.1 4.503
0.00369 2512.8 4.946
0.00562 2903.3 5.470
0.00809 0.00994 0.01152 3346.4 3681.2 3978.7 6.011 6.375 6.666
500
v h s
0.00144 1575.3 3.542
0.00156 1716.6 3.764
0.00173 1874.6 4.003
0.00201 2060.0 4.273
0.00249 2284.0 4.588
0.00389 2720.1 5.173
0.00611 0.00773 0.00908 3247.6 3616.8 3933.6 5.818 6.219 6.529
600
v h s
0.00140 1566.4 3.505
0.00150 1699.5 3.764
0.00163 1843.4 3.932
0.00182 2001.7 4.163
0.00209 2179.0 4.412
0.00296 2567.9 4.932
0.00483 0.00627 0.00746 3151.2 3553.5 3889.1 5.645 6.082 6.411
700
v h s
0.00137 1560.4 3.473
0.00146 1687.7 3.673
0.00157 1822.8 3.877
0.00171 1967.2 4.088
0.00189 2122.7 4.307
0.00247 2463.2 4.762
0.00398 0.00526 0.00632 3061.7 3492.4 3845.7 5.492 5.961 6.307
800
v h s
0.00135 1556.4 3.444
0.00142 1679.4 3.638
0.00152 1808.3 3.833
0.00163 1943.9 4.031
0.00177 2086.9 4.232
0.00219 2394.0 4.642
0.00339 0.00452 0.00548 2982.7 3434.6 3803.8 5.360 5.851 6.213
900
v h s
0.00133 1553.9 3.419
0.00139 1673.4 3.607
0.00147 1797.7 3.795
0.00157 1927.2 3.984
0.00169 2062.0 4.174
0.00201 2346.7 4.554
0.00297 0.00397 0.00484 2915.6 3381.1 3763.8 5.247 5.753 6.128
1000
v h s
0.01308 1552.7 3.396
0.00137 1669.4 3.579
0.00144 1790.0 3.762
0.00152 1914.8 3.944
0.00163 2043.8 4.126
0.00189 2312.8 4.485
0.00267 0.00355 0.00434 2859.8 3332.3 3726.1 5.151 5.664 6.050
( xix )
STEAM TABLES AND MOLLIER DIAGRAM
TABLE V Conversion Factors Force = = =
1 kg-m/sec2 0.012 kgf 9.81 N
1 bar
= = = =
750.06 mm Hg 0.9869 atm 105 N/m2 103 kg/m-sec2
1 N/m2
= = =
1 pascal 10 – 5 bar 10 – 2 kg/m-sec2
1 atm
= = =
760 mm Hg 1.03 kgf/cm2 = 1.01325 bar 1.01325 × 105 N/m2
1 joule
= = = = =
1 newton metre 1 watt-sec 2.7778 × 10 – 7 kWh 0.239 cal 0.239 × 10 – 3 kcal
1 cal
= =
4.184 joule 1.1622 × 10 – 6 kWh
1 kcal
= = =
4.184 × 103 joule 427 kgfm 1.1622 × 10 – 3 kWh
1 kWh
= = =
8.6 × 105 cal 860 kcal 3.6 × 106 joule
1 kgfm
=
FG 1 IJ kcal = 9.81 joules H 427 K
1 watt 1 h.p.
= = = = =
1 joule/sec = 0.86 kcal/h 75 mkgf/sec = 0.1757 kcal/sec 735.3 watt 1000 watts 860 kcal/h
1 newton 1 kgf Pressure
Work, Energy or Heat
Power
1 kW
( xx )
ENGINEERING THERMODYNAMICS
Specific heat 1 kcal/kg - °K
=
4.18 kJ/kg-K
= = =
0.8598 kcal/h-m-°C 1.16123 watt/m-K 1.16123 joules/s-m-K
= =
0.86 kcal/m2-h-°C 1.163 watt/m2-K
Thermal conductivity 1 watt/m-K 1 kcal/h-m-°C
Heat transfer co-efficient 1 watt/m2-K 1 kcal/m2-h-°C
IMPORTANT ENGINEERING CONSTANTS AND EXPRESSIONS IN SI UNITS Engineering constants and expressions
M.K.S. system
1. 2.
Value of g0 Universal gas constant
9.81 kg-m/kgf-sec2 848 kgf-m/kg mole-°K
3.
Gas constant (R)
29.27 kgf m/kg-°K for air
4.
Specific heats (for air)
cv = 0.17 kcal/kg-°K = 0.24 kcal/kg-°K
S.I. units
1 kg-m/N-sec2 848 × 9.81 = 8314 J/kg-mole-°K ( 3 1 kgf-m = 9.81 joules) 8314 = 287 joules/kg-K for air 29
cv = 0.17 × 4.184 = 0.71128 kJ/kg-K = 0.24 × 4.184 = 1 kJ/kg-K
5.
Flow through nozzle-exit velocity (C2)
91.5 √U where U is in kcal
44.7 √U where U is in kJ
6.
Refrigeration 1 ton
= 50 kcal/min
= 210 kJ/min
7.
Heat transfer The Stefan Boltzman Law is given by :
Q = σT4 kcal/m2-h when σ = 4.9 × 10 – 8 kcal/h-m2-°K4
Q = σT4 watts/m2-h when σ = 5.67 × 10 – 8 W/m2K4
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