Third Generation 4o6d27
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Third Generation 1964-1975
OUTLINE: • Introduction to Third Generation of Computers • List of the new inventions: 1. ICs (integrated circuit) 2. CDC 6600 3. L (Combined programming 4. Minicomputer 5. Cache and Virtual memories 6. High level languages 7. others
Introduction to Third Generation • Mid-1960s to Mid-1970s • Operating systems designers developed the concept of multiprogramming in which several jobs are in main memory at once; a processor is switched from job to job as needed to keep several jobs advancing while keeping the peripheral devices in use. • SPOOL/ING ( Simultaneous Peripheral Operations On Line)
List of Inventions 1.ICs (Integrated Circuit) - which incorporated many transistor and electronic circuits on a single wafer or chip of silicon. Invented by Jack St. Clair Kirby and Robert Noyce in1958
• integrated circuits promised to cut the cost of computer production significantly because ICs could duplicate the functions of transistors at a tiny fraction of a transistor’s cost. • The earliest ICs, using a technology now called smallscale integration (SSI), could pack up to 10 to 20 transistors on a chip. • By the late 1960s, engineers had achieved mediumscale integration (MSI), which placed between 20 and 200 transistors on a chip. • In the early 1970s, large-scale integration (LSI) was achieved, In which a single chip could hold up to 5,000 transistors.
2. CDC 6600 • In 1964, Seymour Cray developed the CDC 6600, which was the first architecture to use functional parallelism. By using 10 separate functional units that could operate simultaneously and 32 independent memory banks, the CDC 6600 was able to attain a computation rate of one million floating point operations per second (Mflops).
• Five years later CDC released the 7600, also developed by Seymour Cray. The CDC 7600, with its pipelined functional units, is considered to be the first vector processor and was capable of executing at ten Mflops. The IBM 360/91, released during the same period, was roughly twice as fast as the CDC 6600.
3. L (Combined Programming Language, 1963)
• Cambridge University and the University of London cooperated in the development of L (Combined Programming Language, 1963) • L was, according to its authors, an attempt to capture only the important features of the complicated and sophisticated ALGOL (Algorithmic Language)
• Martin Richards of Cambridge developed a subset of L called BL (Basic Computer Programming Language, 1967). • In 1970 Ken Thompson of Bell Labs developed yet another simplification of L called simply B, in connection with an early implementation of the UNIX operating system
4. Minicomputer • The first of these was Digital Electronic Corporation (DEC), which launched the minicomputer industry. (A minicomputer is smaller than a mainframe and is designed to meet the computing needs of a small- to mid-sized organization or a department within a larger organization.)
• DEC’s pioneering minicomputers used integrated circuits to cut down costs. Capable of fitting in the corner of a room, the PDP-8 (a 1965 model) did not require the attention of a full-time computer operator • In addition, s could access the computer from different locations in the same building by means of timesharing. This minicomputer’s price tag was about onefourth the cost of a traditional mainframe. For the first time, medium sized companies (as well as smaller colleges and universities) could afford computers.
DEC’s first commercially-available minicomputer, the PDP-8, did not require the attention of a full-time computer operator
5. Cache and virtual memories were introduced (Cache memory makes the main memory appear faster than it really is. Virtual memory makes it appear larger)
6. High level languages were standardized by ANSI eg. ANSI FORTRAN, ANSI COBOL etc
7. Database management, multi- application, online systems like closed loop process control, airline reservation, interactive query systems, automatic industrial control etc emerged during this period.
ADVANTAGES • Smaller in size as compared to previous generations. • More reliable. • Used less energy • Produced less heat as compared to the previous two generations of computers. • Better speed and could calculate data in nanoseconds. 9/26/2014
• Used fan for heat discharge to prevent damage. • Maintenance cost was low because hardware failure is rare. • Totally general purpose • Could be used for high-level languages. • Good storage • Versatile to an extent • Less expensive • Better accuracy • Commercial production increased. • Used mouse and keyboard for input. 9/26/2014
DISADVANTAGES • Air conditioning was required. • Highly sophisticated technology required for the manufacturing of IC chips.
9/26/2014
MINI QUIZ
9/26/2014
What is the name of this device?
9/26/2014
What is the name of this Device?
9/26/2014
Who invented this minicomputer?
9/26/2014
What is the meaning of SPOOL?
9/26/2014
On what years did the 3rd generation of computers start & end?
9/26/2014
OUTLINE: • Introduction to Third Generation of Computers • List of the new inventions: 1. ICs (integrated circuit) 2. CDC 6600 3. L (Combined programming 4. Minicomputer 5. Cache and Virtual memories 6. High level languages 7. others
Introduction to Third Generation • Mid-1960s to Mid-1970s • Operating systems designers developed the concept of multiprogramming in which several jobs are in main memory at once; a processor is switched from job to job as needed to keep several jobs advancing while keeping the peripheral devices in use. • SPOOL/ING ( Simultaneous Peripheral Operations On Line)
List of Inventions 1.ICs (Integrated Circuit) - which incorporated many transistor and electronic circuits on a single wafer or chip of silicon. Invented by Jack St. Clair Kirby and Robert Noyce in1958
• integrated circuits promised to cut the cost of computer production significantly because ICs could duplicate the functions of transistors at a tiny fraction of a transistor’s cost. • The earliest ICs, using a technology now called smallscale integration (SSI), could pack up to 10 to 20 transistors on a chip. • By the late 1960s, engineers had achieved mediumscale integration (MSI), which placed between 20 and 200 transistors on a chip. • In the early 1970s, large-scale integration (LSI) was achieved, In which a single chip could hold up to 5,000 transistors.
2. CDC 6600 • In 1964, Seymour Cray developed the CDC 6600, which was the first architecture to use functional parallelism. By using 10 separate functional units that could operate simultaneously and 32 independent memory banks, the CDC 6600 was able to attain a computation rate of one million floating point operations per second (Mflops).
• Five years later CDC released the 7600, also developed by Seymour Cray. The CDC 7600, with its pipelined functional units, is considered to be the first vector processor and was capable of executing at ten Mflops. The IBM 360/91, released during the same period, was roughly twice as fast as the CDC 6600.
3. L (Combined Programming Language, 1963)
• Cambridge University and the University of London cooperated in the development of L (Combined Programming Language, 1963) • L was, according to its authors, an attempt to capture only the important features of the complicated and sophisticated ALGOL (Algorithmic Language)
• Martin Richards of Cambridge developed a subset of L called BL (Basic Computer Programming Language, 1967). • In 1970 Ken Thompson of Bell Labs developed yet another simplification of L called simply B, in connection with an early implementation of the UNIX operating system
4. Minicomputer • The first of these was Digital Electronic Corporation (DEC), which launched the minicomputer industry. (A minicomputer is smaller than a mainframe and is designed to meet the computing needs of a small- to mid-sized organization or a department within a larger organization.)
• DEC’s pioneering minicomputers used integrated circuits to cut down costs. Capable of fitting in the corner of a room, the PDP-8 (a 1965 model) did not require the attention of a full-time computer operator • In addition, s could access the computer from different locations in the same building by means of timesharing. This minicomputer’s price tag was about onefourth the cost of a traditional mainframe. For the first time, medium sized companies (as well as smaller colleges and universities) could afford computers.
DEC’s first commercially-available minicomputer, the PDP-8, did not require the attention of a full-time computer operator
5. Cache and virtual memories were introduced (Cache memory makes the main memory appear faster than it really is. Virtual memory makes it appear larger)
6. High level languages were standardized by ANSI eg. ANSI FORTRAN, ANSI COBOL etc
7. Database management, multi- application, online systems like closed loop process control, airline reservation, interactive query systems, automatic industrial control etc emerged during this period.
ADVANTAGES • Smaller in size as compared to previous generations. • More reliable. • Used less energy • Produced less heat as compared to the previous two generations of computers. • Better speed and could calculate data in nanoseconds. 9/26/2014
• Used fan for heat discharge to prevent damage. • Maintenance cost was low because hardware failure is rare. • Totally general purpose • Could be used for high-level languages. • Good storage • Versatile to an extent • Less expensive • Better accuracy • Commercial production increased. • Used mouse and keyboard for input. 9/26/2014
DISADVANTAGES • Air conditioning was required. • Highly sophisticated technology required for the manufacturing of IC chips.
9/26/2014
MINI QUIZ
9/26/2014
What is the name of this device?
9/26/2014
What is the name of this Device?
9/26/2014
Who invented this minicomputer?
9/26/2014
What is the meaning of SPOOL?
9/26/2014
On what years did the 3rd generation of computers start & end?
9/26/2014
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