5 Philosophies Of Education 15669

5 Philosophies of Education 1. Essentialism – fundamental, necessary or required. - William Bagley  Why teach? - To acquire basic knowledge, skills, and values - Transmission of the traditional moral values and intellectual knowledge that students need to become model citizens.  What to teach? - Fundamental R’s: reading, writing, arithmetic and right conduct - Traditional citizens: mathematics, natural science, history, foreign language and literature  How to teach? - Subject-centered - Memorization, rely to prescribed textbooks, drill method and other methods that enable mastery of the subject 2. Progressivism – receptive to fresh ideas and concepts. 

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John Dewey

Why teach? - to develop learners into becoming enlightened and intelligent citizens of a democratic society. - to live life fully now. - “Education is life, not a preparation for life” Dewey What to teach? - respond to students’ needs and that relates to students’ personal lives and experiences. - skills to cope with changes. - natural and social science How to teach? - experiential method - problem-solving method

- hands-on-minds-on - thought-provoking games and puzzles 3. Perennialism – Robert Hutchins  Why teach? to develop the students’ rational and moral powers according to Aristotle, if we neglect the students’ reasoning skills, we deprive them of the ability to use their higher faculties to control their ions and appetites  What to teach? all human beings possess the same essential nature heavy on humanities and general education less emphasis on vocational and technical education great books of ancient and medieval as well as modern times  How to teach? centered around teachers apply whatever creative techniques and methods which are believed to be most conducive to disciplining the students’ minds students engage in Socratic dialogues 4. Existentialism – Jean Pauls Sartre  Why teach? - help students understand and appreciate themselves as unique individuals who accept complete responsibility for their thoughts, feelings and actions. - help students define their own essence - demands the education of the whole person, not just the mind.  What to teach? - wide variety of options from which to choose - humanities are given tremendous emphasis

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- encourages individual creativity and imagination more than copying and imitating established models How to teach? - learning is self-paced, self-directed - employ values clarification strategy

5. Behaviorism – John Watson  Why teach? concerned with the modification and shaping of students’ behavior by providing for a favorable environment, since they believe that they are a product of their environment.

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What to teach? teach the students to respond favorably to various stimuli in the environment. How to teach? ought to arrange environmental conditions so that students can make the responses to stimuli. ought to make the stimuli clear and interesting to capture and hold the learners’ attention. ought to provide appropriate incentives to reinforce positive responses and weaken or eliminate negative ones.